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Graphing Rational Functions

This document discusses graphing rational functions. It defines key concepts like domain, range, intercepts, zeros, and asymptotes. An example rational function is graphed step-by-step to illustrate these concepts. The horizontal asymptote of a rational function depends on the degrees of the numerator and denominator polynomials. Additional examples demonstrate finding the horizontal asymptote and sketching the graph of a rational function.

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Benj Jamieson Duag
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2K views21 pages

Graphing Rational Functions

This document discusses graphing rational functions. It defines key concepts like domain, range, intercepts, zeros, and asymptotes. An example rational function is graphed step-by-step to illustrate these concepts. The horizontal asymptote of a rational function depends on the degrees of the numerator and denominator polynomials. Additional examples demonstrate finding the horizontal asymptote and sketching the graph of a rational function.

Uploaded by

Benj Jamieson Duag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Mathematics

GRAPHING RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS

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GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
› LEARNING OUTCOMES:

› Able to find the domain and range,


intercepts, zeros, asymptotes of
rational functions graph rational
functions and solve problems involving
rational functions.
Properties of Functions
(a) The domain of a function is the set of all values
that the variable x can take.
(b) The range of a function is the set of all values
that f(x) can take.
(c) The zeros of a function are the values of x which
make the function zero. The real numbered zeros
are also x-intercepts of the graph of the function.
(d) The y-intercept is the function value when x=0.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: Consider the function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
(a) Find its domain, (b) intercepts, (c) sketch its
graph and (d) determine its range.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐

Solution. (a) The domain of is 𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ −𝟐 ,

(b) The x-intercept of f(x) is 2 and its y-intercept


is -1.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
(c) To sketch the graph of f(x), let us look at what
happens to the graph near the values of x which
make the denominator undefined.
 When x=-2, f(x) is undefined.
 Values of x close to -2; x < -2, denoted -2-.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
 Values of x close to -2; x < -2, denoted −𝟐− .

 Notation: f(x) → +∞ as x → −𝟐− .


GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
 Values of x approaching, −𝟐+ .

 Notation: f(x) → −∞ as x → −𝟐+ .


GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
 As f(x) → +∞ then x → −𝟐− .
 And f(x) → −∞ then x → −𝟐+ .
Definition:
The vertical line x=a is a vertical
asymptote of a function f if the graph of
f either increases or decreases without
bound as the x-values approach a from
the right to left.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
 Table of values for f(x) as x→ +∞.

 Table of values for f(x) as x→ −∞.


GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
𝒙−𝟐
Example 1: function 𝒇 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟐
 As x→ +∞ then f(x) → 𝟏− .
 And x→ −∞ then x → 𝟏+ .
Definition:
The horizontal line y=b is a horizontal
asymptote of the function f if f(x) gets
closer to b as x increases or decreases
without bound 𝒙 → +∞ 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 → −∞ .
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Construct a table of signs to determine the sign


of the function on the intervals determined by
the zeros and the vertical asymptotes.
GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Plot the zeros, the y-intercept, and the
asymptotes.

𝑥−2
The actual sketch of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥+2

(d) The range of f(x) is −∞, 𝟏 ∪ 𝟏, +∞ .


HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.
Let n be the degree of the numerator and m
be the degree of the denominator.

• If n<m, the horizontal asymptote is y=0.


𝒂
• If n=m, the horizontal asymptote is 𝐲 = .
𝒃
• If n>m, there is no horizontal asymptote.
Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.

Example 𝟐2: Find the horizontal asymptote of


𝟒𝒙 +𝟒𝒙+𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐

Thus, the horizontal asymptote is y=4.


Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.

Example 3: Find the horizontal


𝟐
asymptote of
𝟐𝒙 −𝟓
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 +𝒙−𝟕

𝟐
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is 𝒚 = .
𝟑
Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.

Example 4: Find the horizontal asymptote of


𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏

Thus, the horizontal asymptote is ______.


Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.

Example 5: Find the horizontal asymptote of


𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓

Thus, the horizontal asymptote is ______.


Horizontal asymptote of a rational function.

Example 6: Sketch the graph of


𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟖𝒙−𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 . Find its domain
𝟐𝒙 +𝟕𝒙−𝟒
and range.
THANK YOU
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