Introduction to Management

Information System
MODULE 1
Why Study Information System
• Ease the managing task
• Guide for problem solving & decision
making
• Advance in carrier. Realize opportunities
and meet personal and company goals.
• In Business: used in all functional areas.
• CBIS important for all types of job.
 MIS
• Management
- Creation of surplus
- Maximize profits through increased
productivity, effectiveness, efficiency

By performing basic functions of

Planning,Organizing,Staffing
Leading and controlling
 MIS
• Information
information is data that have been shaped
into a form that is meaningful and useful to
human beings
 MIS
• System
system is a set of interrelated
components that
- collect ,process, store, and distribute
To support
- decision making, problem analysis
- co ordination
- creation of new products
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Four powerful worldwide changes that

have altered the business environment:

1. Emergence of the Global Economy

2. Transformation of Industrial Economies
3. Transformation of the Business
Enterprise
4. The Emerging Digital Firm
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Emergence of the Global Economy

• Management and control in a global

marketplace
• Competition in world markets
• Global work groups
• Global delivery systems
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Transformation of Industrial Economies

• Time-based competition

• Shorter product life

• Turbulent environment

• Limited employee knowledge base

 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Transformation of the Business Enterprise

• Flattening
• Decentralization
• Flexibility
• Location independence
• Low transaction and coordination costs
• Empowerment
• Collaborative work and teamwork
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Emergence of the Digital Firm

• Digitally-enabled relationships with customers,

suppliers, and employees
• Core business processes accomplished via
digital networks
• Digital management of key corporate assets
• Rapid sensing and responding to environmental
changes
 Management Challenges
1. Design competitive and effective systems

2. Understand system requirements of global business

environment

3. Create information architecture that supports

organization’s goal

4. Determine business value of information systems

5. Design systems people can control, understand and use

in a socially, ethically responsible manner
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Labor Force Composition 1900-2000

Labor Force Composition 1900-2000

70
%
60
%
50
%
40
%
30
%
20
%
10
%0%
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0
Yea
r
 Information Concepts (1)

• Data vs. Information

– Data
• Raw facts
• Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in
a special way
– Information
• A collection of facts organized in such a way that
they have additional value beyond the value of the
facts themselves
 Examples

• Data – thermometer readings of

temperature taken every hour:
16.0, 17.0, 16.0, 18.5, 17.0,15.5….

Transformation

• Information – today’s high: 18.5

today’s low: 15.5
 Types of Data

Data Represented by
Alphanumeric data Numbers, letters, and other characters

Image data Graphic images or pictures

Audio data Sound, noise, tones

Video data Moving images or pictures
 Data Information

Transformatio
Data Information
n
Characteristics of Valuable Information

– accurate,
– complete,
– economical,
– flexible,
– reliable,
– relevant,
– simple,
– timely,
– verifiable,
– accessible,
– secure
 Example: Health Information

• You want the information about you in a health

information system to be:
– As accurate as possible (e.g. your age, sex)
– As complete as possible
– Relevant
– To be reliable
– Should be available in a timely manner (e.g.
information about your drug allergies are available
before your operation!)
_
_
_
_
_
_
Hierarchy of Information
_
_
_
_
_
_
_ Intelligence
)
2 Charts
0
0
Knowledge
2
-
6
9
9
1 Information
(
n
o
i

Data
t
a
r Data & Information
e
n
e
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

4 Major Systems Defining the Digital Firm

• Supply chain management systems
• Customer relationship management
systems
• Enterprise systems
• Knowledge management systems
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
What Is an Information System?

(1) A set of interrelated components that

collect
(or retrieve), process, store, and distribute
information to support decision making and
control in an organization
(Laudon & Laudon, 2002).
 Information System
• (2) A business application of
the computer. It is made up of
the database, application
programs, manual and
machine procedures and
encompasses the computer
systems that do the processing
(Tech Encyclopedia, 1999).
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Activities in an Information System

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Functions of an Information System

 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)

▪Rely on computer hardware

and software
▪Processing and
disseminating information
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Business Processes

Supply Enterprise Custome Knowledge

Chain Managemen Managemen
r Managemen
Managemen t t t Fir
t Profitabilit
m
y and
Strategi
cPosition
Data Transformatio Dissemination
Collection nInt
and Business
o
Storage System
s

Planning Coordinating Controlling Modeling and

Decision Making

Information Processing Management

Activities Activities
Business
Value
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Information Systems

ORGANIZATIONS TECHNOLOGY

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
A Business Perspective on Information Systems

• Information systems literacy: Broad-based

understanding of information systems that
includes behavioral knowledge about
organizations and individuals using information
systems and technical knowledge about
computers.
• Computer literacy: Knowledge about
information technology, focusing on
understanding how computer-based
technologies work
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?

Major Business Functions

• Sales and marketing

• Manufacturing

• Finance

• Accounting

• Human resources
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
Organizations

Key Elements:
• People: Managers, knowledge workers,
data workers, production or service
workers

• Structure: Organization chart , groups of

specialists, products, geography
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
Organizations

• Operating procedures: Standard operating

procedures (SOP, rules for action)

• Politics: Power to persuade, get things done

• Culture: Customs of behavior

 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
Management
Levels:
• Senior managers: make
long-range strategic decisions
about products and services

• Middle managers: Carry out

the programs and plans of senior
management

• Operational managers:
monitor the firm’s daily activities
 WHY Information SYSTEMS ?
Computer Technology

Tools managers use to cope with change

• Hardware: Physical equipment

• Software: Detailed preprogrammed

instructions

• Storage: Physical media for

storing data and the software
 WHY INFORMATION SYSTEMS?

Computer Technology

• Communications Technology: transfers

data from one physical location to another

• Networks: link computers to share data or

resources
 CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Technical
Approache
s Compute Operations
r Scienc Researc
e h

Managemen Sociology
t Scienc
e

Psychology Economic
s
Behaviora
Approache
l
s
 CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Socio-Technical Systems

Optimize systems performance:

• Technology and organization

• Organizations mutually adjust to one another

until fit is satisfactory
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Socio-technical Systems

Figure 1-7 SOURCE: Liker, et al, 1987

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

The Interdependence Between Organizations and Information Systems

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

The Widening Scope of Information Systems

• 1950s: Technical changes

• 1960s-70s: Managerial controls

• 1980s-90s: Institutional core activities

• Today: Digital information webs extending

beyond the enterprise
 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

The Widening Scope of Information Systems

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

The Internet

• International network of networks

• Universal technology platform: Any computer

can communicate with any other computer

• World Wide Web and Web sites

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

What You Can Do on the Internet?

• Communicate and collaborate

• Access information

• Participate in discussions

• Supply information

• Find entertainment

• Exchange business transactions

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

New Options for Organizational Design

• Flattening organizations

• Separating work from location

• Reorganizing work-flows

• Increasing flexibility

• Redefining organizational boundaries

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

Flattening Organizations & Information Systems

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

Redesigned Work Flow For Insurance Underwriting

 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

The Digital Firm

• Electronic commerce

• Electronic business

• Digital market: Information systems links,

buyers and sellers to exchange information,
products, services, payments
 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

THE EMERGING DIGITAL FIRM

ELECTRONIC
BUSINESS

Electronic Commerce

Factories
• Just-in-time production
• Continuous inventory
replenishment
Customers
• Production planning
• On-line marketing
• On-line sales
• Built-to-order products
• Customer service
• Sales force automation

Remote offices and work groups

• Communicate plans and policies
• Group collaboration
• Electronic communication
• Scheduling

Suppliers
• Procurement
• Supply chain management

Business partners
• Joint design
• Outsourcing
 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

Electronic Business

• Electronic Business: Executing all the

firm’s business processes with Internet
technology

• Intranet: Business builds private, secure

network based on Internet technology

• Extranet: Extension of intranet to authorized

external users
 TOWARD THE DIGITAL FIRM

Information Architecture and Information Technology Infrastructure

 Analyzing a Business System
find a description in a computer or business magazine of an
information system used by an organization. Look for
information about the company on the Web to gain further
insight into the company, and prepare a brief description of
the business. Describe the system you have selected in
terms of its inputs, processes, and outputs and in terms of
its organization, management, and technology features and
the importance of the system to the company. If possible,
use electronic presentation software to present your analysis
to the class.