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MARFAL
BSME 2A
Early Spanish expeditions and conquests
Parts of the Philippine Islands were known to Europeans before the 1521 Spanish expedition
around the world led by Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan (the Portuguese
conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512 ). Magellan landed on the
island called Homonhon, claiming the islands he saw for Spain, and naming them Islas de San
Lázaro. He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders especially with Rajah
Humabon and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism. In the Philippines, they explored
many islands including the island of Mactan. However, Magellan was killed during the Battle of
Mactan against the local datu, Lapu-Lapu.
Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543,
Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and Leyte and Samar Las Islas
Filipinas in honor of Philip of Austria, the Prince of Asturias at the time.[113] Philip became Philip
II of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles
V, Holy Roman Emperor), abdicated the Spanish throne. The name was then extended to the
entire archipelago later on in the Spanish era.
European colonization began in earnest when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived
from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. Beginning with just
five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks, and further strengthened in
1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for
the colonization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish, their Latin-American recruits and their
Filipino (Visayan) allies, commanded by able conquistadors such as Mexico-born Juan de
Salcedo (who was in love with Tondo's princess, Kandarapa) attacked the Maynila, a vassal-state
of the Brunei Sultanate and liberated plus incorporated the kingdom of Tondo as well as
establishing Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies.
In 1587, Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, along with Lakan Dula's nephew and
lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan,
were executed when the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587–1588 failed[124] in which a planned grand
alliance with the Japanese Christian-captain, Gayo, and Brunei's Sultan, would have restored the
old aristocracy. Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legaspi and the execution of
Magat Salamat (the crown-prince of Tondo).[125] Thereafter, some of the conspirators were exiled
to Guam or Guerrero, Mexico. Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de
Legazpi's complete assimilation of Madja-as, his subjugation of Rajah Tupas, the Rajah of Cebu
and Juan de Salcedo's conquest of the provinces of Zambales, La Union, Ilocos, the coast of
Cagayan, and the ransacking of the Chinese warlord Limahong's pirate kingdom in Pangasinan.
The Spanish also invaded Northern Taiwan and Ternate in Indonesia, using Filipino warriors,
before they were driven out by the Dutch. The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of
Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the Spanish-
Moro conflict, not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and
taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims
in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to retake and
rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad
Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic
world conflict that included a war against the Ottoman Caliphate which had just invaded former
Christian lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and which had a center of operations in Southeast
Asia at its nearby vassal, the Sultanate of Aceh.
The "Memoria de las Encomiendas en las Islas" of 1591, just twenty years after the conquest of
Luzon, reveals a remarkable progress in the work of colonization and the spread of Christianity.
A cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace, Augustinian, Dominican
and Franciscan monasteries and a Jesuit house. The king maintained a hospital for the Spanish
settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the Franciscans. In order to defend
the settlements the Spaniards established in the Philippines, a network of military fortresses
called "Presidios" were constructed and officered by the Spaniards, and sentried by Latin-
Americans and Filipinos, across the archipelago, to protect it from foreign nations such as the
Portuguese, British and Dutch as well as raiding Muslims and Wokou. The Manila garrison was
composed of roughly four hundred Spanish soldiers and the area of Intramuros as well as its
surroundings, were initially settled by 1200 Spanish families In Cebu City, at the Visayas, the
settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from New Spain. At the immediate south of
Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite where they were stationed as sentries. In
addition, men conscripted from Peru, were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao, to
wage war upon Muslim pirates. There were also communities of Spanish-Mestizos that
developed in Iloilo, Negros and Vigan.[140] Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant
Spaniards, Latin-Americans and their Spanish-Mestizo descendants eventually caused the
formation of a new language, Chavacano, a creole of Mexican Spanish. Meanwhile, in the
suburb of Tondo, there was a convent run by Franciscan friars and another by the Dominicans
that offered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity. The same report reveals
that in and around Manila were collected 9,410 tributes, indicating a population of about 30,640
who were under the instruction of thirteen missionaries (ministers of doctrine), apart from the
monks in monasteries. In the former province of Pampanga the population estimate was 74,700
and 28 missionaries. In Pangasinan 2,400 people with eight missionaries. In Cagayan and islands
Babuyanes 96,000 people but no missionaries. In La Laguna 48,400 people with 27 missionaries.
In Bicol and Camarines Catanduanes islands 86,640 people with fifteen missionaries. Based on
the tribute counts, the total founding population of Spanish-Philippines was 667,612 people, of
which: 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, 16,500 were Latino soldier-colonists sent from
Peru and Mexico, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe,
there was also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos, the rest were Malays and
Negritos. They were under the care of 140 missionaries, of which 79 were Augustinians, nine
Dominicans and 42 FranciscansSpanish rule during the 18th century
Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from the port
of Manila to the port of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver
bullion, and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian, and Pacific products.
A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade
(1565 to 1815). There was no direct trade with Spain until 1766.
The Philippines was never profitable as a colony during Spanish rule, and the long war against
the Dutch from the West, in the 17th century together with the intermittent conflict with the
Muslims in the South and combating Japanese Wokou piracy from the North nearly bankrupted
the colonial treasury. Furthermore, the state of near constant war caused a high death and
desertion rate among the Mestizo, Mulatto and Indio (Native American) soldiers sent from
Mexico and Peru that were stationed in the Philippines. The high death and desertion rate also
applied to the native Filipino warriors conscripted by Spain, to fight in battles all across the
archipelago. The repeated wars, lack of wages and near starvation were so intense, almost half of
the soldiers sent from Latin America either died or fled to the countryside to live as vagabonds
among the rebellious natives or escaped enslaved Indians (From India) where they race-mixed
through rape or prostitution, further blurring the racial caste system Spain tried hard to maintain.
These circumstances contributed to the increasing difficulty of governing the Philippines. The
Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to King Charles III of Spain in which he advises to abandon
the colony, but the religious orders opposed this since they considered the Philippines a
launching pad for the conversion of the Far East.
The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown and often procured
from taxes and profits accrued by the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), and the 200-year-old
fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the early Spanish
colonizers. This was one of the circumstances that made possible the brief British occupation of
Manila between 1762 and 1764.
Filipino nationalism
- refers to the awakening and support towards a political identity associated with modern
Philippines leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in
the Philippines. This gradually emerged out of various political and armed movements
throughout most of the Spanish East Indies—albeit has long been fragmented and inconsistent
with contemporary definitions of such nationalism—as a consequence of more than three
centuries of Spanish rule. These movements are characterized by the upsurge of anti-colonialist
sentiments and ideals which peaked in the late 20th century led mostly by the ilustrado or landed,
educated elites, whether peninsulares, insulares, or native (Indio). This served as the backbone
of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.[1] The modern
concept would later be fully actualized upon the inception of a Philippine state with its
contemporary borders after being granted independence by the United States by the 1946 Treaty
of Manila. Philippine independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898.
Factors :
Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the
Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. The full name of the law is An Act to Include in the
Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life,
Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes. The
measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines due to the anti-
clerical themes in Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19, 1861,
Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters
who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement. The son of a prosperous
landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid. A brilliant medical
student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country, though he
never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he
resided between 1882 and 1892.In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The
Social Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel,
El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading
spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890;
reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the
native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He
became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its
newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included
integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish
parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and
expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. Rizal returned to the Philippines
in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to
Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a
Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that
organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the
military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced
Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while
confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century
Spanish verse.
1. Dr. Jose Rizal, the greatest hero of the Philippines, was a “many-splendored” genius. He was
richly dowered by god with superb intellectual, moral and physical qualities. Truly, he ranks
with the world’s geniuses. He was an anthropologist, botanist, businessman, cartographer,
dramatist, economist, educator, engineer, essayist, entomologist, ethnologist, farmer, folklorist,
geographer, grammarian, historian, horticulturist, humorist, lexicographer, linguist, musician,
novelist, painter, physician, poet, philologist, philosopher, polemist, psychologist, satirist,
sculptor, sportsman, sociologist, surveyor, traveler, and zoologist. More than all these, he was a
patriot, hero and martyr. Unlike many geniuses, he consecrated his God-given talents, and even
sacrificed his own life, for the redemption and welfare of his people. Verily, a man of his
heroism and versatility appears not once in the history of any nation.
3. The World When Rizal was born in 1861, the year when Rizal was born, the Philippines was
browsing redolently beneath the shadow of the Cross. Pax Hispanica reigned over the entire
archipelago. The people, despite their bondage to Spain, were enjoying their serene, simple, and
Christian way of life. Comparatively speaking, they were better off than the subject peoples in
the English, Dutch and Portuguese colonies during that age. The Spanish governor-general then
was a good militarist, General Jose Lemery, whose achievement worthy of historical citation was
the establishment of the Politico-Military Government of the Visayas and Mindanao. No bloody
Muslim piratical raid, no serious native uprising, no frightful upsurge of banditry, and no threat
of foreign invasion marred the general tranquility of the land.
4. General Jose Lemery
5. Beyond the frontiers of the Philippines, the world was seething in the throes of political strifes,
social upheavals, and international intrigues. Gargantuan China was prostrate, impotent to stop
the predatory Western powers who were busy looting her riches. Her futile wars with England
and France were ended by the infamous “Conventions of Peking” (October 22, 1860), in which
she lost more territories and was forced to grant more commercial concessions to the imperialist
“foreign devils.” To worsen matters for the tottering Manchu dynasty, the Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) was ravaging the rich provinces south of the Yangtze.
6. The Imperialist Western powers, flushed with their victories in China, tried to make a repeat
performance in Japan, whose door was unlocked in 1854 to the world by the American
commodore, Matthew C. Perry. Their efforts were, however, foiled by the valiant Japanese
people whose Bushido spirit outmatched by the intruders’ superior fire-power. In Indo-china, the
French troops of Emperor Napoleon III, strangely aided by Filipino soldiers from Manila, were
smashing down Annamese resistance. In 1858 Saigon was captured by the combined Filipino-
French forces, and four years later France acquired Cochin China.
14. The Birth of A Hero Near midnight of Wednesday, June 19, 1861, when the Philippines was
in deep slumber, a frail baby-boy was born to the Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna. It was a
moonlit night, being “a few days before the full of the moon.” The delivery was exceedingly
difficult, and the mother almost died. Her seemingly miraculous survival was attributed to Our
Lady of Peace and Good Voyage. Years later Jose Rizal recorded in his boyhood memoirs: “It
was a Wednesday, and my arrival in this valley of tears would have cost my mother her life had
she not vowed to the Virgin of Antipolo that she would take me on a pilgrimage to that shrine.’
15. Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
16. The baby boy was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of Calamba on
June 22, 1861, three days after his birth. His godfather was Rev. Pedro Casañas. He was named
“Jose” by his pious mother, in honor of St. Joseph. It was customary for Catholic parents to name
their children after the saints. The full name of the baby boy, who was destined to become the
greatest genius and hero of the Philippines, was Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda.
17. Parents Jose was the seventh of the eleventh children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
Teodora Alonzo Realonda. Both father and mother were Filipino parents – devoutly religious,
educated, industrious, affectionate but strict, hospitable and civic-spirited. The hero’s father,
Francisco (1818-1898), was born in Biñan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818 and died in Manila on
January 5, 1898, at the age of 80. He was an educated farmer having studied Latin and
Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. In early manhood, after his mother’s death, he
moved to Calamba and became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican estate. He married a college-
bred Manileña, Teodora Alonzo Realonda, on June 28, 1848. Dr. Rizal, his greatest child,
affectionately called him “a model of fathers.” He was quiet, serious, frugal man, taller than the
average Filipino, with wide shoulders, brown complexion, prominent forehead, large dark eyes,
large ears and firm jaws.”
18. The hero’s mother, Teodora (1826-1911), was born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and died
in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85. A graduate of Santa Rosa College, she was
talented woman with high culture, business ability and literary gift. Dr. Rizal, loving her as much
as his father said of her: “My mother is more than a woman of ordinary culture; she knows
literature and speaks Spanish better than I . . . She is a mathematician and has read many books.”
Aside from helping her husband in farming and business, she looked after the education and
moral training of her numerous children.
19. Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda
20. The Rizal Children God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora
Alonso Realonda with eleven children – two boys and nine girls. These children were as follows:
21. 1. Saturnina (1850-1913) She was the oldest of the Rizal children. She married Manuel T.
Hidalgo.
22. 2. Paciano (1851-1930) He was the older brother of Dr. Rizal. After his younger brother’s
execution, he joined the Revolution and became a general. After the Revolution he retired to his
farm in Los Baños and led the life of a gentleman farmer. He died an old bachelor, though he had
a common-law wife.
23. 3. Narcisa (1852-1939) She married Antonino Lopez, a school teacher of Morong, Rizal.
24. 4. Olympia (1855-1887) She married Silvestre Ubalde, a telegraph operator from Manila.
25. 5. Lucia (1857-1919) She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba.
26. 6. Maria (1859-1945) She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
27. 7. JOSE (1861-1896) The “lucky seven” in a family of eleven children. He married
Josephine Bracken, a pretty Irish from Hongkong.
28. 8. Concepcion (1862-1865) She died at the age of three.
29. 9. Josefa (1865-1945) She did not marry; she died an old maid.
30. 10. Trinidad (1868-1951) She died an old maid, like Josefa.
31. 11. Soledad (1870-1929) She was the youngest of the Rizal children. She married Pantaleon
Quintero of Calamba.
32. Ancestry of Rizal Jose Rizal, like a typical Filipino, was of mixed ancestry. In his veins
flowed the bloods of both East and West – Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and
Spanish. Rizal’s paternal great-great-grandfather was a Chinaman named Domingo Lam-co, a
native of Chinchew, “China’s City of Spring”. His father, Francisco, was a great grandson of
Lam-co. Both his father’s father and grandfather had been Capitanes (town mayors) of Biñan.
33. It is said that on the maternal side, Rizal’s ancestor was Lakan-Dula, the last Malayan King
of Tondo. A maternal great-great-grandfather was Eugenio Ursua, of Japanese blood. Jose’s
mother Teodora belonged to a clan of gifted men. Her brothers Gregorio, Manuel and Jose were
men of unusual talents. Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, was an engineer who was awarded
by Spain with the coveted decoration of “Knight of the Grand Order of Isabela the Catholic.”
Her maternal grandfather was Manuel de Quintos, a prominent Manila lawyer. Her paternal
grandfather, Cipriano Alonso, was a Captain of Biñan. In 1849, when Governor Narciso Claveria
ordered the Filipino families to choose new surnames from a list of Spanish family names, the
children of Lorenzo Alberto Alonso adopted the name ‘Realonda”. Hence Teodora Alonso
became Teodora Alonso Realonda.
34. Lakan Dula Eugenio Ursua
35. Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo and Manuel Alberto Alonzo
36. The Name “Rizal” The original name of the Rizal was “Mercado”. It was a surname adopted
in 1731 by Domingo Lam-co, the paternal Chinese ancestor. In English, it means “market”.
Evidently, Lam-co liked it because it appealed to his business nature and also because it
reminded him of his Chinchew ancestors who were mostly merchants. In the year 1849, as
mentioned above, Governor Claveria issued a decree directing all Filipino families to choose
new surnames from a list of Spanish family names. The purpose of this gubernatorial decree was
to Hispanize the Filipino surnames which were difficult for the Spanish authorities to pronounce,
much less to remember.
37. Jose’s father, Francisco, scanned the list of Spanish surnames sent to Calamba, such as
“Cruz”, “Santos”, “Ramos”, “Rivera”, etc. he did not like these surnames. Being a man of
independent character, he chose his own surname Rizal, which was not in the list recommended
by the Spanish authorities. He considered this new family name as more fitting for his farming
clan than Mercado which signifies “market”. The term “Rizal” came from the Spanish word rcial
which means “green field” or “new pasture”.
38. Mercado which means “market” Rizal which means “rice field”
39. The Rizal Family
40. The Rizal family was one of the richest families in Calamba during the time prior to its
persecution by the friars. Rizal’s parents, by their industry and frugality, were able to honestly
build up a large fortune. By present-day standards, they were rich. They were the first to build a
large stone house in Calamba, the first to own a carruaje (horse-drawn carriage), the first to have
a home library (estimated to consist of more than 1000 volumes) and the first to educate their
children in the colleges of Manila. The Rizal family raised rice, corn, and sugar on large tracts of
land rented from the Dominican estate of Calamba. It operated a sugar mill, a flour mill, and a
home-made ham press. It engaged successfully in the dye and sugar business and in the barter
trade (exchange of products with other towns).
41. A “carruaje”
42. Teodora, the hero’s mother, owned a store in town which sold many articles of trade needed
by the people. She was a successful businesswoman, and the profits of this store augmented the
family income. In due time, the Rizal family was able to purchase another stone house in
Calamba. This was another proof of the family affluence. Not only was the Rizal family of
Calamba’s richest families; it was, withal, highly esteemed and respected. Combining wealth and
culture, hospitality and charm, it participated in all social and religious activities in the
community.
43. Don Francisco and Doña Teodora were gracious hosts to all visitors – priests, alferez
(lieutenant of the Guardia Civil), Spanish officials, and Filipinos – during holidays such as
Christmas, town fiesta and other occasions. Beneath the Rizal roof, all guests, irrespective of
their color social position, or economic status, were treated equally – with all courtesy and
hospitality.
44. The house of the Rizal family was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during
the Spanish times. It was rectangular in shape, “of adobe stone and hardwood with a red-tiled
roof.” Behind it were the poultry yard full of turkeys and chickens and the garden of tropical fruit
trees – atis, balimbing, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc. It was a happy home where parental
affection and children’s laughter reigned. By day, it hummed with the jubilant noises of the
children at play. By night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers. Both parents and
children were harmoniously united by strong ties of affection and understanding. Such a
wholesome home, naturally, bred a wholesome family. And such a family was the Rizal family.