EST 200 : DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

MODULE 1

Manu Prasad
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE
AWH Engineering College, Kozhikode 08
Email : [email protected]
 PREAMBLE

• The purpose of this course is to

1. introduce the undergraduate engineering students the fundamental
principles of design engineering,
2. make them understand the steps involved in the design process and
3. familiarize them with the basic tools used and approaches in design.
 DESIGN ENGINEERING

• Engineering design is a systematic, intelligent process in which

engineers generate, evaluate, and specify solutions for devices, systems,
or processes whose form(s) and function(s) achieve clients’ objectives
and users’ needs while satisfying a specified set of constraints.
• In other words, engineering design is a thoughtful process for
generating plans or schemes for devices, systems, or processes that
attain given objectives while adhering to specified constraints.
ASPECTS OF DESIGN

Objective Constrains

Design
Functions
& Form
Means
 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

• A feature or behavior that we whish the design to have or exhibit

• It defining the requirements of a design
• Some generic objectives are
• To identify the need of the user
• To research about the possibilities of the problem solving
• To formulate a working principle
• To reduce the cost
• To reduce the complexity
• To make eco-friendly material
 EXAMPLE: OBJECTIVE OF A PORTABLE
LADDER

• Ladder should be compact and portable

• It should be stable on smooth surfaces
• Should stand safely without a support
• Can be used for house hold requirements
• Should be reasonably stiff and comfortable for users
• Must be safe and durable
• Should be relatively economical
• Should be reduce space requirements while packing by means of detachable
parts
• The ladder should be marketable
OBJECTIVE TREE

• Depended
• Interconnected
• Hence can arranged in hierarchy
 DESIGN CONSTRAINS

• Functional Constraints
• Overall geometry
• Kinematics
• Energy requirement
• Materials used
• Control systems
• Safety constraints
• Quality constraints
• Manufacturing Constraints
• Time constraints
• Economical constraints
• Legal and ethical constraints
 DESIGN FUNCTIONS

• Functions are the behaviors that expected from the design

• A design should perform certain functions for convert given inputto
required output
• They describe what the design (or, more likely, an object within the
design) will "do" or accomplish, with an emphasis on input-output
transformations
• The statement of a function typically couples an action verb to a noun
or object:
• Eg: lift a book, support a shelf, transmit a current, measure a temperature, or
switch on a light
 DESIGN FUNCTIONS

• Research function
• Identifying the need, working principle, collection of data
• Engineering function
• Main product design, 3D model, concept, simulation, tec.
• Manufacturing function
• Element production, assembly, cost, purchases, raw materials, etc.
• Quality control function
• Regulation of product, check for safty, design auditing, energy auditing, etc.
• Commercial function
• Cost and service related aspects
 DESIGN MEANS

• It is the way in which a design executes a desired function

• Eg: The functionof a bicycle brake is stop the wheelwhen

applying the brake lever by meansof frictional force between rim
and brake pad

• Eg: The function of a speaker is to produce sound by

means of electro magnetic induction
 DESIGN FORM

• An area or mass to define objects in space

• Two dimensional
• Three dimensional
QUESTION

• Objectives ?
• Constrains?
• Functions?
QUESTION

• Objectives ?
• Constrains?
• Functions?
• Means?
QUESTION

• Objectives ?
• Constrains?
• Functions?
• Means?
SAME FUNCTION DIFF FORMS
 WHAT IS ENGINEERING DESIGN?

• Engineering design is the method that engineers use to identify and solve
problems.
• It is a process
• It is purposeful
• It design under constraint.
• It systematic and iterative
• It is a social, collaborative enterprise
 WHAT IS ENGINEERING DESIGN?

• The systematic, intelligent generation of specifications for artifacts

whose form and function achieve stated objectives and satisfy specified
constraints.
• A thoughtful process for generating plans or schemes for devices,
systems, or processes that attain given objectives while adhering to
specified constraints.
• An activity that intends to produce a description of an artifice in terms
of its organization and functioning - its interface between inner and
outer environments.
ENGINEERING DESIGN
 WHAT IS A DESIGN OBJECTIVE?

• a feature or behavior that we wish the design to have or

exhibit.
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
MODELS
 WHERE MIGHT ENGINEERS WORK?

• for a large company that processes and distributes various food

products could be asked to design a container for a new juice product
• for a design-and-construction company, designing part of a highway
bridge embedded in a larger transportation project
• for an automobile company that is developing new instrumentation
clusters for its cars
• for a school system that wants to design specialized facilities to better
serve students with orthopedic disabilities
 WHAT “ROLES" ARE PLAYED AS THE
DESIGN UNFOLDS?

• Client:
• a person or group or company that wants a design conceived
• User:
• who will employ or operate whatever is being designed.
• Designer:
• whose job is to solve the client's problem in a way that meets the
user's needs.
 ROLES

• Who is the Client?

• The Client is a person or group or company that wants a design conceived.
• What is the role of the User?
• The role of the user is to employ or operate whatever is being designed.
• What is the role of the Designer?
• Solve the client's problem in a way that meets the user's needs.
• Understand what both the client and users want and need.
• Design something that can be built and that satisfies everybody.
 WHAT IS THE DESIGNER'S FIRST TASK
AND WHY?

• A designer's first task is to question the client to clarify

what the client really wants and translate it into a form
that is useful to her as an engineer. This is the designer's
first task because it is typically the client who motivates
and presents the starting point for design.
 TO WHOM DOES THE DESIGNER HAVE
OBLIGATIONS?

• Designers also have obligations not only to:

• Clients
• Users
• their profession
• the public
• Obligations to the profession and the public are laid out in
codes of ethics of engineering societies.
 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE CLIENT?

• The role of the client is to speak to the designer on

behalf of the intended users.
 WHAT IS ONE THING THAT BOTH THE
DESIGNER AND THE CLIENT MUST
UNDERSTAND?

• Both the designer and the client must understand what the
users want and what the public demands in a design.
 ON WHAT TWO STAGES OF DESIGN DOES
THE NATURE OF THE DESIGNER'S
WORK PARTLY DEPEND?

• The nature of the work of designers depends, in part, on

whether they are doing conceptual design and detailed
design.
 WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN?

• Conceptual design is the stage at which basic questions

of form and content for a design are established (e.g. the nature
of the goals of the designed item).
 WHAT IS DETAILED DESIGN?

• Detailed design is a stage in the design process after

conceptual design (and after preliminary or embodiment
design), when specific details particular to the design are
resolved.
IN WHAT KINDS OF ENVIRONMENTS DO
ENGINEERING DESIGNERS WORK?

• small and large companies

• start-up ventures
• government
• not-for-profit organizations
• engineering services firms
 LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING
DESIGN

• What causes Engineering Design problems to be so challenging

and ill-structured?
• Their solutions cannot normally be found by applying mathematical formulas
or algorithms in a routine or structured way.
• It is not possible to apply formulas to engineering design problems that are
well-bounded or even defined.
• Design problems are open-ended because they typically have several
acceptable solutions.
 LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING
DESIGN

• What makes design problems open-ended?

• Design problems are open-ended because
they typically have several acceptable solutions.
 LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING
DESIGN

• How is engineering design typically learned?

• Teaching someone how to do design is not that simple.
• There is an element of learning by doing, which we call a
studio aspect, in trying to teach any of these activities.
 LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING
DESIGN

• What is the studio aspect of learning engineering

design?
• The studio aspect of learning engineering design is the
element of learning by doing.
 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
VOCABULARY

• Accuracy :The quality of being near to the true or desired value

• Analysis : Breaking an object or process into smaller parts to examine or evaluate
systematically
• Argument : A persuasive defense for an explanation or solution based on
evidence and reasoning
• Assessment : An evaluation of the cost, quality and/or ability of someone or
something
• Causation : The relationship between cause and effect
• Claim : A response made to a question and in the process of answering that
question
• Communicate : To share information orally, in written form and/or graphically
through various forms of media
 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
VOCABULARY

• Constraints : A limitation or condition that must be satisfied by a design, including

materials, cost, size, labor, etc.
• Control : A variable that is kept the same across all tests for use as the
comparison standard
• Correlation : A predictive dependent relationship between variables that may be
positive or negative. Changing a variable creates a corresponding change in another
but does not imply causation.
• Criteria : Attributes of a design that can be measured; a set of standards upon
which a decision is based
• Design (v.) : To generate or to propose a possible solution; to create, fashion,
execute, or construct
• Diagram (n.) : A visual representation of data or information
 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
VOCABULARY

• Effectiveness : A determination of how well a solution meets the criteria

• Efficiency : The measurable relationship between a solution and the amount
of resources it requires
• Error : The difference between a measured value and its true or accepted
value; important
• Evaluate : To determine significance
• Evidence : Data used to support a claim
• Failure : The inability of a device, process, or system to perform a required
function
• Function : A specific task that a system or part of a system performs or is
intended to perform
 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
VOCABULARY

• Limit : The minimum or maximum permissible value

• Model : A diagram, replica, mathematical representation, analogy, or computer simulation used
to analyze a system for condition flaws, test a solution, visualize or refine a design, and/or
communicate design features
• Observation : To become aware of an occurrence using the senses
• Plan (n.) : A systematic approach to solving a problem
• Problem : A situation to be changed; a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution
• Process : A series of steps that form a pathway to a solution
• Prototype : A model that tests design performance
• And more..
 THE DESIGN PROCESS AS A PROCESS OF
QUESTIONING

• With what questions does the engineering design

process begin?
• Client’s needs
• Client's requirements
• The design process itself
 WHAT IS THE HEART OF MODELS OF
THE DESIGN PROCESS?

1. Clarifying objectives
2. Establishing user requirements
3. Identifying constraints
4. Establishing functions
5. Establishing specifications
6. Generating alternatives
7. Modeling and analyzing alternatives
8. Testing and evaluating
9. Refining or optimizing the design
10.Setting fabrication specifications
11.Documenting the design
 WHAT IS THE SERIES OF DESIGN TASKS
IN ORDER?

1. Establish a client's objectives.

2. Identify the constraints.
3. Establish specifications.
4. Generate design alternatives.
5. Model and analyze.
6. Test and evaluate.
7. Refine and optimize.
8. Document the design process and communicate the completed design.
 DIFFERENT STAGES IN A DESIGN
PROCESS
• Analyze the situation
• Before beginning the design, sort out what problem you are trying to
address.
• Write a brief problem statement
• Write a short statement giving the general outline of the problem to be
solved.
• Research the problem through brain storming
• Sometimes a problem can be solved "straight out of your head," but in most
cases you will need to gain some new information and knowledge.
• Write a specification – Problem Description
• This detailed description of the problem spells out what the design must
achieve and what limitations will affect the final solution.
 DIFFERENT STAGES IN A DESIGN
PROCESS
• Work out possible solutions
• Combine your ideas with information obtained from your research to suggest several
possible design solutions. Sketch several possibilities on paper.
• Select a preferred solution
• Decide which solution to develop. Although the chosen solution should, ideally, be the
one that best satisfies the specifications, other constraints such as time, cost, or skills
may limit the decision.
• Prepare working drawings and plan ahead
• Draw the chosen design including all the details that are important to its
construction.
• Construct a prototype
• Make the product. In industry a model is usually built first and the final product is
developed from it, but in most classrooms, the model is the final product.
 DIFFERENT STAGES IN A DESIGN
PROCESS

• Test and evaluate the design

• Testing is ongoing as the construction progresses, but a final test of the
entire system or model proves if the project does the job for which it is
designed. Look back at the specifications and check the requirements
carefully. Ask such questions as: How well does the design function? Does
the design look good? Is the product safe to use? Were suitable materials
used? How could I have improved on my design?
• Write a report
• The report provides evidence of your work in analysis, planning, designing,
carrying out the practical work, evaluating, and communicating.
DIFFERENT STAGES IN A
DESIGN PROCESS
 HOW ENGINEERING DESIGN IS DIFFERENT
FROM OTHER KINDS OF DESIGN

• Engineering Design – Design that applies to engineered structures, infrastructure,

technology and machines in creating functional products and processes. It is the creative
process of identifying needs and then devising a solution to fill those needs.
• Interior Design – Designing interior and exterior environments used by people
• Landscape Design – Integration of nature and architecture to create parks and
gardens
• Industrial Design – Designs products for mass production
• Fashion Design – Designing clothes and accessories
• Software Design – Outlines the structures, components and methods that solve a
problem with software
• User Interface Design – Design the interfaces that people use to control and interact
with technology
• Graphic Design – Visual Designs such as layout of a Magazine
 HOW ENGINEERING DESIGN IS DIFFERENT
FROM OTHER KINDS OF DESIGN

The Engineering
The Scientific Method
Design Process
State your question Define the problem
Do background research Do background research
Formulate your hypothesis, identify
Specify requirements
variables
Design experiment, establish Create alternative solutions, choose
procedure the best one and develop it
Test your hypothesis by doing an
Build a prototype
experiment
Analyze your results and draw
Test and redesign as necessary
conclusions
Communicate results Communicate results
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
 TASK FOR CE DEPT.

• Show the designing of College reopening in COVID condition,

what are the changes to be made in the class rooms? Discuss
the various stages of design process
1. Analyze the situation
2. Write a brief problem statement – (Min 10 questions)
3. Research the problem through brain storming
4. Write a specification – Problem Description
5. Work out possible solutions (Min 3 solutions)
6. Select a preferred solution (select best solution from the above 3 )
7. Prepare working drawings and plan ahead
8. Write a report
 TASK FOR ECE & EEE DEPT.

• Show the designing of an online class platform for our college,

Discuss the various stages of design process
1. Analyze the situation
2. Write a brief problem statement – (Min 10 questions)
3. Research the problem through brain storming
4. Write a specification – Problem Description
5. Work out possible solutions (Min 3 solutions)
6. Select a preferred solution (select best solution from the above 3 )
7. Prepare working drawings and plan ahead
8. Write a report
 DESIGN PROCESS REFERENCES

• https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/engineering-design-
process/engineering-design-process-steps