1

Complex Numbers

1. Let z = x + yi. Find the values of x and y if (1 – i)z = 1 – 3i. [4]

1. (1 – i)z = 1 – 3i
1  3i
 z= (M1)
1– i
1  3i 1  i
 z=  (M1)
1– i 1 i
 z=2–i (A2)
OR Let z = x + iy
(1 – i)(x + iy) = 1 – 3i (M1)
x + y – i(x – y) = 1 – 3i
x  y  1
 (M1)
x  y  3
 x = 2, y = –1 (A2)(C2)(C2)
Note: Award (C4) for z = 2 – i.

2. (a) Evaluate (1 + i)2, where i = 1 .

(b) Prove, by mathematical induction, that (1 + i)4n = (–4)n, where n  *.
(c) Hence or otherwise, find (1 + i)32. [10]

2. (a) (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i + i2 (M1)

= 2i (A1)
(b) (1 + i)4n
Let P(n) be the proposition: (1 + i)4n = (–4)n
We must first show that P(1) is true.
(1 + i)4 = ((1 + i)2)2 = (2i)2 (M1)
= 4(i)2 = (–4)1 (A1)
Next, assume that for some k  +
P(k) is true, then show that P(k +1) is true. (C1)
P(k):(1 + i)4k = (–4)k
Now, (1 + i)4(k+1) = (1 + i)4k (1 + i)4
= (–4)k (–4) (M1)
= (–4)k+1 (A1)
Therefore, by mathematical induction P(n) is true for all n  +
(C1)
(c) (1 + i)32 = (1 + i)4(8) = (–4)8 (M1)
= 65536 (A1)
6 i 2
3. Let z1 = , and z2 = 1 – i.
2
π π
(a) Write z1 and z2 in the form r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r > 0 and – θ .
2 2
z1  
(b) Show that = cos + i sin .
z2 12 12
 2

z1
(c) Find the value of in the form a + bi, where a and b are to be determined exactly in radical
z2
 
(surd) form. Hence or otherwise find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 . [12]

6 i 2 6 2
3. (a) z1 = z1 =  (M1)
2 4 4
= 2 (A1)
 1  π
arg z1 = arctan     (A1)
 3 6
  π  π 
Therefore, z1 = 2  cos     i sin     (C1)
  6  6 
z2 = 1 – i z2 = 11  2
π
arg z2 = arctan (–1) = – (A1)
4
  π  π 
z2 = 2  cos     i sin  –   (C1)
  4  4 

    π 
2  cos    i sin – 
z1   6  6  
(b) 
z2   π  π 
2  cos    i sin – 
  6  4  
  π π  π π 
= 1  cos     i sin –    (M2)
  6 4  6 4 
π π
= cos + i sin (AG)
12 12

z1  6  i 2  1  1  i 
 
(c)
z 2  2  1  i  1  i  (M1)

6  2  i( 6  2 )
= . (A1)
4
π 6 2
Therefore, a = cos  (A1)
12 4
π 6 2
b = sin  (A1)
12 4
Note: Some students may use the half-angle formulas. Answers will only differ in form.

π 2 3 π 2 3
cos  sin 
12 2 12 2

4.
 
Let z1 = a  cos   i sin   and z2 = b  cos  i sin .
 4 4  3 3
 3

3
z 
Express  1  in the form z = x + yi. [3]
 z2 

 3 3π 3π  
3  a  cos  i sin  
 z1    4 4 
4.    (M1)
 b 3 (cos π  i sinπi 
 z2   

 
a3   π  π 
=  cos    i sin –   (A1)
b3   4  4 
 2 a 3   2 a 3   a3   a3 
=   i or    
 2b 3    2b 3  i (A1) (C3)
 2 b 3   2 b 3     
OR
2a 3  2a 3 a3  a3
x= ,y= , or x = ,y= (A1) (C3)
2b 3 2b 3 2b 3 2b 3

5. If z is a complex number and |z + 16| = 4 |z + l|, find the value of | z|. [3]

5. Let z = x + iy , x, y  .
Then, z + 162 = 16z + 12
 (x + 16)2 + y2 = 16{(x + 1)2 + y2} (M1)
 x2 + 32x + 256 + y2 = 16x2 + 32x + 16 + 16y2
 15x2 + 15y2 = 240
 x2 + y2 = 16 (A1)
Therefore, z = 4. (A1) (C3)

6. Find the values of a and b, where a and b are real, given that (a + bi)(2 – i) = 5 – i. [3]

6. (a + bi)(2 – i) = (5 – i) (M1)
(5  i)
(a + bi) = (M1)
(2 – i)
11 3
=  i (using a graphic display calculator) (A1)
5 5
11 3
Therefore a = ,b= (A1)
5 5

(5  i) (2  i)
OR a + bi =  (M1)
(2 – i) (2  i)
10  5i – 2i  1 11  3i
=  (A1)
4 1 5
11 3
Therefore a = ,b= (A1)
5 5
OR (a + bi)(2 – i) = (5 – i)
(2a + b) + (2b – a)i = (5 – i) (M1)
2a + b = 5
–a + 2b = –1 (A1)
11 3
therefore a = ,b= (A1)
5 5
 4

7. Given that z = (b + i)2, where b is real and positive, find the exact value of b when arg z = 60°. [3]
π
7. arg (b + i)2 = 60°  
3
π
 arg (b + i) = 30°,   since b > 0 (M1)
6
1 π
= tan 30° or tan (A1)
b 6
b= 3 (A1) (C3)

OR
π
arg (b + i)2 = 60°  
3
π
 arg (b2 – 1 + 2bi) = 60°   (M1)
3
2b
 3 (A1)
(b  1)
2

3 b2 – 2b – 3 =0
( 3b + 1)(b – 3)=0
b= 3 , since > 0 (A1) (C3)

OR
b = 1.73 (3 sf) (M0)(G2) (C2)

8. The complex number z satisfies i(z + 2) = 1 – 2z, where i  – 1 . Write z in the form z = a + bi, where a
and b are real numbers. [3]

8. i(z + 2) = 1 – 2z  (2 + i)z = 1 – 2i
1  2i
z= (M1)
2i
1  2i 2  i
=  (M1)
2i 2–i
 5i
=
5
= –i. (A1) (C3)
(a = 0, b = –1)

9. The complex number z satisfies the equation

2
z= + 1 – 4i.
1– i
Express z in the form x + iy where x, y  . [6]
 5

2 1  i 
9. z =  + 1 – 4i (M1)(A1)
1 – i  1  i 
= 1 + i + 1 – 4i (A1)
= 2 – 3i (A1)
z = (2 – 3i)2 (M1)
= –5 – 12i (A1)
(or x = –5, y = –12) (C3)(C3)
10. Consider the equation 2(p + iq) = q – ip – 2 (1 – i), where p and q are both real numbers. Find p and q.
[6]

10. 2(p + iq) = q – ip –2(1 – i)

2p = q – 2 (M1)(A1)
2q = –p + 2 (M1)(A1)
p = –0.4, q = 1.2 (A1)(A1) (C6)
Note: Award (C3) for 1 correct answer with no working.

11. Let the complex number z be given by

i
z=1+ .
i– 3

Express z in the form a +bi, giving the exact values of the real constants a, b. [6]

i(i  3 )
11. z=1+ (M1)(A1)
(i – 3 )(i  3 )
i(i  3 )
=1+ (A1)
–4
 5  i 3  5  i 3 
=  (A2)
 4  4 
5 i 3  5 3 
=  
Accept a  ( 1.25), b   (A1)(C3)(C3)
4 4  4 4 
Note: Do not award the last (A1) for b = –0.433. Award (C0) for b = –
0.433 with no working.
12. A complex number z is such that z  z  3i .

3
(a) Show that the imaginary part of z is .
2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be the two possible values of z, such that z  3.
(i) Sketch a diagram to show the points which represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane, where
z1 is in the first quadrant.
π
(ii) Show that arg z1 = .
6
(iii) Find arg z2.
 zk z 
(c) Given that arg  1 2  = π, find a value of k. [10]
 2i 
 

12. (a) z = a + bi  a + bi=a + (b – 3)i  a2 + b2 = a2 + (b – 3)2 (M1)

 6

 6b – 9 = 0 (A1)
3
b= (AG)
2
(b) (i)

z2 1.5 z1

(A1) (A1)
Note: Award (A1) for the sketch and (A1) for the labels.

3 
(ii) arg z1 = arcsin   3  (A1)
2 
π
= (AG)
6

5
(iii) arg z1 = π – arg z1 =  (A1)
6

(c) k arg z1 + arg z2 – arg 2i =  (M1)(A1)

π 5 π
k π = (A1)
6 6 2
k = 4 (accept k = 4 ± 12n) (A1)

13. Given that (a + i)(2 – bi) = 7 – i, find the value of a and of b, where a, b  . [6]

13. (a  i) (2 – bi)  7 – i  2a – abi  2i – bi 2  7 – 1 (M1)

 2a – abi  2i  b  7 – 1 (A1)
Equating real and imaginary parts  2a  b  7 – i (A1)(A1)

Substitution  2a 2 – 7a  3  0
 (2a – 1) (a – 3)  0
 a  3 and b  1 (A1)(A1) (C6)
Note: Award (A1)(A0) if a = 0.5, b = 6 also given.

14. Given that z  , solve the equation z3 – 8i = 0, giving your answers in the form z = r (cos + i sin).

[6]

  
14. z 3  8i  z 3  8  cos  i sin  (A1)
 2 2
 z  r (cos  i sin  )
 7


where r  3 8 and 3   n(2 ) (A1)(A1)
2

  
 z1  2 cos  i sin  (A1)
 6 6

 5 5 
 z 2  2 cos  i sin  (A1)
 6 6 

 3 3    
 z 3  2 cos  i sin  or z 3  2 cos –  i sin –  (A1) (C6)
 2 2   2 2

15. Given that z = (b + i)2, where b is real and positive, find the exact value of b when arg z = 60°. [6]

15. METHOD 1
since b > 0 (M1)
 arg (b + i) = 30° A1
1
= tan 30° M1A1
b
b= 3 A2 N2

METHOD 2
arg (b + i)2 = 60°  arg (b2 – 1 + 2bi) = 60° M1
2b = tan 60° = 3 M1A1
(b 2  1)
3 b2 – 2b – 3 =0 A1
( 3 b + 1)(b – 3)=0
since b > 0 (M1)
b= 3 A1 N2 6

16. Given that | z | = 2 5 , find the complex number z that satisfies the equation

25  15  1  8i.
[6]
z z*

16. Let z  a  bi, so z *  a  bi

 a 2  b 2  20
2
z (A1)

25 15
  1  8i
a  bi a  bi
25(a  bi)  15(a  bi)
  1  8i (M1)(A1)
a 2  b2

10a
1 a  2 (A1)
20
40b
  8  b  4 (A1)
20
z  2  4i (A1) (C6)
 8

a b
17. The two complex numbers z1 = and z2 = where a, b , are such that z1 + z2 = 3.
1i 1 2i
Calculate the value of a and of b.
[6]

17. METHOD 1
a b 1 1  1 2 
  a   i   b  i  (M1)(A1)
1  i 1  2i  2 2   5 5 

a b a 2b
  3 and    0 (M1)(A1)
2 5 2 5
Solving gives a = 4, b = 5. (A1)(A1) (C6)
METHOD 2
a b
 3
1  i 1  2i
a (1  2i) + b(1 + i) = 3 (1  2i)(1 + i) (M1)
= 9  3i (A1)
Re (z): a + b = 9
Im (z):  2a + b = 3 (M1)(A1)
3a = 12
a = 4, b = 5 (A1)(A1) (C6)
18. The complex numbers z1 and z2 are z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 3 + i.
(a) Find z1z2, giving your answer in the form a + ib, a, b .

 1
(b) The polar form of z1 may be written as  5 , arctan  .
 2
(i) Express the polar form of z2, z1 z2 in a similar way.
π 1 1
(ii) Hence show that = arctan + arctan . [6]
4 2 3

18. (a) z1 = 2 + i and z2 = 3 + i

z1 z2 = (2 + i) (3 + i) = 5 + 5i (A1)
1
(b) (i) z 2  10 , arg z 2  arctan , z1 z 2  50 , arg z1 z 2  arctan1 (M1)
3
 1
z2 =  10 , arctan  , z1 z 2   
50 , arctan 1 (A1)(A1) (N3)
 3
(ii) Also arg z1 z2 =arg z1 + arg z2 (M1)
1 1
arctan1 = arctan + arctan (A1)
2 3
 1 1
 arctan  arctan (AG) (N0)
4 2 3
 9

 π π
19. Let z1 = r  cos  i sin  and z2 = 1 + 3 i.
 4 4
(a) Write z2 in modulus-argument form.
3
(b) Find the value of r if z1 z 2 = 2. [6]


19. (a) z 2  1  3  2 arg z 2  arctan 3  (A1)(A1)
3

    
 accept 2e 3 , 2e1.05i 
i
 z 2  2  cos  i sin  A1
 3 3  
 
Note: Accept 60 throughout.

z1  z 23  z1  z 2
3
(b) or any alternate method (M1)

r8=2 A1
1
r= A1 N2
4

20. Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers. Solve the simultaneous equations

2z1 + z2 = 7, z1 + iz2 = 4 + 4i

Give your answers in the form z = a + bi, where a, b . [6]

20. Solving simultaneously (M1)

2z1 + 3z2 = 7
2z1 + 2iz2 = 8 + 8i
z2 (2i  3) = 1 + 8i (A1)
1  8i
z2  1  2i M1A1
2i  3
7  31  2i 
z1  or 4 + 4i  i(1  2i) M1
2
= 2 + 3i A1 N4
21. The complex number z is defined by
 2π 2π   π π
z = 4  cos  i sin   4 3  cos  i sin .
 3 3   6 6

(a) Express z in the form rei, where r and  have exact values.
(b) Find the cube roots of z, expressing in the form rei, where r and  have exact values. [6]

 1 3   3 i
21. (a) z  4   i   4 3    A1A1
 2 2   2 2
 10

1 3 
= 8  i  4  4i 3
2 2 

r=8 A1

θ or 60 A1
3
   
 z  8e  3  
i

  N4
 



 2e 
1 i 
i20
(b) z  2e
3 9
A1
 7   13 

 2e , z  2e 
1 i 1
 i 
i140 i260
z  2e
3  9  3
 2e  9 
A1
Notes: Do not allow any form other than rei.
Both answers must be given for final A1.

22. The polynomial P(z) = z3 + mz2 + nz −8 is divisible by (z +1+ i), where z and m, n . Find the value
of m and of n.
[6]

22. METHOD 1
Using factor theorem (M1)
Substituting z = 1 i into P(z) M1
 (6 + n) + (2m  2  n)i = 0 A1
Equating both real and imaginary parts to zero M1
Hence m = 2 and n = 6 A1A1 N2
METHOD 2
Using Conjugate root theorem M1
Multiply (z + 1  i)(z + 1 + i) = z2 + 2z + 2 M1
Let P(z) = (z2 + 2z + 2)(z  a) (M1)
2a = 8 a=4 A1
Hence m = 2 and n = 6 A1A1 N2

23. Let u =1+ 3 i and v =1+ i where i2 = −1.

u 3 1 3 1
(a) (i) Show that   i.
v 2 2
u  π π
(ii) By expressing both u and v in modulus-argument form show that  2  cos  i sin  .
v  12 12 
π
(iii) Hence find the exact value of tanin the form a  b 3 where a, b .
12
(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that for n +,

1 3 i  2 n n  nπ nπ 
 cos  i sin .
 3 3 
 11

2 vu
(c) Let z = .
2 v u
Show that Re z = 0. [28]

23. (a) (i) Using v* where v* = 1  i (M1)


u 1  3i 1  i 

 A1
v 1  i 1  i 
1  i  3i  3
= A1A1
2
Note: Award A1 for a correct numerator and
A1 for a correct denominator.

u 3 1 3 1
  i AG N0
v 2 2

     
(ii) u  2 and arg u   u  2 cos  i sin   A1A1
3   3 3 

     
v  2 and arg v   v  2  cos  i sin   A1A1
4   4 4 

u 2       
  cos     i sin     M1A1
v 2 3 4  3 4 
u   
 2  cos  i sin  AG N0
v  12 12 

(iii) METHOD 1

3 1
u 
Using arg to form  arctan 2 (M1)(A1)
v 12 3 1
2
 3 1
tan  A1
12 3 1

 3 1 2

=
 3 1  3 1  M1

=2 3 A1 N0
METHOD 2
    3 1 3 1
2  cos  i sin    i (M1)
 12 12  2 2

 3 1  3 1
cos  and sin  (A1)
12 2 2 12 2 2
 12

 3 1
tan  A1
12 3 1

 3 1  2

=
 3 1  3 1  M1

=2 3 A1 N0
Note: Please check that 2 has been considered in
either line 1 or line 2.

 n n 
(b) (Let P(n) be (1 + 3i) n  2 n  cos  i sin )
 3 3 

   1 3 
For n = 1 : 21  cos  i sin   2  i  1  3i , so P(1) is true A1
 3 3   2 2 

Assume P(k) is true, M1

1 3i  2k k  k k 
 cos  i sin  (A1)
 3 3
Consider P(k + 1)

1 3i k 1

 1  3i  1 3i
k
M1

 k k    
= 2  cos
k
 i sin  2  cos  i sin  A1
 3 3  3 3

k 1  k 1   i sin k 1  

= 2  cos  A1
 3 3 
P(k) true implies P(k + 1) true, P(1) true so P(n) true  n  +
. R1 N0
(c) METHOD 1

2v + u = ( 2 + 1) + ( 2 + 3)i (M1)(A1)

2v  u = ( 2  1) + ( 2  3)i (A1)

2v  u

 
2 1  2 3 i   
2 1  2 3 i 
2v  u  2  1  2 3 i  2  1  2 3 i
M1

 2v  u 
Re  
 2 1  2 1  2  3  2  3 
 2 1   2  3 
 (A1)

2 2
 2 v u 
2 1  2  3
   
= 2 2
A1
2 1  2 3
=0 AG N0
Note: If the candidate explains that to show that
Re z = 0, it is only necessary to consider
 
2  1  2  3 i  2 1  2  3 i    
then award as above.
METHOD 2
 13

      
2v  u  2 cos  cos   i  sin  sin  (M1)(A1)
 4 3  4 3 

      
2v  u  2 cos  cos   i  sin  sin  (A1)
 4 3  4 3 

           
 cos  cos   i  sin  sin   cos  cos   i  sin  sin 
2v  u  4 3  4 3  4 3  4 3
  M1
2v  u            
 cos  cos   i  sin  sin   cos  cos   i  sin  sin 
 4 3  4 3  4 3  4 3
 2  2  2 
 cos2  cos  sin  sin
2v  u 
Re   4 3 4 3 (A1)
2v  u  
2 2
     
 cos  cos    sin  sin 
 4 3  4 3

    
cos2  sin 2   cos2  sin 2 
4 3  4 3
= A1
    
2 2

 cos  cos    sin  sin 
 4 3  4 3
=0 AG N0
Note: If the candidate explains that to show that
Re z = 0, it is only necessary to consider
             
 cos 4  cos 3   i sin 4  sin 3    cos 4  cos 3   i sin 4  sin 3 
       
then award as above.
METHOD 3
u
2
2v  u v
 (M1)(A1)
2v  u 2
u
v
 3 1  3 1
 2  i
 2  2

= A1
 3 1  3 1
 2  i
 2   2

 3 1  3 1  3 1  3 1
 2  i  2  i
 2  2  2  2
=
    M1
 3 1  3 1  3 1  3 1
 2  i  2   i
 2   2 2   2
 
 2v  u 
Re  2
  
2
3 1

3 1  2

A1
  4 4
 2v u 
 3 1 2 3  3 1 2 3 
= 2   
 A1
 4 
 14

=0 AG N0
METHOD 4
u
2
2v  u v
 (M1)(A1)
2v  u 2
u
v
  
2  2  cos  i sin 
 12 12 
= A1
  
2  2  cos  i sin 
 12 12 

     
2 1  cos  i sin  1  cos   i sin
 12 12  

12  12
= M1
     
2 1  cos  i sin  1  cos   i sin
 12 12   12  12

 2v  u 
Re   1  cos2   sin 2  A1

 2v  u  12 12

  
= 1   cos  sin 2 
2
A1
 12 12 
=0 AG N0
[28]

π
i
+
24. (a) Express the complex number 1+ i in the form ae b
, where a, b .
n
 1 i 
(b) Using the result from (a), show that   , where n , has only eight distinct values.
 2
(c) Hence solve the equation z8 −1 = 0. [9]


i
b
24. (a) 1+i= ae
( a = 12 +12 = 2)
 1 
 tan θ   θ  
 1 4

i
4
1+i= 2e A1A1 N2

(b) EITHER
n
 i

 1  i   2e 4 
n in

    e
4
M1A1
 2  2 
 
Let n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 M1
 15

i i i3  i5 i 3 i7
Hence the eight distinct values are 1, e 4 , e 2 , e 4
, e , e 4
,e 2
,e 4
A1
i 2
There are only eight distinct answers since the next answer would be e which is 1 and hence
the arguments to all further answers would be the same as the first eight plus a multiple of 2.
R1
OR
n
 i

 1  i   2e 4 
n in

    e
4
M1A1
 2  2 
 
Since e i (θ  2 )  e i θ M1

n
0  2 A1
4
Hence n can only take the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. R1
(c) From part (b) if we raise each of these roots to power 8 then the
answer is 1. (M1)
Hence these are the eight roots to this equation.
i i i3  i5 i 3 i7

 z = 1, e , e , e 4 2 4
,e ,e 4
,e 2
,e 4
A1

25. Find, in its simplest form, the argument of (sin + i (1− cos ))2 where  is an acute angle. [7]

25. (sin + i (1  cos))2 = sin2  (1  cos)2 + i 2 sin (1  cos) M1A1

Let  be the required argument.
2 sin θ 1  cos θ 
tan = M1
sin 2 θ  1  cos θ 
2

2 sin θ 1  cosθ 
=
  
1  cos θ  1  2 cosθ  cos2 θ
2
 (M1)

2 sin θ 1  cosθ 
= A1
2 cosθ 1  cosθ 
= tan A1
= A1

z
26. Consider w = where z = x + iy, y  0 and z2 + 1  0.
z 1
2

Given that Im w = 0, show that z = 1. [7]

26. METHOD 1
x  yi
Substituting z = x + iy to obtain w  (A1)
 x  yi  2  1
 16

x  yi
w A1
x  y 2  1  2 xyi
2

Use of (x2  y2 + 1  2xyi) to make the denominator real. M1

x  yi  x 2  y 2  1  2 xyi 
x 
= 2 A1
2
 y 2 1  4 x 2 y 2

Im w 

y x 2  y 2 1  2 x 2 y 
x 2 (A1)
2
 y 1  4 x 2 y 2
2

y 1  x 2  y 2 
x  y 2  1  4 x 2 y 2
= 2 A1
2

Im w = 0  1  x2  y2 = 0 ie z = 1 as y  0 R1AG N0
METHOD 2
w (z2 + 1) = z (A1)
w(x2  y2 + 1 + 2ixy) = x + yi A1
Equating real and imaginary parts
w (x2  y2 + 1) = x and 2wx = 1, y  0 M1A1
1 x y2 1
Substituting w  to give   x A1
2x 2 2x 2x


1 2
2x

y 1 
x
2

or equivalent (A1)

x2 + y2 = 1, ie z = 1 as y  0 R1AG
[7]

27. (z + 2i) is a factor of 2z3–3z2 + 8z – 12. Find the other two factors. [3]

27. If (z + 2i) is a factor then (z – 2i) is also a factor. (A1)

(z + 2i)(z – 2i) = (z2 + 4)
The other factor is (2z3 – 3z2 + 8z – 12) ÷ (z2 + 4) = (2z – 3) (M1)(A1)
The other two factors are (z – 2i) and (2z–3). (C1)(C2)

28. Let P(z) = z3 + az2 + bz + c, where a, b, and c  . Two of the roots of P(z) = 0 are –2 and
(–3 + 2i). Find the value of a, of b and of c. [6]

28. METHOD 1
If z  3  2i is a root, then z  3  2i is another. (A1)
P ( z )  ( z  2)  z  (3  2i)   z  (3  2i)  (M1)(A1)

 ( z  2)  z 2  (3  2i) z  (3  2i) z  13

 ( z  2)( z 2  6 z  13)

 z 3  8 z 2  25 z  26 (A1)(A1)(A1)
a  8 b  25 c  26 (C2)(C2)(C2)
 17

METHOD 2
0  8  4a  2b  c (A1)
0  9  46i  a (5  12i)  b ( 3  2i)  c (M1)
9  5a  3b  c and 46  12a  2b (A1)
solving system of three equations
a  8 b  25 c  26 (A1)(A1)(A1)(C2)(C2)(C2)

De Moivre’s Theorem

1. Let x and y be real numbers, and  be one of the complex solutions of the equation z3 = 1. Evaluate:
(a) 1 +  + 2;
(b) ( x + 2y)(2x +  y). [6]

1. (a) Since  is a complex number which satisfies 3 –1 = 0,   1. Hence,

1 3
1 +  + 2 = = 0. (M1)(A1)
1

(b) (x + 2y)(2x + y) = 3x2 + 4yx + 2xy + 3y2. (M1)

Using 3 = 1 and 4 = , we get, (M1)
(x + 2y)(2x + y) = (x2 + y2) + (2 + )xy (M1)
= x2 + y2 – xy, (Since l +  + 2 = 0) (A1)

2. (a) Express z5 – 1 as a product of two factors, one of which is linear.

(b) Find the zeros of z5 – 1, giving your answers in the form
r(cos θ + i sin θ) where r > 0 and –π < θ  π.
(c) Express z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 as a product of two real quadratic factors. [10]

2. (a) z5 – 1 = (z – 1)(z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1) (C2)

(b) z5 – 1 = 0
 z = cos 0 + i sin 0 (accept z = 1).
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
cos     i sin  , cos    i sin   (C3)
 5   5   5   5 
 2π 2π 4π 4π 
 Accept cos  i sin , cos  i sin 
 3 5 5 5 

 2π 2π  2π 2π   2π 
(c)  z  cos  i sin  z  cos  i sin   z 2   2 cos  z  1 (M1)(C1)
 5 5  5 5   5 
 18

 4π 4π  4π 4π   4π 
 z  cos  i sin  z  cos  i sin   z 2   2 cos  z  1 (M1)(C1)
 5 5  5 5   5 
  2π    4π  
Thus, z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 =  z 2  2 cos  z  1 z 2  2 cos  z  1 (C1)
  5   5 

OR
  2π    π 
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 =  z 2  2 cos  z  1 z 2  2 cos  z  1 (C1)
  5   5 
OR
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 = (z2 – 0.618z + 1)(z2 + 1.618z + 1) (C1)
3. (a) Express the complex number 8i in polar form.
(b) The cube root of 8i which lies in the first quadrant is denoted by z. Express z
(i) in polar form;
(ii) in cartesian form. [6]

π
3. (a) |8i| = 8, arg 8i = (or 1.57, 90°)
2
(A1)(
A1)
 π π
8i = 8  cos  i sin 
 2 2
(C2
)

π
(b) (i) |z| = 2, arg z = (or 0.524, 30°) (A1)(A1)
6
 π π
z = 2  cos  i sin  (C2)
 6 6
(ii) z = 3+i (or 1.73 + i) (A1)(A1) (C2)
[6]

2 3
 π π  π π
 cos – i sin   cos  i sin 
 4 4  3 3
4. Consider the complex number z = 4
.
 π π 
 cos – i sin 
 24 24 
(a) (i) Find the modulus of z.
(ii) Find the argument of z, giving your answer in radians.
3
(b) Using De Moivre’s theorem, show that z is a cube root of one, ie z = 1.

(c) Simplify (l + 2z)(2 + z2), expressing your answer in the form a + bi, where a and b are exact real
numbers. [11]
 19

2 3
 π π  π π
 cos – isin   cos  isin 
4. z=
 4 4  3 3
4
 π π 
 cos – isin 
 24 24 
(a) (i) z = 1 (A1)
2
 – π  – π  
3
π π
 cos   isin     cos  isin 
  4   4   3 3
(ii) z= 4 (M1)
 – π  – π 
 cos   isin   
  24   24  
– π π – π
arg z = 2    3  – 4  (M1)
 4   3   24 
–π π
= π
2 6
2π
= (A1)
3
OR
2π
arg z = or 2.09 radians (G3) 4
3

3
 2π 2 π 
(b) z = 1 cos
3
 i sin  (M1)
 3 3 
= cos 2π + i sin 2π (M1)
= l + 0i
=1 (AG) 2
2 2 3
(c) (1 + 2z) (2 + z ) = 2 + z + 4z + 2z
= 2 + z2 + 4z + 2 (since z3 = 1) (Ml)
2
= 4 + z + 4z
OR
= 4 + z2 + 4z
 4π   4π   2π   2π 
4 + cos    i sin   4 cos   4i sin  (M1)(A1)
 3   3   3   3 
3 3 3i
 (A1)(A1)
2 2
= 1 + z + z2 + 3 + 3z
= 3 + 3z (since 1 + z + z2 = 0) (M1)
 2π 2π 
= 3 + 3  cos  i sin  (M1)
 3 3 
 1 i 3
= 3 + 3  –  (A1)
 2 2 
3 3 3
=  i (A1) 5
2 2

5. (a) Prove, using mathematical induction, that for a positive integer n,

(cos + i sin)n = cos n + i sin n where i2 = –1.
 20

(b) The complex number z is defined by z = cos + i sin.

1
(i) Show that = cos (–) + i sin (–).
z
(ii) Deduce that zn + z–n = 2 cos nθ.
(c) (i) Find the binomial expansion of (z + z–l)5.
1
(ii) Hence show that cos5 = (a cos 5 + b cos 3 + c cos ),
16
where a, b, c are positive integers to be found. [15]

5. (a) The result is true for n = 1, since

LHS = cos θ + i sin θ
and RHS = cos θ + i sin θ (R1)
Let the proposition be true for n = k. (M1)
Consider (cos θ + i sin θ)k + 1 = (cos kθ + i sin kθ)(cos θ + i sin θ) (M1)
= cos kθ cos θ – sin kθ sin θ + i(sin kθ cos θ
+ cos kθ sin θ)
= cos (k + 1)θ + i sin (k + 1)θ (A1)
Therefore, true for n = k  true for n = k + 1 and the proposition is
proved by induction. (R1) 5

(b) (i)
1

1

cos – i sin   (M1)
z cos  i sin   cos – i sin  
= (cos θ + i sin θ) (A1)
= cos (–θ) + i sin (–θ) (AG)
OR
1
= z–1 (M1)
z
z–1 = cos (–θ) + i sin (–θ), by de Moivre’s theorem
(accept the cis notation). (A1)(AG)
Note: Award (M0)(A0) to candidates who use the result of part (a)
with no consideration that in this part, n < 0.
(ii) z–n = (z–1)n = cos (–nθ) + i sin (–nθ) (A1)
zn +z–n = cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos (–nθ) + i sin (–nθ) (M1)
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos (nθ) – i sin (nθ) (A1)
= 2 cos nθ (AG) 5

(c) (i) (z + z–1)5 = z5 + 5z3 + 10z + 10z–1 + 5z–3 + z–5 (M1)(A1)

(ii) (2 cos θ)5 = 2 cos 5θ + 10 cos 3θ + 20 cos θ (M1)(A1)

1
giving a = 1, b = 5 and c = 10(or cos5 θ =
16
(cos 5θ + 5 cos 3θ + 10 cos θ)) (A1) 5

6. (a) Use mathematical induction to prove De Moivre’s theorem

(cos + i sin)n = cos (n) + i sin (n), n  +
.
(b) Consider z5 – 32 = 0.
 21

  2π   2π  
(i) Show that z1 = 2  cos    i sin    is one of the complex roots of this equation.
  5   5 

(ii) Find z12, z13, z14, z15, giving your answer in the modulus argument form.

(iii) Plot the points that represent z1, z12, z13, z14 and z15, in the complex plane.

(iv) The point z1n is mapped to z1n+1 by a composition of two linear transformations, where n =
1, 2, 3, 4. Give a full geometric description of the two transformations. [16]

6. (a) (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos (nθ) + i sin (nθ), n  +

Let n = 1  cos + i sin  = cos which is true. (A1)
Assume true for n = k  (cos + i sin)k = cos (k) + i sin (kθ) (M1)
Now show n = k true implies n = k + 1 also true. (M1)
(cos + i sin)k+1 = (cos + i sin)k(cos + i sin ) (M1)
= (cos (k) + i sin (k)(cos + i sin)
= cos (k) cos – sin (k)sin +i(sin (k) cos + cos (k) sinθ) (A1)
= cos (k + ) + i sin (kθ + θ)
= cos (k + 1) + 1 sin (k + 1)  n = k + 1 is true. (A1)
Therefore by mathematical induction statement is true for n ≥ 1. (R1) 7
  2π   2π  
(b) (i) z1 = 2  cos   isin  
  5   5 
 z15 = 25(cos 2 + 1 sin 2) (M1)
= 32
Therefore z1 is a root of z5 –32 = 0 (AG)

 4π 4π 
(ii) z12  4 cos  isin 
 5 5 
 6π 6π 
z12  8 cos  isin 
 5 5 
 8π 8π 
z14  16 cos  isin 
 5 5 
z15 = 32(cos 2 + i sin 2)(= 32(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 32) (A2)
Note: Award (A2) for all 4 correct, (A1) for 3 correct, (A0) otherwise.

(iii)
 22

Im
6
4
z 21 2 z1 z 51 Re
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
–2
z 31 –4
–6
–8
–10
–12
–14 z 41
–16

(A1)(A3)
Note: Award (A1) for graph of reasonable size, scale, axes marked, (A3)
for all 5 points correctly plotted, (A2) for 4 points correctly plotted. (A1)
for 3 points correctly plotted.

(iv) Composite transformation is a combination of (in any order)

an enlargement scale factor 2, centre (0, 0); (A1)
2π
a rotation (anti-clockwise) of (72°), centre (0, 0)
5
 8π 
 or clockwise (288)  (A1) 9
 5 
Note: Do not penalize if centre of enlargement or rotation not given.
[16]

7. Given that z  , solve the equation z3 – 8i = 0, giving your answers in the form z = r (cos + i sin).

[6]
 23

  
7. z 3  8i  z 3  8  cos  i sin  (A1)
 2 2
 z  r (cos  i sin  )


where r  3 8 and 3   n(2 ) (A1)(A1)
2

  
 z1  2 cos  i sin  (A1)
 6 6

 5 5 
 z 2  2 cos  i sin  (A1)
 6 6 

 3 3    
 z 3  2 cos  i sin  or z 3  2 cos –  i sin –  (A1) (C6)
 2 2   2 2

8. Consider the complex number z = cos + i sin.

(a) Using De Moivre’s theorem show that
1
zn + = 2 cos n.
zn
4
 1
(b) By expanding  z   show that
 z

1
cos4 = (cos 4 + 4 cos 2 + 3).
8
a
(c) Let g (a) = 0
cos4 d .

(i) Find g (a).

(ii) Solve g (a) = 1 [11]

8. (a) zn = cos n + i sin n

1
= cos (–n ) + i sin (–n) (M1)
zn
= cos n – i sin (n ) (A1)
1
Therefore z n   2 cos n (AG) 2
2n

4
 1 3 1  2  1   1  1
 z    z  4 z    6( z )  2   4 z 3   4
4
(b) (M1)
 z z z  z  z
1  1 
 z4   4 z 2  2   6 (M1)
 z 
4
z

(2 cos )4 = 2 cos 4θ + 8 cos 2θ + 6 (A1)

1
cos 4   (2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6) (A1)
16
 24

1
 (cos 4  4 cos 2  3) (AG) 4
8
a 1 a
 cos  d   (cos 4  4 cos 2  3) d
4
(c) (i) (M1)
0 8 0

a
1 1 
  sin 4  2 sin 2  3  (A1)
8 4 0

11 
g (a)   sin 4a  2 sin 2a  3a  (A1)
84 

11 
(ii) 1   sin 4a  2 sin 2a  3a 
84 
a = 2.96 (A1)
Since cos4 θ  0 then g (a) is an increasing function so
there is only one root. (R1) 5

π π
9. Let z = cos  + i sin , for –  .
4 4

(a) (i) Find z3 using the binomial theorem.

(ii) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that
cos 3 = 4 cos3 – 3 cos and sin 3 = 3 sin – 4 sin3.
sin 3θ  sin θ
(b) Hence prove that = tan.
cos 3θ  cos θ

1
(c) Given that sin = , find the exact value of tan 3.
3
[21]

9. (a) (i) (cos + i sin)3 = cos3 + 3 cos2 i sin + 3 cos i2 sin2

+ i3 sin3 A1A1A1A1
(= cos3 + 3 cos2 sin i  3 cos
sin2  i sin3)
(= cos3  3 cos sin2 + (3 cos2
sin  sin3) i)
Note: Award A1 for each term in the expansion.
(ii) (cos + i sin)3 = cos 3 + i sin 3 (A1)
equating real and imaginary parts (M1)
cos 3 = cos3  3 cos sin2 A1
= cos3  3 cos (1  cos2) A1
= 4 cos3  3 cos AG N0
and sin 3 = 3 cos2 sin  sin3 A1
= 3 (1  sin2 ) sin  sin3 A1
= 3 sin  4 sin3 AG N0
 25

sin 3θ  sin θ 3 sin θ  4 sin 3 θ  sin θ

(b)  A1A1
cos3θ  cosθ 4 cos3 θ  3 cos θ  cos θ

2 sin θ 1  2 sin 2 θ 
2 cos θ 2 cos2 θ 1
= A1A1

Using 1  2 sin2 = 2 cos2  1 = cos 2 M1

sin 3θ  sin θ 2 sin θ
 A1
cos3θ  cosθ 2 cosθ
= tan AG
(c) METHOD 1
1 2
sin θ   cos θ  2 A1
3 3
1 1
sin 3 θ  3   4  M1
3 27
23
= (A1)
27
3
2  2
cos3 θ  4  2   3 2 M1
3  3
10
= 2
27
23  23 
tan 3 θ   2 A1 N0
10 2  20 
METHOD 2
1 1 1
sin θ   sin 3θ  3   4  M1
3 3 27
23
= (A1)
27

23 2  10 2 
cos 3θ  1    M1A1
27 2  27 
 
23
tan 3θ  27
10 2
27
23  23 
=  2 A1 N0
10 2  20 

10. Let y = cos + i sin.

dy
(a) Show that = iy.
dθ
[You may assume that for the purposes of differentiation and integration, i may be treated in the
 26

same way as a real constant.]

(b) Hence show, using integration, that y = ei.
(c) Use this result to deduce de Moivre’s theorem.
sin 6θ
(d) (i) Given that = a cos5 + b cos3 + c cos, where sin  0, use de Moivre’s theorem
sin θ
with n = 6 to find the values of the constants a, b and c.
sin 6θ
(ii) Hence deduce the value of lim . [20]
0 sin θ

dy
10. (a)   sin θ  i cosθ A1
dx
EITHER
dy
  i 2 sin θ  i cosθ A1
dθ
= i (cos  + i sin ) A1
=iy AG N0
OR
i y = i(cos + i sin) (= i cos + i2 sin) A1
= i cos  sin A1
dy
= AG N0
dθ

dy
(b)  y
 i  dθ M1A1

ln y = i + c A1
Substituting (0, 1) 0=0+cc=0 A1
 ln y = i A1
y = ei AG N0

(c) cos n + i sin n = ein M1

= (ei )n A1
= (cos + i sin )n AG N0
Note: Accept this proof in reverse.
 27

(d) (i) cos 6 + i sin 6 = (cos + i sin)6 M1

Expanding rhs using the binomial theorem M1A1
= cos6 + 6 cos5 i sin + 15 cos4 (i sin)2 + 20 cos3 (i sin)3
+ 15 cos2 (i sin)4 + 6 cos (i sin)5 + (i sin)6
Equating imaginary parts (M1)
sin 6 = 6 cos5 sin  20 cos3 sin3 + 6 cos sin5  A1
sin 6θ
 6 cos5  20 cos3 (1  cos2) + 6 cos (1  cos2)2 A1
sin θ
= 32 cos5  32 cos3 + 6 cos (a = 32, b = 32, c = 6) A2 N0

(ii) lim
θ 0
sin 6θ
sin θ θ  0

 lim 32 cos5 θ  32 cos3 θ  6 cos θ  M1

= 32  32 + 6
=6 A1 N0

11. Prove by induction that 12n + 2(5n−1) is a multiple of 7 for n  +

. [10]

11. Let P(n) be the proposition 12n + 2(5n  1) is a multiple of 7

When n = 1 121 + 2(50) = 14 (which is a multiple of 7) R1
 P(1) is true
Assume P(k) is true,
ie 12k + 2(5k  1) = 7m, m  +
M1
For n = k + 1 12k + 1 + 2(5k) = 12(12k) + 2(5k) M1
= 12(7m  2  5k  1) + 2  5k A1
= 12(7m  2  5k  1) + 10  5k  1 A1
= 12(7m)  24 (5k  1) + 10(5k  1) A1
= 7(12m  2  5k  1) A1
 12k + 1 + 2(5k) is a multiple of 7 R1
So P(k) is true  P(k + 1) is true, and P(1) is true. R1
Hence by induction P(n) is true. R1 N0
Note: Award the final R1R1R1 only
if the previous reasoning is correct.
[10]

12. Prove that  3  i   3  i

n n
is real, where n +
. [6]

12. EITHER
  
3  i  2  cos  i sin  A1
 6 6

     
3  i  2  cos     i sin     A1
  6  6 
 28

Hence using De Moivre’s Theorem

 n n  n   n  n 
3  i n  3  i n  2 n  cos  i sin   2  cos  i sin  M1A1
 6 6   6 6 

n n n n n 
= 2  cos  i sin  cos  i sin  (A1)
 6 6 6 6 

n 1 n
= 2 cos which is real. R1
6
OR
n2 n 3
nn 1i  nn 1n  2i 
2 3
n n 1 3 3
3  i  3  ni 3
n
   ...
2! 3!
M1A1
n2 n 3
nn 1 i  nn 1 n  2 i 
2 3
n 1
3  i  3  n  i  3
n 3 3
n
   ...
2! 3!
M1A1
The terms in odd powers of i are of opposite sign in each series expansion
and hence cancel. R1

Hence 3 i n + 3  i n is real. R1
OR

3 i n + 3  i n has the form z n  z 

n
R2

= z n   z 
n
M1A1
 

= 2  Re z n  A1
 expression is real R1

1 a
1 i 3 
13. Express 3
in the form where a, b . [5]
b

13. METHOD 1

r  2, θ   (A1)(A1)
3
3


 1 i 3 
3
2 3      
 cos     i sin    M1
  3  3 


1
cos  i sin   (M1)
8
1
 A1
8
METHOD 2

(1  3i )(1  3i ) = 1  2 3i  3 (= 2  2 3i ) (M1)A1
 29

( 2  2 3i )(1  3i ) = 8 (M1)(A1)
1 1
 
1 3i  3
A1
8

METHOD 3
Attempt at Binomial expansion M1

(1  3i )3 = 1 + 3( 3i ) + 3 ( 3i )2 + ( 3i )3 (A1)

= 1  3 3i  9 + 3 3i (A1)
= 8 A1
1 1
 
1 3i  3
M1
8

2 2
14. Let w = cos  i sin .
5 5
(a) Show that w is a root of the equation z5 − 1 = 0.
(b) Show that (w − 1) (w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1) = w5 − 1 and deduce that w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1 = 0.
2 4 1
(c) Hence show that cos  cos   . [12]
5 5 2

14. (a) EITHER

2 2 
5

w   cos
5
 i sin  (M1)
 5 5 
= cos 2 + i sin 2 A1
=1 A1
Hence w is a root of z5  1 = 0 AG
OR
Solving z5 = 1 (M1)
2 2
z = cos n  i sin n , n  0 ,1, 2 , 3 , 4. A1
5 5
2 2
n = 1 gives cos  i sin which is w A1
5 5

(b) (w  1)(1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4) = w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5  1

w w2  w3  w4 M1
= w5  1 A1
Since w5  1 = 0 and w  1, w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1 = 0. R1
(c) 1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 =

2 2  2 2 
2
1  cos  i sin   cos  i sin  
5 5  5 5 
 30

2 2   2 2 
3 4

 cos  i sin    cos  i sin  (M1)
 5 5   5 5 

2 2 4 4
1  cos  i sin  cos  i sin 
5 5 5 5
6 6 8 8
cos  i sin  cos  i sin M1
5 5 5 5
2 2 4 4
1  cos  i sin  cos  i sin 
5 5 5 5
4 4 2 2
cos  i sin  cos  i sin M1A1A1
5 5 5 5
Notes: Award M1 for attempting to replace 6
and 8 by 4 and 2.
Award A1 for correct cosine terms and
A1 for correct sine terms.
4 2
1  2 cos  2 cos 0 A1
5 5
Note: Correct methods involving equating real
parts, use of conjugates or reciprocals are
also accepted.
2 4 1
cos  cos  AG
5 5 2
Note: Use of cis notation is acceptable throughout
this question.

15. 
z1 = 1 i 3 
m
and z2 = 1  i  .
n

(a) Find the modulus and argument of z1 and z2 in terms of m and n, respectively.
(b) Hence, find the smallest positive integers m and n such that z1 = z2. [14]

15. (a) 1  i 3  2 or 1  i  2 (A1)


arg 1  i 3   
or arg (1  i) = 
  7π 
 accept  (A1)
3 4  4 

z1  2 m A1
n
z2  2 A1


arg (z1) = m arctan 3 m A1
3
  7π 
arg (z2) = n arctan (1) = n  accept n  A1 N2
4  4 

n
(b) 2 m  2  n  2m (M1)A1
 
m n  2k , where k is an integer M1A1
3 4
 31

 
m n  2k
3 4
 
m  2m  2k (M1)
3 4
5
m  2k
6
12
m k A1
5
The smallest value of k such that m is an integer is 5, hence
m = 12 A1
n = 24. A1 N2
[14]