Topics

• Object class in Java

1 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 Object class in Java

• Supermost class in Java. [java.lang.Object]

• If a class does not extend any super class then that
class is a direct sub class of Object class.

class X class Y class Z

{ { {
}// End of class X }// End of class Y }// End of class Z

• Classes X, Y and Z as shown above are the direct sub-

classes of Object class.
• Every class in Java, directly or in-directly is a sub-class
of Object.

2 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 Important Methods of Object
class
•public int hashCode()

•public boolean equals(Object obj) Discussed in this

Lecture
•public String toString()

•protected void finalize() throws Throwable

3 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 How Java Searches For Called
Methods
Super class of A is Object
class A Not Found in A
Last Search in Object class
{ A
….. Not Found in Object
}// End of class A Not Found in B
class B extends A Compile-Time Error
{ B
….. D d1 = new D();
}// End of class B Not Found in C
class C extends B d1.someMethod(….);
{
C
…..
}// End of class C Not Found in D
class D extends C First Search in D
{
….. D
}// End of class D

4 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 public int hashCode()

• Returns the hash-code of the Object. Hashcode  an

Integer Representation of an Object.
• hashCode() Method of Object class considers the
memory address of the object as the hash-code
• So, the method returns the memory address of the
object in hexadecimal form as the hash-code value of
that object

5 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 public int hashCode() : Example
// File Name : Test.java
class A { } // End of class A
hashCode() Method
class Test
Invoked from Object
{
class
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1 = new A();
A a2 = new A();
A a3 = a1;

System.out.println("Hash Code a1 :" + a1.hashCode());

System.out.println("Hash Code a2 :" + a2.hashCode());
System.out.println("Hash Code a3 :" + a3.hashCode());
<<OUTPUT>>
}// End of Method F:\>java Test
}// End of class Test Hash Code a1 :1284693
Hash Code a2 :31168322
Hash Code a3 :1284693
6 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 public booelan equals()

• Compares this object-reference and ‘obj’ for equality and

returns true if equal otherwise false
• The equals() method of Object class tests whether the
hash-codes of the object are equal or not.
• Hash-codes (as per the implementation hashCode()
Method in Object class) of two objects are equal if and
only if they have same memory address

7 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 equals() Method : Example
:A
// File Name : Test.java a1
class A { } // End of class A
class Test a3
{ :A
public static void main(String args[]) a2
{
A a1 = new A();
A a2 = new A();
A a3 = a1;
<<OUTPUT>>
F:\>java Test
false
System.out.println(a1.equals(a2));
System.out.println(a1.equals(a3));
true

}// End of Method equals() Method is called from

}// End of Test class
Object class

8 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 == (Equality Operator) for
Object-Reference Equality : Example
:A
// File Name : Test.java
class A { } // End of class A a1
class Test
{ a3
public static void main(String args[]) :A
{
A a1 = new A(); a2
A a2 = new A();
A a3 = a1;
if(a1 == a2)
System.out.println(“Hello”); <<OUTPUT>>
else
System.out.println(“Hi”); F:\>java Test
if(a1 == a3) Hi
System.out.println(“Thanks”);
else Thanks
System.out.println(“Welcome”);
}// End of Method
}// End of Test class ‘==‘ equality operator when used for object-references returns
true only if object-references points to the same object
9 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Supplying equals() Method in
class
• You can overload the equals() Method as follows
public boolean equals(<T> obj)
{
<T> is class type in which
….. the method is supplied
} // End of Method
• You can override the equals() Method as follows
public boolean equals(Object obj)
{
T var = (T) obj;
…..
Parameter is Object Type
} // End of Method
Type cast the parameter first to local class and then code equals Method
10 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Supplying equals() Method in
a class: Example
// File Name : Test.java Circle c1 = new Circle(10.5);
class Circle
{
private double radius; // Instance Field : radius Circle c2 = new Circle(6);
// Constructor Method
Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
// Accessor Method Circle c3 = new Circle(10.5);
public double getRadius() { return this.radius; }
// Method to compute area
public double area() { return 3.1456 * radius * radius; } System.out.println(c1.equals(c2));
// Method to compute perimeter
public double perimeter() { return 2* 3.1456 * radius; }
System.out.println(c1.equals(c3));
// equals method  Method Overriding
public boolean equals(Object o)
{
Circle c = (Circle) o; // First Type Cast
return this.area() == c.area(); equals() Method in this case
} // End of method will be invoked from Circle
} // End of class Circle
<<OUTPUT>> class
F:\>java Test
false
true
11 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Supplying equals() Method in
a class: Example
// File Name : Test.java Circle c1 = new Circle(10.5);
class Circle
{
private double radius; // Instance Field : radius Circle c2 = new Circle(6);
// Constructor Method
Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
// Accessor Method Circle c3 = new Circle(10.5);
public double getRadius() { return this.radius; }
// Method to compute area
public double area() { return 3.1456 * radius * radius; } System.out.println(c1.equals(c2));
// Method to compute perimeter
public double perimeter() { return 2* 3.1456 * radius; }
System.out.println(c1.equals(c3));
// equals method  Method Overloading
public boolean equals(Circle o)
{
return this.area() == c.area();
} // End of Method equals() Method in this case
} // End of class Circle will be invoked from Circle
class

12 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 public String toString() Method

• public String toString()

 Returns string form of Object
 System.out.println()  Always displays in String form
 The default toString() method in Object class displays the
output in following form
<<class-name-of-Object> @ <<hash-code-of-object>>
 System.out.println()  calls toString() upon the parameters
that belongs to class type. For Example

System.out.println(x);  System.out.println(x.toString());

13 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

 public String toString() Method
: Example
// File Name : Test.java
class Circle
Circle c1 = new Circle(10.5);
{
private double radius; // Instance Field : radius
// Constructor Method
Circle c2 = new Circle(6);
Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
// Accessor Method
public double getRadius() { return this.radius; }
Circle c3 = new Circle(10.5);
// Method to compute area
public double area() { return 3.1456 * radius * radius; }
// Method to compute perimeter
System.out.println(c1);
public double perimeter() { return 2* 3.1456 * radius; } System.out.println(c2);
} // End of class Circle
System.out.println(c3);

• Circle class has not supplied any

System.out.println(c1.toString());
toString() Method System.out.println(c2.toString());
• In this Example toString() will be called System.out.println(c3.toString());
from Object class <<OUTPUT>>
Circle@139a55
Circle@1db9742
Circle@106d69c
14 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Supplying a toString() Method
in a class : Example 1
// File Name : Test.java
class Circle
Circle c1 = new Circle(10.5);
{
private double radius; // Instance Field : radius
// Constructor Method
Circle c2 = new Circle(6);
Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
// Accessor Method
public double getRadius() { return this.radius; }
Circle c3 = new Circle(10.5);
// Method to compute area
public double area() { return 3.1456 * radius * radius; }
// Method to compute perimeter
System.out.println(c1);
public double perimeter() { return 2* 3.1456 * radius; } System.out.println(c2);
// Supplying toString() Method
System.out.println(c3);
public String toString()
{
return “Welcome to Object World”);
}// End of Method

} // End of class Circle

• Circle class has supplied its own <<OUTPUT>>

Welcome to Object World
toString() Method
Welcome to Object World
• In this Example toString() will be called Welcome to Object World
from class
15 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Supplying a toString() Method
in a class : Example 2
// File Name : Test.java
class Circle
Circle c1 = new Circle(10.5);
{
private double radius; // Instance Field : radius
// Constructor Method
Circle c2 = new Circle(6);
Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
// Accessor Method
public double getRadius() { return this.radius; }
Circle c3 = new Circle(10.5);
// Method to compute area
public double area() { return 3.1456 * radius * radius; }
// Method to compute perimeter
System.out.println(c1);
public double perimeter() { return 2* 3.1456 * radius; } System.out.println(c2);
// Supplying toString() Method
System.out.println(c3);
public String toString()
{
return “Radius: “ + this.radius + ” Area=“ + this.area() ;
}// End of Method

} // End of class Circle

• Circle class has supplied its own <<OUTPUT>>

toString() Method Radius: 10.5 Area=346.8024
Radius: 6.0 Area=113.2416
• In this Example toString() will be called Radius: 10.5 Area=346.8024
from class
16 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java
 Thank You

17 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java