College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Spring 2016-17

Senior Design Project Report

Design & Manufacturing of Automotive

Tire Changing Mechanism
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Team Members

Student Name Student ID

1 Mohammed Al-Otaibi 201202606
2 Yousef Naffaa 201201700
3 Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066
4 Abdullah Al-Zahrani 201101872

Project Advisors:
Advisor Name: Dr. Muhammad Asad
Co-Advisor Name: Dr. Nader Sawalhi
 Abstract

Essentially, most of cars use 4 to 5 lug nuts to fix wheels on cars. The traditional way to

change a car’s wheel tire is to unscrew the locking lug nuts one by one using a lug

wrench. However, sometimes it can be so exhausting and time consuming. In this project,

we have designed and manufactured an automotive tire changing mechanism using a gear

train to unscrew lug nuts simultaneously that can be eventually efficient and time saving.

The mechanism simply works by applying power on the driver gears causing all driven

gears connected to spanners to move at the same time, and eventually unscrew the lug

nuts fixed on the wheel. Additionally, our design has the capacity to unscrew five nuts of

standard sedan cars in 11 seconds. Moreover, our project can be so useful and usable in

many places such as workshops and tire manufacturing companies. In addition, this

project’s importance lies on the motto of “Every second counts.”

2
 Acknowledgments

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, all praise to Allah for his blessings in completing

this project. We would like to thank all those who helped us to complete this project and

achieve this project’s objectives. Also, we would like to thank the Mechanical

Engineering Department In our university for building up our engineering knowledge

throughout different courses, which helped us completing this project successfully. This

project wouldn’t have been completed without the constant guidance and help of our

advisor Dr. Muhammad Asad and co-advisor Dr. Nader Sawalhi, and for that we thank

them and appreciate their help very much.

3
Table of Contents:

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 6
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 7
List of Acronyms (Symbols)............................................................................................... 8
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Project Definition ................................................................................................ 10
1.2 Project Objectives ................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Project Specifications .......................................................................................... 11
1.4 Applications ......................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 12
2.1 Project background .............................................................................................. 13
2.2 Previous work ...................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Similar Mechanism ............................................................................................ 15
2.4 Comparative Study .............................................................................................. 19
Chapter 3: System Design................................................................................................. 22
3.1 Design Constraints ............................................................................................... 23
3.2 Design Methodology ........................................................................................... 25
3.3 Design, calculations and selections ..................................................................... 26
3.4 Product Subsystems and Components ................................................................. 33
3.5 Implementation .................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 4: System Testing and Analysis .......................................................................... 41
4.1 Subsystem 1 ......................................................................................................... 42
4.2 Overall Results, Analysis and Discussion ........................................................... 43
Chapter 5: Project Management........................................................................................ 47
5.1 Project Plan .......................................................................................................... 48
5.2 Contribution of Team Members .......................................................................... 51
5.3 Project Execution Monitoring ............................................................................. 52
5.4 Challenges and Decision Making ........................................................................ 52
5.5 Project Bill of Materials and Budget ................................................................... 53
Chapter 6: Project Analysis ............................................................................................. 54

4
 6.1 Life-long Learning .............................................................................................. 55
6.2 Impact of Engineering Solutions ........................................................................ 57
6.3 Contemporary Issues Addressed ......................................................................... 57
Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Recommendations .................................................... 58
7.1 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................... 59
7.2 Future Recommendations .................................................................................... 59
References ......................................................................................................................... 60
Appendix A: Bill of Materials .......................................................................................... 61
Appendix B: Tables .......................................................................................................... 63
Appendix C: SolidWorks and Drawing ............................................................................ 65

5
List of Figures:

Figure 2.1: Two spur gears in mesh .................................................................................. 14

Figure 2.2: Two gears in mesh that have a ratio of 1:3..................................................... 15
Figure 2.3: Components of hammer drill.......................................................................... 16
Figure 2.4: Components of impact wrench ....................................................................... 17
Figure 2.5: Most common sizes for detent pin anvil ........................................................ 19
Figure 2.6: Front view of prototype .................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.7: Back view of prototype .................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.1: Assembly from different sides ....................................................................... 26
Figure 3.2: Exploded view of assembly ............................................................................ 26
Figure 3.3: Car hub ........................................................................................................... 27
Figure 3.4: Driver and driven gears in mesh..................................................................... 29
Figure 3.5: Plate ................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 3.6: Shafts .............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 3.7: Driven Gears................................................................................................... 34
Figure 3.8: Driver Gears ................................................................................................... 35
Figure 3.9: Manufactured plate ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 3.10: Manufactured driven gears ........................................................................... 36
Figure 3.11: Manufactured shafts ..................................................................................... 37
Figure 3.12: Manufactured driver gears............................................................................ 37
Figure 3.13: Lock washers ................................................................................................ 38
Figure 3.14: Head of Ratchet ............................................................................................ 38
Figure 3.15: socket wrench ............................................................................................... 39
Figure 3.16: The final prototype (top view)...................................................................... 39
Figure 3.17: The final prototype (front view) ................................................................... 40
Figure 4.1: An impact wrench .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.2: Calculation of speed using a tachometer ........................................................ 43
Figure 4.3: After installing the adaptor to the ratchet wrench .......................................... 45
Figure 4.4: Back view of prototype .................................................................................. 45

6
List of Tables:
Table 2.1: Torque measured at each nut for a normal used car ........................................ 20
Table 3.1: A summary of design specification ................................................................. 28
Table 3.2: Driver and driven gears parameters ................................................................. 29
Table 3.3: Parameters for gears, shafts and materials ....................................................... 30
Table 3.4: Ball Bearing Specifications ............................................................................. 32
Table 4.1: Specifications of impact wrench ...................................................................... 42
Table 4.2: Dorman 611-299 Nuts Specification ............................................................... 44
Table 4.3: The time taken to unscrew nuts in seconds ..................................................... 46
Table 5.1: Project’s Gantt chart ........................................................................................ 48
Table 5.2: Contribution of team members ........................................................................ 51
Table 5.3: Project bill of materials and budget ................................................................. 53

7
List of Acronyms (Symbols) used in the report
Parameters Symbol Units

Pitch Circle Diameter PCD mm

Module m mm

Center Distance C mm

Teeth N Magnitude

Gear material … …

Nut sizes … mm

Speed n Rev/s

Power P KW

Torque T N.m

Catalog C10 KN

Section modules S m

Polar moment of inertia I m

Max shear stress τmax Pa

Stress !"#$ Pa

Desired life in hours ζD Revolution

Rating life in hours ζR Revolution

Safety of Factor SOF Ratio

8
 Chapter 1: Introduction

9
1.1 Project Definition

This project is intended to design and manufacture an automotive tire changing

mechanism. Initially, the general idea behind this mechanism was to have a power source

that’s connected through a shaft to a gear train that has a driver gear, and 5 driven gears

that are connected with spanners to unscrew lug nuts simultaneously. But after we

finalized the calculations, conceptual design and searched for the available materials in

the market we changed the design completely and it will be shown and discussed in the

next chapters. This project is very important to tire manufacturing companies and

workshops, as it can be very efficient and time saving.

1.2 Project Objectives

When it comes to changing tires, most people find it exhausting and time consuming,

because of the traditional way used for changing tires, which is using the tire lug wrench.

Due to the difficulties that people face in changing tires, we came up with the idea of this

project which is to make the procedure of changing tires much easier and time saving.

This project has two main objectives, which are designing and manufacturing an

automotive tire changing mechanism, reduce the time taken to change tires and

optimizing the weight of the prototype.

10
1.3 Project Specifications

• 5 driven gears with a diameter of 71.2mm

• 3 driver gears with a diameter of 31.2mm

• Module of gears is 2.5mm

• 5 shafts with a diameter of 25mm

• Pitch Circle Diameter, PCD for wheel hub (mm): 114.3mm

• Torque (Nm): An impact wrench with a torque of 440N.m

• Power (W): An impact wrench with an output power of 710W.

• Speed (rpm): An impact wrench with load speed of 201 rpm.

1.4 Applications

Time is a very important aspect of life, and as engineers we always seek to come up with

easy and efficient solutions for problems. Therefore, mainly, our project focuses on the

aspect of reducing the amount of time taken in changing tires. This project can be used in

a variety of places, such as workshops and tire manufacturing companies like Michelin,

Continental, Bridgestone and Good Year. On one hand, there are many manufacturing

companies, and workshops that use impact wrenches as a tool for changing tires, and they

have to unscrew only one nut at a time, and that can be considered as a waste of time. On

the other hand, our project can efficiently save time by unscrewing all nuts

simultaneously in 11 seconds.

11
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

12
2.1 Project background

The main purpose of using gears is to transfer power from a source to an application.

Moreover, the modern technology of gears in its current form ages backs to only 100

years ago. Nevertheless, the oldest form of gears can be traced back to fourth century

B.C. Greece. In addition, there are a lot of application that involves gearing systems in

them such as, robotics, automotive and power transmissions. Moreover, there are

different types of gears that can be used such us, bevel gears, helical gears and spur gears.

In this project, the gear train that is being used is consisting of spur gears that are meshed

in a way to achieve the aim of this project that is to design and manufacture an

automotive tire changing mechanism.

2.2 Previous work

Gears transmit mechanical power and can be classified to parallel axis gears and non-

parallel gears. One of the types of parallel axis gears is spur gears (Figure 2.1), which is

considered to be the most suitable for machine transmission. Spur gears have straight

teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts and usually have 20 degree of pressure angle.

This book includes details about spur gears design, specifications, and selection of gears.

This project is based on a gear system where the materials provided in the book are

considered to be a reference for gear systems. It helps to provide the formulas needed to

calculate torque, forces acting on gears, and module. Moreover, it explains how different

types of gears work such as epicycle. So, it is a basic need to design this project. [1]

13


Figure 2.1: Two spur gears in mesh

A bad selection for the motor used in this project leads to poor system performance and

an increase of the cost of installation and maintenance in future. Therefore, engineers are

required to avoid bad selections for design in their work. However, this article explains

procedures in selecting the proper size of motors for the design, and shows an example

illustrating load analysis. It also gives more information such as describing the methods

of selecting other associated components. In this project, to select a motor, we have to

find the torque needed to unscrew the 5 nuts at the same time. So, this article shows a

good example of how to calculate the power needed to transmit torque and selecting the

right motor for our system. [2]

The concepts and terminology of gears is a requirement to design any gear system. Gear

terms and concepts are necessary to design, build and improve gear drive systems. To

design and build a gear drive system, it is necessary to understand all concepts of gears

and their mechanism. Moreover, ratio of gears depends on teeth of gears and tells the

designer how much the driver gear rotates to complete one turn for the driven gear. For

example, if the ratio for two gears is 1:3, this means that the driver gear must turn three

times to get the driven gear to make one complete turn as shown in the figure below.

14
 Figure 2.2: Two gears in mesh that have a ratio of 1:3

Another concept discussed in the article is the calculation of center to center. However,

this source clarifies more about spur gears and how they are being used to design a gear

system. [3]

2.3 Similar Mechanism

[6] Hammer drills have been used for a long time and they are using a rotating power

with the help of vibration to pulverize the hard material into the surface. Moreover,

sometimes the hammer drill’s bit at the surface of material gets extremely hot, so the tip

is made out of carbide steel to resist the heat.

15


Figure 2.3: Components of hammer drill

In figure 2.3 above, its showing the main component of a drill hammer. First, the motor

of the shaft is passing through the hammer body where there are bearings to support the

shaft. While the shaft ends in the worm gear that transfers the rotational motion to the

large gear. In the center of the large gear, there is a shaft that is attached to the chuck and

drive it. The rotary switch is located on the top of the drill. It allows the users to select

one of two modes of operation, which are counterclockwise and clockwise. Finally, while

the drill is running, the wedge moves downward and forces the hammer mechanism

forward. However, from this hammer mechanism, the design of impact wrenches was

found.

[7] The impact wrench is known as impact gun, air wrench or torque gun. It is a socket

wrench power tool that is designed to deliver torque. An impact wrench is an important

tool for automotive repair work and designed to provide high torque at a medium speed.

16
Therefore, it is different from drill hammer which designed to provide rotational power at

a relatively high speed. But our project is based on the idea of impact wrench which

delivers torque to unscrew the nuts. Moreover, there are two major types of impact

wrenches. There is a compressed air impact wrench known as pneumatic and an electric

impact wrench which uses electrical power. They both deliver the same performance but

air compressed has more power. In addition, their torque is around 100 Nm to 1400 Nm

for heavy duty work. The only difference between them is that the electric impact can be

used anywhere that electric power source is available. On the other hand, a pneumatic

impact is hard to control and adjust the power. As a result of this high power the bolts can

break if the user is not an expert. Moreover, a pneumatic impact wrench is most

commonly used in workshops because it’s half cost the electrical impact and, also has a

smaller size.

Figure 2.4: Components of impact wrench

[8] In figure 2.4, it shows the main components of pneumatic impact wrench. Firstly,

adapter forces up the air through the handle. Then, the air is forced through channel to

17
rotor cylinder where air is compressed. After the air is compressed, it passes through the

blades which convert the air compressed into kinetic energy. Then, the rotor turns by

using centrifugal force which moves the rest of the blades partially out of the rotor where

they are connected to rotor cylinder. In addition, rotor has a central shaft which passes

through a bearing housing. Finally, there is a spline that forces a hammer cage and

hammer to rotate with the rotor.

As known, one of the uses of impact wrenches is to change tires in workshops. Usually,

the procedure takes around 1 min or more to change only one tire. Moreover, it is much

faster than the traditional way with lug wrench. The lug wrench takes at least 15 minutes

and sometimes the bolts are stuck and not easy to remove. In addition, lug wrench

depends on an important factor to unscrew the bolts which is torque required to unscrew

the lug nuts. Therefore, as the radius increases, the lower forces needed to unscrew the

lug nuts. The main issue in using a lug wrench is that sometimes it takes so much effort

to unscrew the nuts. Therefore, workshops use impact wrenches instead of normal lug

wrench.

Detent pin anvil sizes of impact wrench come in different sizes because it depends on

power of impact wrench too. As the torque increases, the Detent pin anvil diameter

increases. So, heavy duty impact wrenches have larger detent pin anvil. Both electrical

and pneumatic impact wrenches use standard sizes such as, 0.25-inch, 0.375-inch, 0.50-

inch as shown in figure 2.5.

18
 Figure 2.5: Most common sizes for detent pin anvil

2.4 Comparative Study

The objectives of the project [4] are to design a 4-nut removal mechanism and minimize

the cost of it. This project uses one of most common types of gears, which is spur gears,

to reduce the torque and force. The gear system is made of mild steel and has a 1:21.125

gear ratio and total weight of the product is 5.5 kg. The size of each nut is around 21mm

and pitch circle diameter (PCD) of 114mm. Moreover, distance between nuts is 80mm.

The gear system is supported by power window motor with a force of 2436 N to unscrew

4 nuts simultaneously. In addition, the torque required to unscrew one nut has been

measured by using torque wrench and found the average torque to be around 140Nm. See

table 2.1 [4]

19
 Table 2.1: Torque measured at each nut for a normal used car

The torque measured at each nut (Nm)

Tire Nut 1 Nut 2 Nut 3 Nut 4
1 138 143 140 135
2 150 147 135 136
3 140 134 142 160
4 135 133 134 138
AVERAGE VALUE

The project [5] is similar to the previous model, in the number of nuts and usage of spur

gear to transmit motion to other gears. There are two type gears used, which are the

primary gear (driver) and secondary gear (driven). In this model, the primary (driver)

spur gear is connected to the motor by the shaft, which rotate to transmit power by using

the motor. They used base plate made from cast iron to hold the gears and to withstand

the forces from gears and the shaft extensions to hold the mechanism. This leads to

stability and an increase of weight of mechanism. In addition, gears and the motor

weren’t covered and can be seen. Moreover, they claimed that their electrical motor has a

power of 471 KW and minimum toque of 140 Nm, which seems to be too high for

unscrewing lug nuts. The following figures show the design of their project from

different views.

20
 Figure 2.6: In the front view, the gear arrangement and the tool arrangement

can be viewed.

Figure 2.7: In the back view, the motor arrangement can be seen. The motor

is connected to the shaft which is connected to the primary gear.

21
 Chapter 3: System Design

22
3.1 Design Constraints

3.1.1 Safety

Safety is considered to be an essential requirement for any project. Therefore, in this

project, we will follow the international standards for choosing types of materials and

parts being used that will lead to prevention of any failures caused by the mechanism.

3.1.2 Social & Economics

As we know, time is money. Therefore, using our project will save a lot of time, because

it’s fast and can screw or unscrew 5 lug nuts simultaneously. In addition, compared to the

available mechanisms to change tires in workshops such as impact wrenches, our project

is faster.

3.1.3 Engineering Standards

The project is consisting of many components, which are; gears, bearings, shafts, motor,

and spanners. All of these components were selected based on existing standards such as

SKF catalogue, and American Iron and Steel Institute.

3.1.4 Manufacturability

Our project can be manufactured easily, and it can be used in a wide range of applications

such as tire manufacturing companies, workshops and portable using. On one hand,

gears, bearings, and shafts will be manufactured based on their availability in the market.

On the other hand, the motor will be selected based on the calculations of torque,

horsepower and its availability in the market.

23
3.1.5 Time

As we all know, time is money, and our project is going to perform efficiently and save

time by screwing and unscrewing all lug nuts simultaneously. Instead of using the normal

way to unscrew nuts such as lug wrench, our prototype will allow the user to unscrew all

5 nuts in one move by using a gear train system to generate a torque to unscrew the five

nuts simultaneously.

3.1.6 Quality

Quality of projects is a very important aspect of any design, and in our design we are

making sure that the quality of materials used in the system and its parts is good and

meets the standards.

24
3.2 Design Methodology

Our project can be divided into five phases. First phase is brainstorming where we collect

information about the basic design aspects. In addition, using brainstorming method can

specify the features of our design. In this phase, we define the major aspects needed for

building the prototype such as, gears, shafts, bearings and spanners. Also, in this phase

we conduct the Gantt chart, where we divide the tasks and their time durations for the

project. Second phase includes gathering information about the conceptual design of our

project from, books, journals, and old projects.

Third phase, is analysis and calculation of design. This phase is considered to be an

important phase where manufacturing the prototype depends on it. This phase has a lot of

calculations that include dimensions such as gears centers, pitch diameter, thickness of

gears, size of shafts, number of teeth, and ratio of gears. Moreover, the calculations

include the torque required to unscrew one nut, power transmitted from the motor and

factor of safety (FOS). Additionally, the design of our prototype is made using

SolidWorks. SolidWorks includes all dimensions of the parts, 2D drawing, and assembly

of the parts. Fourth phase is buying parts and manufacturing in market. Also, estimating

the cost and the availability of parts in market whether there are gears, shafts, spanner

and joints, because some parts need to be made in workshops. Finally, fifth phase

includes welding, assembly of parts in workshops and testing our prototype.

25
3.3 Design, calculations and selections

Figure 3.1: Assembly from different sides

Figure 3.2: Exploded view of assembly

26
As shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2, our design has three levels because we couldn’t design a

different size of gears at the one level with a 114.3 PCD without avoiding gear

interference. So, we started to build our design on an actual wheel hub, and we designed

three levels to avoid the gear interference problem. See figure 3.3 below.

Figure 3.3: Car hub

The first level of our design has two driven gears and one driver gear. While the second

level has two driven gears and one driver gear. Lastly, third level has one driven gear and

one driver gear. Therefore, the total number of driven gears is five, and for the driver

gears it’s three. All driven and driver gears are held by 6 shafts. Moreover, gears and

27
shafts are held by a circular plate and six ball bearings to reduce the rotational friction

and support radial loads. Finally, in top of the shaft there is a wheel spanner to unscrew

the lug nuts. Table 3.1 shows a summary of the design specification for gears, shafts, and

the circular plate.

Table 3.1: A summary of design specification

Driver Gear Driven Gear Circular plate Shaft

No. of Teeth (mm) 15 31 - -

PCD (mm) 15.624 35.624 114.3 -

Diameter (mm) 37 37.5 240 25

Module 2.5 2.5 - -

Thickness (mm) 14 14 10 -

Pressure angle 20 20 - -

Length (mm) - - - 111

28
3.3.1 Gears Calculation

Figure 3.4: Driver and driven gears in mesh

Table 3.2: Driver and driven gears parameters

N driven= 31 N driver=15 D driven=71.24 D driver= 31.24

Module is calculated using Eq. 3.1

- /0..2
"( )*+ = = = 2.5 "" Eq. 3.1
. 30

− Based on the numbers of teeth the ratio is calculated using Eq. 3.1

Q.-RSTUV 30
N#OP( = = = 2.066 Eq. 3.2
Q.-RSTUR 0W

From the diameters of gears, we calculated the center distance Eq. 3.3

[.\]P^+_+[.\]P^+] 71.24+31.24
Z=
2
= 2
= 51.24 "" Eq. 3.3

29
 3.3.2 Torque and Power Calculation

Based on standards for torque and specification to tighten one nut, we need at least is 59

Nm as shown in appendix B. The total torque to unscrew 5 nuts is 59 * 5 = 295 Nm.

Then we can calculate estimate the torque and horsepower needed to unscrew the five

nuts based on ratio of gears:

From the ration of gears, we calculated the torque on driver gears using Eq. 3.4

c.-RSTUV .dW
= N#OP( = = 2.1 Eq. 3.4
c.-RSTUR c.-RSTUR

.dW
→ f = = 140.5 N.m
..0

Speed at full load is 25 rpm, we calculated the power without full load using Eq. 3.5

.ghi .(.k0)(h)(02k.W)
Power = == = 2.9 KW Eq. 3.5
jk jk

Then we found horsepower using Eq. 3.5

.dkk
1 hp = 746 W → = 3.8 hp Eq. 3.6
/2j

3.3.3 Material Selection

Table 3.3: Parameters for gears, shafts and materials

M31= 453.527 grams M15= 61.525 grams Dshaft=2.5 mm Shear stress for steel 4140 = Lshaft=111mm

327.5 Mpa

30
 - For all Shafts

We calculated the maximum moment using Eq. 3.7

s"#$ = tu= 4.45(.077) = 0.343 N Eq. 3.7

Section modulus was calculated by using Eq. 3.8

v-3 v k.k.W ^3
S= = = 1.534E-06 Eq. 3.8
3. 3.

Maximum stress was calculated using Eq. 3.9

xyz{
!"#$ = = 224 KPa Eq. 3.9
|

Maximum shear stress was calculated using Eq. 3.10

ÄÅ.Ç .ÅÉÇ
cR
}"#$ = = 
Ñ Å.ÅÉÇ Ä
= 45.8 st# Eq. 3.10
~
ÖÉ

Safety factor was calculated using Eq. 3.11

xz{ ÜáUzR ÜàRUÜÜ âäR yzàURSzã 3./.W

SOF= = = 7.1 Eq. 3.11
xz{ åáUzR ÜàRUÜÜ 2W.ç

31
 - Bearing Calculation

Catalog was calculated using Eq. 3.12

êëíìè é/ñ Wkkk .kk jk 0/3

Zéè = = = 3.9 KN Eq. 3.12
êî 0kó

From SKF website we determined the right bearing which will be provided in the

implantation section. Table 3.4 shows the ball bearing specifications.

Table 3.4: Ball Bearing Specifications

Ball Bearing Specifications (KOYO, No.16005)

Inner diameter 25mm Basic dynamic load rating 8.06 KN

Outer diameter 47 mm Basic static load rating 4.75 KN
Thickness 8 mm Fatigue load limit 0.212 KN
Mass bearing 0.055 kg Limiting speed 20,000 rev/min

32
3.4 Product Subsystems and Components

Figure 3.5: Plate

Figure 3.5 shows the plate used in our project which has 114.3 mm PCD that will hold

the bearing, shafts, gears and spanners.

33
 Figure 3.6: Shafts

Figure 3.6 shows the shafts used that will rotate and transfer the power to other shafts to

unscrew the nuts.

Figure 3.7: Driven Gears

Figure 3.7 shows the driven gears with 31 teeth will rotate and transmit the torque to

other shafts to unscrew the bolts.

34


Figure 3.8: Driver Gears

Figure 3.8 shows the driver gears with 15 teeth will rotate and transmit the torque to other

shafts to unscrew the bolts.

35
3.5 Implementation

Figure 3.9: Manufactured plate

Figure 3.9 shows the plate that is made from cast iron with 13 mm thickness. Each hole

has a circle with 47 mm in diameter to hold the bearing from falling down.

Figure 3.10: Manufactured driven gears

Figure 3.10 shows driven gears with 31 teeth have a keyway to ensure that there is no

relative rotation between two parts and it also enables torque transmission.

36
 Figure 3.11: Manufactured shafts

Figure 3.11 shows the 25 mm diameter shafts have keyways to prevent relative rotation.

Figure 3.12: Manufactured driver gears

In figure 3.12, the picture on the left in figure 3.12 shows driver gears with 15 teeth.

While the picture on the right shows the three gears attached to shafts after applying heat

treatment to increase the hardness.

37
 Figure 3.13: Lock washers

In figure 3.13, the purpose of using lock washers is to keep bearing from coming loose.

Figure 3.14: Head of Ratchet

In figure 3.14, the purpose of using the head of ratchet wrench is the continues rotatory

motion. It allows only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction.

We welded on the top so we can adjust the head wheel spanner to fix lug nuts.

38
 Figure 3.15: socket wrench

In figure 3.15, it’s a small tool for tightening and loosening nuts of different sizes.

Figure 3.16: The final prototype (top view)

In figure 3.16, it shows the final prototype from the top view.

39
 Figure 3.17: The final prototype (front view)

In figure 3.17, it shows the final prototype from the front view.

40
 Chapter 4: System Testing and Analysis

41
4.1 Subsystem 1
We used DW292 1/2" Impact Wrench with Detent Pin Anvil, which can deliver a

powerful forward and reverse torque, which is operated by electrical power. See figure

4.1 The main reason we chose the impact wrench is because it can provide a high torque

with high RPM.

Figure 4.1: An impact wrench

Table 4.1: Specifications of impact wrench

Specifications

Amps 7.5 Amps Weight: 3.2 kg

Max Torque 440 N.m Length: 292 mm
No load Speed 2200 rpm Height: 216 mm
Impacts per Minute: 2700 ipm Voltage 220V
Power output= 370 Watts
Power input= 710 Watts

42
After installing the impact wrench with the prototype, we tested the speed by using a

digital tachometer and found it to be 201 RPM as shown in figure 4.2. The speed was less

than total speed of impact wrench without load because of the high weight of prototype

which is approximately 10 Kg.

Figure 4.2: Calculation of speed using a tachometer

4.2 Overall Results, Analysis and Discussion

Each car has its own sizes of nuts that are fixed in the wheel, and there are standards

provided from manufacturing companies for tightening nuts. So, the torque to unscrew

the nuts is different from a car to another, because the torque to tighten depends on

several points:

43
 • Geometry of lug nuts.

• Materials used in manufacturing the nuts such as Aluminum alloys or steel.

We did our tests on standard nuts as shown in table 4.2 below

Table 4.2: Dorman 611-299 Nuts Specification

Length 27 mm

Type Acorn

Material Chrome

Thread Size M12-1.50 mm

Hex Size 21mm

So, to fit with the nuts size we bought a socket wrench with 21 mm hex size. But the size

of socket is bigger to fit with the ratchet wrench. Therefore, we installed ratchet adaptor

with 21 mm size of detent pin anvil to provide the size needed to fit with the socket

wrenches as shown in figure 4.3.

44
 Figure 4.3: After installing the adaptor to the ratchet wrench

Socket wrench can be replaced with different sizes but only M12 thread size. To sum up,

the mechanism doesn’t work with all types of nuts especially the lug nuts larger than 21

mm hex size.

Figure 4.4: Back view of prototype

45
After completing the prototype, we did two main tests. First, we applied a force on the

main shaft to make sure the mechanism works very well before installing the impact

wrench as shown in figure 4.2. The result was that the gears didn’t interfere with each

other. Then we installed the impact wrench to test the mechanism on the nuts of the

wheel.

Table 4.3: The time taken to unscrew nuts in seconds

Type of mechanism Unscrew one nut Unscrew five nuts

Lug wrench 50 250

Impact wrench 10 50

Our design - 11

As a result, our project managed to unscrew all 5 lug nuts simultaneously in 11 seconds.

Therefore, we achieved our objective of saving time, and it’s better than the other

mechanisms which are the lug wrench and impact wrench.

46
 Chapter 5: Project Management

47
 5.1 Project Plan

Table 5.1 shows the project’s plan and the tasks required from us to finish the project

successfully from the day we started working on it until the last day of the semester.

Moreover, it helped us to manage our time perfectly, because we also had other courses

that required us to do other projects. In addition, we had the advantage of working

together equally in each task, and that made the work easier for us. So, in the end we

managed to go through and finish the tasks mentioned in our Gantt chart successfully in

time.

Table 5.1: Project’s Gantt chart

No Task Assigned to Start Date End Date # Of %Completed

Workdays

1 Meeting with All 16-Feb-17 18-Feb-17 2 100%

Advisor members

2 Meeting with All 18-Feb-17 21-Feb-17 3 100%

group members members
(Brainstorming)
3 Assigning All 19-Feb-17 20-Feb-17 1 100%
Tasks to team members
Members
4 Sketch the All 21-Feb-17 25-Feb-17 4 100%
prototype members
(includes the
parts such as,
gears, bearings
and shafts)
5 Searching for All 24-Feb-17 25-Feb-17 1 100%
workshops & members
shops to find
the required

48
 parts and their
costs

6 Start writing All 24-Feb-17 3-Mar-17 100%

the first and members
second chapters
of the report
7 Second meeting All 3-Mar-17 3-Mar-17 1 100%
with team members
members
8 Completing 1st All 3-Mar-17 8-Mar-17 5 100%
& 2nd chapters members

9 Working on All 10-Mar-17 20-Apr-17 40 100%

calculation members

10 Looking for All 15-Mar-17 17-Mar-17 2 100%

material of members
gears & shafts
in workshop
11 Sketching parts, All 17-Mar-17 23-Mar-17 6 100%
assembly in members
SolidWorks
12 Completing the All 23-Mar-17 26-Mar-17 3 100%
conceptual members
design for the
prototype
13 Testing the All 27-Mar-17 30-Mar-17 3 100%
prototype using members
SolidWorks
14 Making 2D All 30-Mar-17 2-Apr-17 3 100%
drawings for members
the parts
15 Determine the All 3-Apr-17 9-Apr-17 6 100%
materials members
needed to
manufacture
gears & shafts

49
16 Completing All 10-Apr-17 14-Apr-17 4 100%
chapter 3 members

17 Preparing for All 18-Apr-17 24-Apr-17 6 100%

mid members
presentation
18 Midterm All 25-Apr-17 25-Apr-17 1 100%
presentation members

19 Manufacturing All 25-Apr-17 5-May-17 10 100%

of parts and members
assembly
20 Testing the All 6-May-17 8-May-17 2 100%
prototype members

21 Completing All 5-May-17 6-May-17 7 100%

chapter 4 members

22 Completing All 6-May-17 8-May-17 2 100%

chapter 5 members

23 Completing All 8-May-17 10-May-17 2 100%

chapter 6 members

24 Completing All 10-May-17 12-May-17 2 100%

chapter 7 members

25 Submission day 15-May-17 15-May-17 1 100%

for the first
final draft of
final report
26 Preparing for All 13-May-17 19-May-17 6 100%
the final members
presentations
27 Revise the All 19-May-17 24-May-17 5 100%
feedback given members
and modified
our report

50
28 Submission 28-May-17 28-May-17 1 100%
date for
updated
corrected draft
29 Oral 29-May-17 29-May-17 1 100%
Presentation
and prototype
summary
Brochure and
Stand
30 Portfolios 29-May-17 5-Jun-17 1 100%

5.2 Contribution of Team Members

Table 5.2 shows the contribution of each team member of our group in completing this

project’s tasks.

Table 5.2: Contribution of team members

Team member Contribution percentage

Mohammad Al-Otaibi (Leader) 25%

Yousef Naffaa 25%

Saeed Al-Ghamdi 25%

Abdullah Al-Zahrani 25%

51
5.3 Project Execution Monitoring

• Meeting with advisor and co-advisor:

We met with our advisor Dr. Muhammad Asad and co-advisor Dr. Nader Sawalhi several

times during the semester to get their feedback and guidance.

• Meeting with team members:

We had weekly meetings with all members of our group to complete the required tasks.

Additionally, we did all the tasks with an equal contribution of each member that helped

us in progressing fast and complete the project.

• Testing:

After completing the manufacturing of our prototype, we tested it on an actual wheel to

screw and unscrew all lug nuts simultaneously.

5.4 Challenges and Decision Making

• Material selection:

As we were making our conceptual design of the project, we made our calculations based

on the available manufacturing materials in SolidWorks. Therefore, when we finished our

design, we went to the local market to search for that specific material which is AISI

4340, but we couldn’t find it, but eventually we found an alternative in the market, which

is AISI 4140 and remade our calculations from scratch.

52
5.5 Project Bill of Materials and Budget

Table 5.3 shows the project bill of materials and budget. Mainly, the manufacturing of

this project was expensive because of two main reasons. Firstly, it’s a prototype that is

not manufactured for large quantities. Secondly, we couldn’t find gears in the local

market, so we manufactured them in a workshop that costed us 5000 SR in total.

Table 5.3: Project bill of materials and budget

# Item Description Quantity Price

1 Bearings Koyo 16005 Deep 6 120 SR
groove ball
bearings
2 Heads of wheel 21mm 5 75 SR
spanners

3 Circular plate 240mm in diameter 1 550 SR

4 Spur gears 2.5M 31T 20PA 5 3500 SR

14FW

5 Spur gears 2.5M 15T 20PA 3 1500 SR

14FW

6 Shafts 111mm in length 6 750 SR

25mm in diameter

7 Motor DW292-220 1 1376 SR

(Impact wrench)

8 Adaptor 3/8”F – 1/2”M 5 62.5 SR

AD3812 Japan

9 Socket wrench 5 175 SR

10 Washers 6 24 SR

11 Coupler 1 15 SR

TOTAL 8147.5 SR

53
 Chapter 6: Project Analysis

54
6.1 Life-long Learning

We chose this project due to its many applications in many different places such as

workshops and tire manufacturing companies. While working on this project, we have

gained a lot of experience, skills and knowledge that enhanced our abilities to find

solutions for engineering problems. Moreover, in our project, we used PMU E-Resources

and Google Scholar for gaining more knowledge regarding different aspects of our

project. Additionally, our advisor and co-advisor provided us with constant guidance and

useful knowledge that we used in our project throughout the semester that led eventually

to the success of completing it.

6.1.1 Teamwork

Working in a team of four actually helped us gaining many skills that led to the success

of this project such as communication skills, time management and knowing the strengths

and weaknesses of each member, so the tasks can be divided accordingly. Moreover,

working in a team enabled us to accomplish all the tasks efficiently, and complete the

project successfully in time. Additionally, working in a team helped us to share different

ideas and skills from all team members and combine them to generate the design of this

project. Also, teamwork enabled us to gain and develop new skills that we haven’t had

before such as the skill of leadership. The skill of leadership was very important because

you learn to lead all team members to complete difficult tasks and motivate them to share

their opinions freely. Lastly, as we all know, a group of people working together may

solve a difficult problem that an individual cannot.

55
6.1.2 Project and time management

In any project that a group of team members are working on, they will face some

obstacles that may affect their work negatively. Therefore, time management skill was

gained by doing a Gantt chart at the beginning of the semester to write the tasks that has

to be done to finish this project and their time durations. In our Gantt chart that we have

developed, tasks and their time durations were divided among the team members. Also,

all team members have other courses to study for and require doing projects and

assignments that may take a long time to finish. Therefore, time management skill helped

managing each member’s time efficiently and accurately. In addition, time management

skill helped us gaining the skill of creating an effective working environment by setting

of priorities, that helped us finishing the most important tasks at the beginning and then

proceed to the less important ones to finish the project successfully in time.

6.1.3 Engineering skills and software

In this project, we learned a lot about the topics that we have already studied in courses

such as Mechanical Engineering Design I & III, Mechanics of Solids and Manufacturing

courses in a practical way. For example, we did calculations related to torque, gears,

bearings and material selection and applied them to our design to make this project’s

prototype successfully. Moreover, Computer Aided Design course benefited us a lot in

making and designing our project. Moreover, our project was designed using SolidWorks

software due its many advantages of using it. Firstly, it helped us producing accurate

designs of the parts and their assembly. Secondly, we used it to produce 2D drawings of

the design to make the measurements clear to understand and to be applied in the

56
manufacturing phase. Lastly, it helped us Producing animated videos of the motion,

assembly, and disassembly of the design to see the mechanism of it clearly.

6.2 Impact of Engineering Solutions

Our project has many impacts on tire-manufacturing companies and workshops, as it will

benefit them in many ways:

1. It will make the tire changing process a lot easier and save a lot of effort for the

user, while other available changing tire mechanisms such as using lug wrench

are difficult to use and takes so much effort.

2. It will save time, because as mentioned before, using our project will save time

for changing tire process, and as for other available mechanisms it takes a lot of

time. For example, customers at workshops don’t have to wait for long time if the

workshop used our project, and the procedure will be easier.

6.3 Contemporary Issues Addressed

All over the world, when it comes to tire changing process, the first thing that comes to

one’s mind that it’s tiring and takes time and effort. While as mentioned above, our

design will make the process of changing tires easier and save time and effort for users.

Therefore, large tire manufacturing companies such as Michelin, Continental,

Bridgestone and Good Year will benefit from using this project.

57
 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Recommendations

58
7.1 Summary and conclusions

To sum up, we successfully managed to design and manufacture an automotive tire

changing mechanism that can unscrew 5 lug nuts of a wheel simultaneously. In addition,

this project can be used in a variety of applications such as tire manufacturing companies

and workshops. Moreover, while working on this project during the semester, we have

gained a lot of skills. For example, we used the theoretical knowledge that we have

gained from mechanical engineering courses and apply it in our project practically to

design and manufacture our prototype. Additionally, this project wouldn’t have been

completed, without the equal contribution of each team member in completing the tasks.

Finally, working on this project taught us how to work under pressure, especially that this

semester was short.

7.2 Future Recommendations

Before finalizing the final design for the project, we recommend to search for the

available parts and materials in the market, and find alternatives if the needed materials

or parts are not available. In addition, sometimes you can’t find the needed parts in the

local market, so you have to order them online. Therefore, you have to order them early

because sometimes it takes a lot of time to be delivered and it will affect your project’s

execution plan. Additionally, we recommend sticking to the tasks’ time durations

provided in Gantt chart to avoid any delay in completing the project.

59
 References

1- Childs, P. R. N. (2014). Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook Chapter 8(1st Ed.).

Oxford, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann.

2- Dal Y. Ohm. Drivetech, Inc. (2017), Selection Of Servo Motors And Drives.

3- Spur Gear Terms and Concepts (2017). GEARS Educational Systems 105 Webster St.
Hanover Massachusetts

4- Improvement And Optimization Of Tire Nut Removal With 114 PCD (2006).
University Malaysia Pahang. Azizul Rahman B Abd-Aziz.

5- Design and Fabrication Of Multi Nut Removing Tool (2014). IJSR -

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

6- Hammer Drill, Impact Wrench, Right-Drill (2017).

7- Richard G. BUDYNAS. J. Keith NI SBETT. " Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering

Design” 10 Th Ed., Mc Graw Hill Education.

8- Juvinall, R.C. And Marshek, K. M., Fundamentals Of Machine Component Design,

John Wiley And Sons, 2000.

9- Nisbett, J. Keith and Budynas, Richard G. Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

9th Edition.

10- Pneumatic Pass-Thru Impact Wrench (2014). Florida International University. Ryan
Lucia,
Felipe De La Cruz, Milton Hidalgo Ceotto

60


Appendix A: Bill of Materials

61
Project Bill of Materials and Budget

Table A: Project Bill of Materials and Budget

# Item Description Quantity Price

1 Bearings Koyo 16005 Deep 6 120 SR
groove ball bearings

2 Heads of wheel 21mm 5 75 SR

spanners

3 Circular plate 240mm in diameter 1 550 SR

4 Spur gears 2.5M 31T 20PA 5 3500 SR

14FW

5 Spur gears 2.5M 15T 20PA 3 1500 SR

14FW

6 Shafts 111mm in length 6 750 SR

25mm in diameter

7 Motor DW292-220 1 1376 SR

(Impact wrench)

8 Adaptor 3/8”F – 1/2”M 5 62.5 SR

AD3812 Japan

9 Socket wrench 5 175 SR

10 Washers 6 24 SR

11 Coupler 1 15 SR

TOTAL 8147.5 SR

62
 Appendix B: Tables

63



Table B.1: Specified torque for standard bolts

64
 Appendix C: SolidWorks Drawings

65
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

ITEM NO. PART DESCRIPTION QTY.

1 NUMBER
5 1 Disk 1
Metric - 2.5M 31T 20PA
2 14FW --
Spur gear -S31N75H50L25N 5
E E
Metric - 2.5M 15T 20PA
3 14FW --
Spur gear -S15N75H50L25N 3

2 Lenght= 11.1mm
4 Shaft - 6
Diameter=25mm
5 Bearing SKF - 16005 - 6
14,SI,NC,14_68
Joint
D 6 5 D

C C

3
B B
Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
6
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.

Exploded View
Yousef Naffaa 201201700
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only
Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872
SCALE:1:5 SHEET 1 OF 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

13

108.71

E E

D D

240
47
27
C C

B B
Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.
Yousef Naffaa 201201700
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only Cast Iron Circular plate
Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

E E

25
D D

32
81 22
C C

B 111 B
Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only

Yousef Naffaa 201201700

Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872

AISI 4140 Shaft
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

E E

D D
8

32
25

61 42
C C

B 111 B
Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only

Yousef Naffaa 201201700

Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872

AISI 4140 Sun gear shaft
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

R15.62
E E

1 .25
R2

14
D D

C C
25

B B
1.
13

Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
3.9 Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A 0 A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.
Yousef Naffaa 201201700
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only AISI 4340 Spur gears 2.5M 15T 20PA 14FW
Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

F F

.25
E E

R41
1.50

2
92 .6
4. R3
5
14

D D
9
9.4

0
2.3

C C
25

B B
Project Advisors:

Advisor: Dr. MUHAMMAD ASAD Learning Outcome

Co-Advisor: Dr. NADER SAWALHI Asse. III/ ME_110
Design & Manufacturing of
STUDENT NAME ID

Mohammad Al-Otaibi 201202606

Automotive Tire Changing
Saeed Al-Ghamdi 201101066 Mechanism
A A
MATERIAL: DWG NO.
Yousef Naffaa 201201700
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only AISI 4340 Spur gears 2.5M 31T 20PA 14FW
Abdullah Al-Zhrani 201101872

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1