1

Name Class: 2T

CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE

CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Higher 1

Paper 2
Preliminary Examination 2007

2 hours

Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper

and Section B on separate paper.
Additional Materials: Paper
Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.

Section B
Answer any two questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Section A
B5
B6
B7
Total
There are a total of 9 printed pages including this cover page.

8872/02/CJC Prelim 07
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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 3 bottles containing separate compounds of boron fluoride, magnesium fluoride and sulphur
hexafluoride were randomly labelled A to C. The compounds in bottles A and B are gases
at room temperature while the compound in bottle C is a white solid at room temperature.

(a) Draw the dot-and-cross diagrams for boron fluoride, magnesium fluoride and sulphur
hexafluoride in the table below.

Boron fluoride (BF3) Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

[3]

(b) A sample from each bottle is mixed with ammonia gas. It was observed that for the sample
from bottle B, the pungent smell of ammonia disappears and a white solid is formed after
some time.

(i) Based on the above observations and the description of the physical states of the
compounds in each bottle, identify the compound in each bottle.

Bottle A: Bottle B: Bottle C:

(ii) Explain why the compound in bottle B is able to react with ammonia gas.

(iii) In the space below, draw the shape of the product formed between the compound
from bottle B and ammonia gas.
8872/02/CJC Prelim 07
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[4]

[Total: 7]

2 (a) 0.50 g of hydrated iron (II) sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) was dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and
titrated with 0.02 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII). What volume of potassium
manganate (VII) was required to complete the titration?

[3]

(b) The first ionisation energies of three consecutive elements in period 3 of the periodic table
are shown below:

Element Si P S
Atomic Number 14 15 16
Ionisation energy / kJ mol-1 786 1060 1000

Explain why phosphorus has a higher first ionisation energy than

(i) silicon

(ii) sulphur

[3]

(c) SiO2, also known as silica, is a hard glassy mineral found in rock and sand. Glass contains
about 70% silica, as well as 15% Na 2O and 9% CaO. Na2O and SiO2 react to form sodium
silicates which help glass to increase elasticity.

(i) Describe how separate samples of SiO2 and Na2O react with water and write
equations where appropriate. Give the pH of both the resulting solutions formed.
8872/02/CJC Prelim 07
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CaO is sparingly soluble in water forming Ca(OH)2(aq), commonly known as limewater.

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction.

(iii) Name the gas that, when bubbled into limewater, will form a white precipitate.

[6]

[Total: 12]

3 Halothane is a colourless and pleasant-smelling gas, and it was used as a general

anaesthetic worldwide until the 1980s. The structure of halothane is shown below:

(a) (i) Give the IUPAC name for halothane.

(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of fluorine in halothane.

[3]

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term structural isomers.

(ii) Consider the following pairs of structural isomers. In each case, suggest simple
chemical tests that can be used to distinguish between separate samples of isomers
A and B. State the observations for both isomers.

Molecular formula: C6H12

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Isomer A: Isomer B: CH3CH2CH = CHCH2CH3

Test:

Observation for isomer A:

Observation for isomer B:

Molecular formula: C4H10O

Isomer A: (CH3)3COH Isomer B: CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Test:

Observation for isomer A:

Observation for isomer B:

Molecular formula: C3H6O

Isomer A: CH3CH2CHO Isomer B: CH3COCH3

Test:

Observation for isomer A:

Observation for isomer B:

[7]

(c) Propene is synthesised by the cracking of petroleum. Some of the reactions of propene are
shown below:

CH3CH(NH2)CH3
II
CH2 = CHCH3 I CH3CHBrCH3

III
CH 3CH(OH)CH3

Complete the table below:

Type of reaction Reagents Conditions

Step I Room temperature

Step II Substitution Alcoholic ammonia

Step III Substitution

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[5]

[Total: 15]

4. The greenhouse effect is an energy-trapping process in which the infra-red radiation reflected
from the Earth’s surface is prevented from totally escaping into space and is absorbed by
greenhouse gases (primarily CO2 and H2O) and re-radiated back towards Earth. This is a
natural phenomenon which helps to keep the earth comfortably warm.

Increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere effectively increases radiative energy input to
Earth, leading to an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s surface and global warming.
Global warming has been linked to causing flooding, rise in sea levels and severe climatic
changes.

The increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has been largely attributed to an increase
in human consumption of energy. The global energy consumption was estimated to be
7 × 1011 W (watts) in 1900. In 2004, with a global population about 6 x 10 9, the global energy
consumption has risen to 15 × 10 12 W with 86% of the energy supplied by burning fossil fuel
(coal, oil and natural gases).

The global carbon dioxide emission from consumption of coal is 10590 million tonnes in 2004.
The global population is expected to hit 9 x 109 in 2050. (1 tonne = 1000 kg)

Concerns over the effects of global warming have led to various actions by government bodies
and individuals to avert what is perceived as a potential global disaster. Such actions include
bills to reduce industrial emissions of CO2, worldwide concerts spreading the message on global
warming and products designed to reduce electrical consumptions.

An example is the use of compact florescent light (CFL) in place of the incandescent light bulb.
The CFL consumes only 32 W of energy per hour as compared to the 150 W which the
incandescent light bulbs consume. This not only translates to savings for the user, more
importantly, it helps to reduce electrical consumption and CO2 emissions.

(a) Use the data above to find the average energy consumption per person for the year 2004.

[1]

(b) Estimate the mass of fossil fuel that has to be burnt to meet a person’s energy consumption
in the year 2004, assuming that burning 300 kg of fossil fuel is enough to generate 1000 W
of energy.

[2]

(c) Assuming that the average carbon dioxide emission remains unchanged, estimate the total
coal consumption (in kilograms) for the year 2050. (Assume coal is 100% carbon.)

[2]
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(d) Based on an average usage of 6 hours per day, determine how much you can save each day
if you use a CFL instead of an incandescent light bulb.
(PUB charges $0.188 per kW per hour)

[1]

[Total: 6]
Section B

Answer two of the following questions. Answer these questions on separate answer paper.

5 (a) A unique property of transition elements is their ability to form coloured compounds. An
example is copper. A solution of copper (II) compound is blue in colour due to the
presence of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ ions. When 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to
50 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 [Cu(H2O)6]2+, the following reaction is established,

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) CuCl42- (aq) + 6H2O (l)

CuCl42- ions are yellow in colour.

(i) Describe what you will observe when the reaction reaches equilibrium.

(ii) Calculate the amount of hydrochloric acid and [Cu(H2O)6]2+ used for the reaction.

(iii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant of the above reaction and derive its
units. Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant given that the amount of CuCl 42-
at equilibrium is 1.00 × 10-3 mol.

(iv) Using Le Chatelier’s principle, explain the effect of adding excess aqueous AgNO 3
on the above equilibrium and state what you will observe.
[10]

(b) Ethanol-based fuels are increasingly used in place of petroleum to reduce the reliance on
limited fossil fuel. Ethanol burns readily to form carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol. Construct
a balance equation for the combustion of ethanol.

(ii) Using bond energy values from the data booklet, calculate a value for the enthalpy
change of combustion of ethanol.

(iii) Calculate the volume of ethanol required to produce 250 MJ of heat. Density of
ethanol is 0.80 g cm-3. (1 MJ = 106 J)
[6]

(c) Solutions of carbonates react with acids as follows.

CO32- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ---------- reaction 1
CO32- (aq) + H+ (aq) → HCO3- (aq) ------------------- reaction 2

(i) Given the following data, calculate the standard enthalpy change of reaction 1.

∆Hf° CO32- (aq) = -670 kJ mol-1

∆Hf° H+ (aq) = 0 kJ mol-1
°
∆Hf H2O (l) = -285.8 kJ mol-1
°
∆Hc C (s) = -393.5 kJ mol-1
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(ii) Given the enthalpy change of reaction 2 to be – 0.75 kJ mol-1, calculate the
enthalpy change of the following reaction:

HCO3- (aq) + H+ (aq) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

[4]

[Total: 20]
6 (a) The table below shows the boiling points of some organic compounds.

Name of compound Molecular Formula Boiling point /°C

Methane CH4 -162
Ethane C2H6 -88
Propane C3H8 -42
Butane C4H10 0
Cis-but-2-ene C4H8 4
Trans-but-2-ene C4H8 1
Propan-1-ol CH3CH2CH2OH 97
Propanal CH3CH2CHO 49
Propanone CH3COCH3 56

(i) Explain the difference between the boiling points of cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-
ene.

(ii) Explain why the boiling point propan-1-ol is higher than that of propanal and
propanone.

(iii) If the intermolecular bonding in propan-1-ol is the same as that in the alkanes,
predict a value for its boiling point. Explain your answer.

(iv) As compared to the alkanes, alcohols are more soluble in water. Draw a diagram
showing the interaction between propan-1-ol molecules and water molecules.
[8]

(b) Compound A is an unsaturated organic compound. It reacts with aqueous Br2 at room
temperature to form a mixture of two products B, C4H8Br2 and C, C4H9BrO. Compound B
reacts with hot ethanolic KOH to form C4H7Br. Compound C reacts with hot acidified
potassium dichromate (VI) under controlled conditions to form a product D which reacts
with Tollen’s reagent.

(i) Suggest the identities for compounds A, B, C and D, explaining your reasoning.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between compound A and aqueous Br2
to form B and C. (Assume B and C are formed in equimolar quantities.)

(ii) 3-bromobutan-2-ol and 1-bromobutan-2-ol are both isomers of compound C.

Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between the two isomers.

[9]

(c) Suggest reagents and conditions for converting butan-1-ol to 2-chlorobutane.

[3]

[Total: 20]

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7 (a) Ethyl propanoate, an ester, is found naturally in apple juice, grapefruit peel and
strawberries. Ethyl propanoate can be hydrolysed by aqueous NaOH.

C2H5OCOCH2CH3 + NaOH  C2H5OH + Na+ -OCOCH2CH3

The initial rate of the hydrolysis reaction between the ester and NaOH was measured in a
series of experiments at a constant temperature. The results are obtained below:

Expt Initial conc. of Initial conc. of Initial rate /

NaOH / mol dm-3 ester / mol dm-3 mol dm-3 s-1
1 0.040 0.030 4.0 x 10-4
2 0.040 0.045 6.0 x 10-4
3 0.060 0.045 9.0 x 10-4
4 0.120 0.060 x

(i) Use the data in the table to deduce the order of reaction with respect to the ester
and the order of reaction with respect to NaOH. Hence, calculate the value of x
(initial rate of reaction for experiment 4.)

(ii) In another experiment conducted at a higher temperature, the initial concentration of

NaOH used was 2.00 mol dm-3. With the much higher concentration of NaOH,
concentration of NaOH appears to remain unchanged throughout the reaction.
The initial rate of reaction was found to be 9.0 x 10 -3 mol dm-3 s-1 when the initial
concentration of the ester was 0.020 mol dm-3.

 Write a rate equation for the reaction under these new conditions and
 Calculate a value for the rate constant, stating its units.

(iii) Hydrolysis of the ester can also be carried with water. However, this method is so
slow that it is never used. With the aid of the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve, explain
why the hydrolysis is slow in the absence of NaOH(aq).
[10]

(b) (i) Write an equation to define the term pH.

(ii) A solution of NaOH(aq) has a pH of 11.9 at 25 oC. Calculate the concentration of

NaOH(aq) in the solution. [3]

(c) The acid dissociation constant for propanoic acid has the value of 1.35 x 10 -5 mol dm-3 at
25oC.

Ka 
H  CH CH CO 

3 2 2


CH3CH2CO2H
(i) Given that [H+] = [CH3CH2CO2-], therefore K a 
H 
 2
, find the pH of a
 CH3CH2CO2H
0.117 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of propanoic acid.

(ii) Calculate the degree of ionisation of propanoic acid. [3]

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 10
(d) (i) Explain, using suitable equations, how a buffer solution of propanoic acid and
sodium propanoate works to maintain fairly constant pH upon the addition of
small amounts of H+ and OH- separately.

(ii) Two drops of an indicator was added to 25 cm 3 of the above mentioned buffer
solution. When excess NaOH(aq) was added, the indicator changed colour.
Identify the indicator and state the approximate range of its rapid pH change.
[4]
[Total: 20]

8872/02/CJC Prelim 07