PRESENTATION ON

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

HIMSHEKHAR DAS 11-1-3-042

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 INTRODUCTION
 PLC is a digital computer used for automation
of electromechanical processes such as
control of machinery on factory assembly lines
, amusement rides.
PLC’s have multiple inputs and outputs and
are designed for extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise etc
The control program is stored in non-volatile
memory

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 WHY PLC WAS DEVELOPED
Before the PLC, control was done using relays,
drum sequencers, closed loop control system.
Since they could number in thousands the
process of updating such facilities was time
consuming and expensive.
Digital computer were now used .But these
computers required the following attributes:
tolerating the shop floor environment , require
less training for use ,have fast response time
Hence the PLC was developed and it came into use
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 DEVELOPMENT
 PLC’s were designed to replace relay logic
PLC’s were programmed using ladder logic
(similar to schematic diagram representation
of relay logic) or instruction list programming
Mordern PLC’s are programmed using State
logic ,BASIC,C

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Major Components of a Common PLC

POWER
SUPPLY

I M O M
N O U O
P D T D
U U PROCESSOR P U
T L U L
From E T E To
SENSORS OUTPUT
Pushbuttons, Solenoids,
contacts, contactors,
limit switches, alarms
etc. etc.
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE

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Major Components of a Common PLC
POWER SUPPLY

Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC components

I/O MODULES

Provides signal conversion and isolation between the internal logic-

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Major Components of a Common PLC
PROCESSOR

Provides intelligence to command and govern the activities of the entire

PROGRAMMING DEVICE

used to enter the desired program that will determine the sequence of
operation and control of process equipment or driven machine.

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 OUTPUTS

INPUTS MOTOR

CONTACTOR
LAMP

PUSHBUTTONS
PLC

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PLC Operation

Basic Function of a Typical PLC

Read all field input devices via the input interfaces, execute the user
program stored in application memory, then, based on whatever control
scheme has been programmed by the user, turn the field output devices on
or off, or perform whatever control is necessary for the process application.

This process of sequentially reading the inputs, executing the program in

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While the PLC is running, the scanning process includes the following four
phases, which are repeated continuously as individual cycles of operation:

PHASE 1
Read Inputs
Scan
PHASE 2
Program
Execution
PHASE 3
Diagnostics/
Comm
PHASE 4
Output
Scan

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PHASE 1 – Input Status scan
 A PLC scan cycle begins with the CPU reading the status of its inputs.

PHASE 2– Logic Solve/Program Execution

PHASE 3– Diagnostics

 Once the program is executed, the CPU performs diagnostics and

PHASE 4 - Output Status Scan

•An output status scan is then performed, whereby the stored output
values are sent to actuators and other field output devices. The cycle
ends by updating the outputs.
•As soon as Phase 4 are completed, the entire cycle begins again with
Phase 1 input scan.

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 LADDER LOGIC
 Each device in the relay rack is represented by a
symbol on the ladder diagram with connections
between those devices
 Used to develop software for programmable
logic controllers used in control applications
 Used in conjunction with HMI interface
 Ladder logic can be thought of as a rule based
language rather than procedural language. A
“rung” in the ladder represents a rule
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 A SIMPLE LADDER LOGIC PROGRAM
Pre-requisite
 Ladder diagram is read from top to bottom or
from left to right
The vertical lines are called rails . They provide
power to the circuitry. AC or DC power may be
connected
The horizontal lines are called rungs .They are
composed of input or output.
Output from a PLC is called coil. A coil may be
a motor , pump etc.
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 Inputs/Sensors to a PLC are referred to as
Contacts and may consist of switches, buttons,
etc. Contacts begin in one of two states
normally open or normally closed.
 These contacts have an initial and follow-on
state
 Stop buttons are given a higher order of importance
and therefore be shown ahead of other devices.
 The normal condition of electrical diagrams is the
circuit de-energized and with no external forces such
as pressure, flow, etc. acting on the device.

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 INPUT OUTPUT

L1
L2

Ladder
Rung

Ladder
Rail

Schematic Ladder
Diagram.

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 IN

OFF PLC
Logic 0
Input
Module
24 V dc

IN

ON PLC
Logic 1
Input
Module
24 V dc

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 All contacts associated with a device change state when
the device is energized
 Devices that perform a STOP function are normally
placed in series on a rung
 Devices that perform a START function are normally
placed in parallel or in a branch configuration.
Some commonly used ladder symbols :
 -( )- : A regular coil energized when rung is closed
 -(\) : A “not” coil , energized when rung is open
 -[ ]- : A regular contact, closed whenever its
corresponding coil is energized
 -[\]- :A “not” contact , closed whenever its coil is not
energized
 -- -- :Boxes represent various functions such as timers
,counters , etc. 18
 Logical AND :
|--------[ ]----------[ ]-----------( )------
key 1 key 2 dc motor
when the normally open contacts of both the switches
close , electricity is able to flow and the dc motor starts
 Logical AND with NOT :
|------------[ ]------------[\]-------------( )--------
close door obstruction door motor
The above realizes the function : Door Motor
The circuit shows a pushbutton that closes a door and
a obstruction detector that senses if something is in
the way of closing the door. When the normally open
pushbutton closes and there is no obstruction the
normally closed obstruction detector is closed and
current is able to flow.
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CIRCUIT 1

CIRCUIT 2

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 PROGRAMMING
 Early PLC’s were programmed using
proprietary programming panels which had
dedicated function keys representing the
various logical elements of PLC programs
 Recently PLC’s are programmed using
application software on personal computers,
the software allows entry and editing of the
ladder style logic

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 FUNCTIONALITY
 Primary functionality includes relay control ,
motion control , process control , distributed
control systems and networking
 Programmable logic relay are used in light
industry where only a few points of I/O are
involved and low cost is desired

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 More About PLC
 FEATURES
 SCAN
SYSTEM SCALE
USER INTERFACE
 COMMUNICATION
 PLC PROGRAMMING
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Tank Used to Mix Two Liquids
MOTOR
A
FS FLOAT SWITCH

SOLENOIDS B

SOLENOID
C
TIMER

1 -MINUTE

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DC MOTOR STARTING CIRCUIT

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