Power System Protection and Switchgear

Current based Relaying Scheme-V

Dr. BHAVESHKUMAR BHALJA

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 Phase & Ground Relays
Rules to set Time Dial Setting:
i. Time Dial Setting of a relay is selected in such a way that the
downstream relay (relay located near load) achieves lowest possible
time. As we move towards upstream relay (relay located near source),
the value of Time Dial Setting progressively increases.

Time Dial Setting is chosen such that it gives the desired selective
interval from the downstream relay at maximum fault conditions (for
phase relays triple line fault just beyond the next relay is considered
whereas for ground relays single line to ground fault beyond the next
relay is considered).

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 Phase & Ground Relays
Rules to set Time Dial Setting:
ii. Fault current calculations are usually carried out by considering
impedances of all associated equipment's in per unit.
iii. While deciding Time Dial Setting of upstream relay with reference to
downstream relay, proper Minimum Coordination Time (MCT) interval
must be considered. This MCT contains errors in relay, operating time of
breaker and safety margin. Considering fast acting breakers having two
cycle operating time, a fixed selective interval of 0.2 second between the
successive relays is used by the utilities.

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 Phase & Ground Relays
Rules to set Time Dial Setting:
iv. While deciding Time Dial Setting of ground relays, we have to consider
excitation current of CT. If delta-star transformer is involved between
two successive ground relays, there is no need to coordinate primary
side relay with the relay located on secondary side of star-delta
transformer. They can be set independently.

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 Three O/C and one E/F scheme for Feeders
A B C
52 ➢ In previous SLD, relay
R1 or R2 or R3 means
52
it is a group of 3 O/C
+ 220V AC - and 1 E/F relays.
52
51A-1
86
51A 51B-1

51C-1
Bus 51B 64
64-1

51C
86-1
52
TC

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 Three O/C and one E/F scheme for Feeders
➢ With reference to previous figure, R1 relay means it is a group of three
overcurrent and one earth-fault relays. Similarly, R2 and R3 also have a
group of relays.
➢ All the phase relays carry equivalent value of full load current of the
feeder as transferred by the CT. Conversely, the ground relay does not
carry any current during normal condition as well as in case of double-line
and triple-line faults.
➢ However, due to non-identical CT saturation characteristics of three line
CTs, the ground relay may carry spill current.
➢ In case of faults involving ground, the ground relay carries current
depending upon the magnitude of fault current.

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 Three O/C and one E/F scheme for Feeders
➢ Now, in case of double-line fault (say R–Y), the relays 51A and 51B operate
and give commands to 51A-1 and 51B-1 that further energize the trip coil
of the auxiliary relay (86).

➢ The contact of the auxiliary relay (86-1) energizes the trip coil of the CB
and hence, the contacts of the CB operate.

➢ Similarly, in case of triple-line fault (R–Y–B), all three-phase relays operate,

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 Three O/C and one E/F scheme for Feeders
➢ On the other hand, during the single-line-to-ground fault (say R–G), the
ground relay operates because of the increase in the residual current with
reference to its PS and hence, the contacts of the CB open.

➢ In case of double-line-to-ground fault (say R–Y–G), both phase relays and

➢ This scheme is widely used in the distribution system particularly when

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 Two O/C and one E/F scheme for Feeders

A B C
52 ➢If no relay is
available in Y-phase
52
(51-B is not
+ 220V AC - available), scheme
52
51A-1 works properly.
86
51A

51C-1
Bus 64
64-1

51C
86-1
52
TC

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 Two O/C and one E/F scheme for Transformer Feeder
➢ If the relays are protecting a transformer feeder, 2 O/C 1 E/F scheme of
protection will not give adequate protection.

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 Example
Example: Figure shows a SLD of a portion of power system network. Relays R1, R2, R3,
and R4 are standard IDMT relays having normal inverse characteristic. At each bus,
the fault level in MVA is mentioned. The PS and TDS of R4 are 100% and 0.1,
respectively. The rated current of each relay is 1 A and its PS range is 50%-200% of 1
A in step of 25% whereas TDS range is 0-1 in steps of 0.05. Calculate PS and TDS of
relays R1, R2, and R3. Assume 0.25 s as MCT between two successive relays.

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Thank You

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