Basic Safety PDF

Safety and
Accident
Prevention
Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

1
Objectives
 to acquaint ourselves with the basic
legislation on safety
 to familiarize ourselves with the safety
concepts and terms
 to identify causes of accidents in the work
place
 to understand safety practices in different

areas in the work place

2
Legislation
Article 162,
Chapter II
Presidential Decree No. Occupational Safety and Health

442/ passed in 1974 Standards, (OSHS)1978
Implementing agency is the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

3
Legislation
LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - a consolidation of labor and social

laws to afford full protection to Labor, promote employment and human
resources development and ensure industrial peace based on social justice

4
Legislation
A set of mandatory rules on OSH which codifies

all safety orders issued and enforced prior to its
promulgation.
•Objective:
- to protect every working man against the
dangers of injury, sickness or death through
safe and healthful working conditions
•Scope:
- shall apply to all places of employment
except land, sea and air transportation. Safety
in Mines is not covered by the Standards

5
Rules of the OSHS
1000 General Provisions

1010 Other Safety Rules
1020 Registration
1030 Training & Accreditation
1040 Health & Safety Committee
1050 Notification & Keeping of Occupational
Illnesses & Injuries
1060 Premises of Establishments
1070 Environmental Control
1080 Personal Protective Equipment
Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 6

Rules of the OSHS
1090 Hazardous Materials

1100 Gas & Electric Welding & Cutting Operations
1120 Hazardous Work Processes
1140 Explosives
1150 Materials Handling & Storage
1160 Boiler
1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
1180 Internal Combustion Engine*
1200 Machine Guarding
1210 Electrical Safety
1220 Elevators & Related Equipment
1230 Identification of Piping System
Definition of Terms
Workplace means the office, premises or work site,
where the workers are habitually employed and shall
include the office or place where the workers, who have
no fixed or definite work site, regularly report for
assignment in the course of their employment.
Employer includes any person acting directly or indirectly
in the interest of an employer, in relation to an employee,
and shall include government- owned or controlled
corporations and institutions, as well as non- profit private
institutions or organizations.
Employee shall mean any person hired, permitted, or
suffered to work by an employer.

Definition of Terms
“ Hazardous Establishment” refers to establishment where work operations or
practice performed by a worker in the establishment or workplace in conjunction
with our as an incident to such operations or practices and which expose the
employee or worker to hazards likely to cause disabling injury, illness, death or
physical or psychological harm.
“Highly Hazardous Establishment” is one where potential hazard within

the company may effect the safety and / or health of workers not only within but
also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are workplaces
commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:
 Petrochemical work and refineries
 Chemical work and chemical production plants;
 LPG storage and materials;
 Stores and distribution center for toxic / hazardous chemicals;
 Large fertilizer stores;
 Explosives factories;
 Work in which chlorine is used in bulk;
 Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above; and
 Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing
issuances related to classification of establishments.

Definition of Terms
Hazard is a physical condition with a potential for human injury, damage to
property, the environment or a combination thereof.
Risk is a potential problem that exists when persons or properties are exposed to
hazards.
Accident is an unplanned, unexpected, unforeseen and unwanted event that
result to harm to person or damage to property.
Safe or Safety shall refer to the physical or environmental conditions of

work or employment which substantially comply with the provisions of the OSH
standards.
Freedom from accidents
A condition or state of being free from harm, injury or loss
Control of accident loss
Protection of people, property, process, product and profits

Controlling Hazards
 Engineering Control – engineer out the hazards
either by initial design specification or by applying
the method of substitution, isolation or ventilation
 Administrative Control – control of employees’
exposure by scheduling or reduced work times in
contaminated areas, and/or applying other work
rules.
 Personal Protective Equipment – considered as the
method of last resort when engineering and
administrative controls are not sufficient to achieve
acceptable

Causes of Accident
BASIC CAUSES
PERSONAL FACTORS
Lack of Knowledge or Skill

Improper Motivation
Physical or mental problems

Causes of Accident
BASIC CAUSES
JOB FACTORS
Inadequate work standards
Inadequate design or maintenance
Inadequate purchasing standards
Normal wear and tear
Abnormal Usage

The Immediate Causes
Unsafe Acts + Unsafe Conditions = Accidents

The human action The physical or An unplanned,
that departs from chemical property of unexpected,
a standard or a material, machine unforeseen and
written job or the environment unwanted event
procedure or which could result in that result to
common practice, injury to a person, harm to person
safety rules, damage or or damage to
regulations or destruction to property.
instructions property or other
forms of losses

ACCIDENT TYPES
Struck-By Caught Between
Struck-Against Different Level Fall

Contact-By Same Level Fall
Contact With Exposure
Trapped-In Overexertion
Caught-On

Electrical
Safety

INTRODUCTION
1. Electricity is a source of power at home, or at work.
2. Although recently, there have been much advancement
in the control of electrical hazards, there are still many
injuries and fatalities in industry.
3. It is important that workers and other users of
electricity be familiar with its nature, learn how to
properly control it and should know the basic rules that
should govern its safe maintenance and utilization.

ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
OHM’S LAW
 states that one volt will cause a current of one
ampere to flow through a resistance of one ohm.
 current is directly proportional to voltage and
inversely proportional to resistance

The Dangers
Electric Shock
Burns
Fires
Explosions
Consequential injuries

HOW DOES AC AFFECT THE BODY?
a. At .4 mA : No sensation
b. At 1.1 mA : A slight tingling sensation
c. At 1.8 mA : Shock
d. At 16 mA : Painful shock. Loss of muscle
control can cause victim to lock
on to the source
e. Above 23 mA : Severe injuries and possible
death.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICIES
1. Plug power equipment into wall receptacles with power switches in the
OFF position.
2. Unplug electrical equipment by grasping the plug and pulling. Do not

pull or jerk the cord to unplug the equipment.
3. Check for frayed, cracked, or exposed Wiring on equipment cords.
4. Personnel should know the location of electrical circuit – breaker panels

that control equipment and lighting in their respective areas. Circuits and
equipment disconnects must be identified.
5. Temporary or permanent storage of any materials must not be allowed

with in 3 feet of any electrical panel or electrical equipment.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICIES
6. When defective electrical equipment is identified by personnel, it should be
tagged immediately and removed from service for repair or replacement.
7. Any electrical equipment causing shocks or with high leakage potential
must be tagged with a DANGER – DO NOT USE label.
8. Conduct regular inspection and servicing of electrical controls and
transformers.
9. Comply to your EEW Program
10. Strictly implement a Lock-Out and Tag-Out Program.

Electrically unsafe…anyone?

Electrically unsafe…anyone?

Fire Safety
PD 1185 – Fire Code
of the Philippines

FIRE
 - a rapid persistent chemical reaction that
releases heat and light; specially the exothermic
combination of combustible substances with
oxygen
 - rapid oxidation
 -the result of chemical combination of
combustible materials with oxygen in the
presence of enough heat

Fire Triangle
Oxygen Heat
FIRE
Fuel
Classes of Fires
Class A Solid combustible materials that are not metals,

such as: wood, paper, cloth, trash and plastics.
Cooling method of extinguishment is applicable
Class B Flammable Liquids such as gasoline, oil, grease

and acetone or any non-
non-metal in a liquid state on
fire.
Blanketing method is the most effective extinguishment

Classes of Fires
Class C Electrically induced fire. The principle is: as long as

it is “plugged in", it would be considered Class C
fire.
Non-conductive method/agent of extinguishment is best
Class D Metal Fire such as potassium, sodium, aluminum

and magnesium. Special extinguishing agents
(Metal--X, Foam) to fight such a fire.
(Metal
Specific chemical agent is required for specific metal
involved

METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE
A. ELIMINATION PROCESS:
1. STARVING-removal of fuel
2. COOLING –lowering-off of temperature
3. SMOTHERING/BLANKETING- taking-off of oxygen
B. INHIBITION PROCESS:
1. By means of breaking the chain reaction of the 3
elements of the triangle of Fire
2. Inhibiting the flash point and ignition process of a
material.

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
Pendent Nozzle Hose Reel & Cabinet Fire Hydrant
Fire Extinguisher
Fire Truck

How To Use The Fire Extinguisher
PULL THE PIN

AIM THE NOZZLE AT THE BASE OF FIRE
SQUEEZE LEVER
SWEEP SIDE TO SIDE

Common Causes of Fire
1. ELECTRICAL:
Overloading
Overheating
Short Circuit
2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
3. Smoking
4. Candles and katols
5. Kitchen Fires
6. Spontaneous Combustion
7. Welding Operation
8. Arson
9. Lightning
FIRE LOSSES
1. DEATH
2. INJURIES
3. TRAUMA
4. PROPERTY DAMAGE
5. PROPERTY LOSS
6. OPPORTUNITY LOSS
7. TIME LOSS

FIRE PREVENTION
MEASURES
1. GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
2. PROPER STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE
AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
3. ELECTRICAL SAFETY
4. REGULAR INSPECTION

Machine
Safety

INTRODUCTION
Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness - the
list of possible machinery-related injuries is as long as it is
horrifying. Safeguards are essential for protecting
workers from needless and preventable injuries.
A good rule to remember is: any machine part,

function, or process which may cause injury must
be safeguarded.
Where the operation of a machine can injure the

operator or other workers, the hazard must be controlled
or eliminated.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Guarding – any means of effectively preventing

personnel from coming in contact with moving parts of
machinery or equipment which can cause physical harm
to people.
2. Guard – are physical barriers for safeguarding
equipment at the point of operations.
3. Enclosure – are physical barriers that are mounted on a
machine to prevent accidental contact to moving parts of
machineries and equipment.

MATERIALS USED IN GUARDING
Other Types:
a. If moving parts must be visible, transparent impact plastic or
safety glass must be used.
b. Where resistance to rust is essential or where iron or steel
guards can cause damage to the machinery use aluminum
or soft metal.
Machine Guarding

Machine Guarding

THE VALUE OF MACHINE SAFETY
1. It prevents serious loss that often leads to permanent
injury or even the loss of life.
2. It permits safe operation with less training and less
supervision.
3. It broadens the field of potential machine operators.
Employers can hire workers with little or no experience
and then provide on-the-job training in safe machine
operation to minimize the risk of injury.
4. It creates an environment that support quality &
performance initiatives.



SAFE PRACTICES
1. No guard, barrier or enclosure should be
adjusted or removed for any reason by anyone
unless that person has permission from the
supervisor.
2. Before servicing, maintaining or repairing on an
equipment, the power for the equipment must be
turned off and apply lock out and tag out to the
main switch.
3. No machine should be started unless the
safeguards are in place and in good condition.

Chemical and
Laboratory
Safety

Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS)
 Material Safety Data Sheets

 are used to obtain hazard information; including
physical hazards and health hazards
 describe the physical and chemical properties
 recommend precautions for handling, storage
and disposal
Note: Always read the MSDS before working with a chemical

Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS)
 If you are unable to find a MSDS for a particular material,
contact the manufacturer (contact info is found on primary
chemical container label).
 MSDS’s for the chemicals present in the laboratory must be

maintained by the laboratory and made readily available to
individuals working therein.
 Laboratories that ship chemicals must also ship the

corresponding MSDS’s with the chemicals.

Container Labeling
There are two types of containers,
each is labeled differently
Primary Containers Secondary Containers

The container which was The container which holds the
shipped from the decanted contents of a primary
manufacturer and bears the container and bears a label made by
manufacturer’s label. the lab.

Primary Chemical Container
Labels
MUST NOT BE:

 Removed
 Refaced
 Scribbled out/written
over
Note: Pay attention to
expiration dates found on
chemical container labels.

Secondary Chemical
Container Labels
 Secondary Chemical Container Labels
MUST HAVE:
 The content’s chemical name (non abbreviated)
 Indication of relative hazards of the contents
i.e. (flammable, reactive, oxidizer, corrosive,
target organs, etc.)

Chemical Storage
 Caution: Place groups of compatible chemicals
together. Segregate chemicals that are in storage
according to compatibility.
 Oxidizers ( hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid,

perchloric acid, etc.) need to be stored separately
from organic chemicals (fuels).
 Particularly dangerous chemicals should be isolated

in storage (e.g. hydrofluoric acid, pyrophoric
materials, etc.)

Chemical Storage
 Store chemicals in accordance with temperature
storage requirements.
Example: diethyl ether should be stored in a
cool fireproof location like a flammable liquids
cabinet away from direct sunlight and other heat
sources.
 When not in use, flammable liquids need to be

stored in a flammable liquids cabinet.
 Liquid acids and bases are stored in a corrosives

cabinet

Chemical Storage
 Within the cabinet, the acids and bases should be stored in
separate plastic tubs or other compatible secondary
container.
 Liquid chemicals should be stored at or below shoulder
level to minimize the potential for liquid spills.

Un-needed Chemicals
Benefits:
 Get rid of all un-needed
chemicals •Minimization of
accidents, fires, or other
 When ordering chemicals, events.
only order the amount •More storage space.
currently needed – don’t
order excess. •Lowered expense
(consider - less inventory,
Note: Some chemicals can become more storage facilities, spill
dangerous the longer they are stored response measures and
(i.e. peroxide forming chemicals like ethyl equipment, etc.)
ether and tetrahydrofuran).

Proper Attire in Working With
Chemicals

Chemical hazard areas should
have these…

Personal Protective
Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
 serve as barrier that protect the worker from

the hazard
 last recourse if engineering and administrative

tools in eliminating hazards is not enough

Kinds of PPE
Head Protection

Eye/Face Protection

Hearing Protection
Permissible Noise Exposure
Hours of Noise level in
Continuous exposure Decibels (dBA)
8 85
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
¾ 107
½ 112
¼ 115

Hearing Protection
Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps

Foot Protection
Safety Shoes
 Impact-resistant toes and heat-
resistant soles protect against hot
surfaces common in roofing and
paving
 Some have metal insoles to protect
against puncture wounds
 May be nonconductive to protect
from workplace electrical hazards

Hand Protection

Body Protection
Cooling Vest Full Body Suit Sleeves and Apron

You are now
ready to
work….safely

Thank you.
Questions…?

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Safety and

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

 to understand safety practices in different

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

Presidential Decree No. Occupational Safety and Health

Implementing agency is the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - a consolidation of labor and social

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

A set of mandatory rules on OSH which codifies

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva

1000 General Provisions

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 6

1090 Hazardous Materials

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 8

“Highly Hazardous Establishment” is one where potential hazard within

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 9

Safe or Safety shall refer to the physical or environmental conditions of

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 10

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 11

Lack of Knowledge or Skill

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 12

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 13

Unsafe Acts + Unsafe Conditions = Accidents

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 14

Struck-By Caught Between

Struck-Against Different Level Fall

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 15

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 16

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 17

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 18

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 19

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 20

2. Unplug electrical equipment by grasping the plug and pulling. Do not

3. Check for frayed, cracked, or exposed Wiring on equipment cords.

4. Personnel should know the location of electrical circuit – breaker panels

5. Temporary or permanent storage of any materials must not be allowed

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 21

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 22

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 23

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 24

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 25

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 26

Class A Solid combustible materials that are not metals,

Class B Flammable Liquids such as gasoline, oil, grease

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 28

Class C Electrically induced fire. The principle is: as long as

Class D Metal Fire such as potassium, sodium, aluminum

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 29

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 30

Pendent Nozzle Hose Reel & Cabinet Fire Hydrant

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 31

PULL THE PIN

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 32

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 34

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 35

Eng'r. Michael M. Soliva 36

A good rule to remember is: any machine part,

Where the operation of a machine can injure the