MATHEMATICS FORMULA

Topic Phase-1

Straight Line
Circle
Fundamental of Mathematics
 MATHEMATICS
FORMULA BOOKLET - GYAAN SUTRA
STRAIGHT LINE
1. Distance Formula:

d  (x1 – x2 )2  (y1 – y2 )2 .
2. Section Formula :
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1
x= ;y= .
mn mn
3. Centroid, Incentre & Excentre:

 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 
Centroid G  , ,
 3 3 

 ax1 bx 2  cx 3 ay1 by 2  cy 3 
Incentre I  , 
 abc a  b c 

  ax1  bx 2  cx 3  ay1  by 2  cy 3 
Excentre I1  , 
 abc abc 
4. Area of a Triangle:
x1 y1 1
1
 ABC = 2 x 2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
5. Slope Formula:
y1  y 2
Line Joining two points (x1 y1) & (x2 y2), m =
x1  x 2
6. Condition of collinearity of three points:
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
7. Angle between two straight lines :
m1  m 2
tan  = .
1  m1m 2
8. Two Lines :
ax + by + c = 0 and ax + b y + c  = 0 two lines

a b c
1. parallel if =  .
a b c

c 1 c 2
2. Distance between two parallel lines = .
a 2 b 2
3 Perpendicular : If aa + bb  = 0.
9. A point and line:

a x1  b y 1  c
1. Distance between point and line = .
a 2  b2
2. Reflection of a point about a line:

xx1 yy1 ax 1  by 1  c
 2
a b a 2 b 2
3. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is
x  x1 y  y1 ax 1by1 c
  
a b a 2 b 2
10. Bisectors of the angles between two lines:
ax  by  c ax  by  c 
=±
2 2
a b a 2  b2
11. Condition of Concurrency :

a1 b1 c1
of three straight lines ai x+ b i y + c i = 0, i = 1,2,3 is a 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
12. A Pair of straight lines through origin:
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0
If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then tan 

2 h 2  ab
= .
ab
 CIRCLE
1. Intercepts made by Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Axes:

(a) 2 g2 c on x -axis (b) 2 f 2 c on y - aixs

2. Parametric Equations of a Circle:

x = h + r cos  ; y = k + r sin 

3. Tangent :

(a) Slope form : y = mx ± a 1  m2

(b) Point form : xx1 + yy1 = a2 or T = o
(c) Parametric form : x cos  + y sin  = a.

4. Pair of Tangents from a Point: SS 1 = T².

5. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is S1

6. Director Circle: x2 + y2 = 2a2 for x2 + y2 = a2

7. Chord of Contact: T = 0
2 LR
1. Length of chord of contact =
R 2  L2
2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of

R L3
contact =
R 2  L2
3. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1)

 2R L 
=  2

2 
 L  R 
4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT 1 T 2 is :
(x  x1) (x + g) + (y  y1) (y + f) = 0.

8. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2 g 1 g 2 + 2 f1 f2 = c 1 + c 2.

9. Radical Axis : S 1  S 2 = 0 i.e. 2 (g 1  g 2) x + 2 (f1  f2) y + (c 1  c 2) = 0.

10. Family of Circles: S 1 + K S 2 = 0, S + KL = 0.

 FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving
inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two numbers a, b  R such
that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows :

Symbols Used
(i) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
( ) or ] [
(ii) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also
included. []
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(iii) Open-closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x  b}
( ] or ] ]
(iv) Closed - open interval : [a, b) = x : a  x < b}
[ ) or [ [

The infinite intervals are defined as follows :

(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}

Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b  R
|a|  0, |a| = |–a|, |a|  a, |a|  –a, |ab| = |a| |b|,
a |a|
= , |a + b|  |a| + |b|, |a – b|  ||a| – |b||
b |b|
Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:
(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB) and
and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B)  sin(AB)
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB) and 2sinA sinB
= cos(AB)  cos(A+B)
(c) sin²A  sin²B = cos²B  cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
(d) cos²A  sin²B = cos²B  sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A  B)

cot A cot B  1
(e) cot (A ± B) =
cot B  cot A
tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C
(f) tan (A + B + C) = .
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C tan C tan A
Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
CD CD
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
2 2
CD CD
(b) sinC  sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos
2 2
CD CD
(d) cosC  cosD =  2 sin sin
2 2
Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :

(a) cos 2A = cos²A  sin²A = 2cos²A  1 = 1  2 sin²A; 2 cos²
2

= 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1  cos .
2
2 tan A 1tan 2 A
(b) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A 1 tan2 A

(c) sin 3A = 3 sinA  4 sin 3A

(d) cos 3A = 4 cos3A  3 cosA

3 tan A  tan3 A
(e) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(a) sin n  = 0 ; cos n  = 1 ; tan n  = 0, where n  
 3 1 5
(b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

 3 1 5
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
12 2 2 12

3 1
tan 15° = = 2 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75°
3 1
3 1
= = 2 3 = cot 15°
3 1

 5 1  5 1
(c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4
Range of Trigonometric Expression:

– a 2  b 2 a sin  + b cos   a2  b2

Sine and Cosine Series :


sin  + sin (+) + sin ( + 2 ) +...... + sin   n 1 
n
sin  n1 
= 2 sin    
  2 
sin
2


cos  + cos (+) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos   n  1 
n
sin n 1 
2 
=  cos    
sin  2 
2

Trigonometric Equations
Principal Solutions: Solutions which lie in the interval [0, 2) are called
Principal solutions.
General Solution :
  
(i) sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(ii) cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0, ], n  .

  
(iii) tan  = tan    = n  +  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(iv) sin²  = sin² , cos²  = cos² , tan²  = tan²    = n  ± 