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Experiment 1 - Measuring The Characteristics of A Line

The document describes an experiment to measure the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable using different dielectric materials. It provides the formulas to calculate characteristic impedance based on the distributed resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance values of the cable. The experiment is then carried out by calculating the characteristic impedance of the cable using three different dielectric materials. The results show that changing the dielectric material impacts the characteristic impedance value. Specifically, materials with higher permittivity/dielectric constants result in lower characteristic impedance.

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248 views4 pages

Experiment 1 - Measuring The Characteristics of A Line

The document describes an experiment to measure the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable using different dielectric materials. It provides the formulas to calculate characteristic impedance based on the distributed resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance values of the cable. The experiment is then carried out by calculating the characteristic impedance of the cable using three different dielectric materials. The results show that changing the dielectric material impacts the characteristic impedance value. Specifically, materials with higher permittivity/dielectric constants result in lower characteristic impedance.

Uploaded by

sadke213
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1: Measuring the Characteristic of a Line

Basic Principles of Transmission Line

Transmission lines are a means of conveying signals or power from one point to another. From such a
broad definition, any system of wires can be considered as forming one or more transmission lines.
However, if the properties of these lines must be taken into account, the lines might as well be arranged
in some simple, constant pattern. This will make the properties much easier to calculate, and it will also
make them constant for any type of transmission line. Thus all practical transmission lines are arranged in
some uniform pattern; this simplifies calculations, reduces costs and increases convenience.

Types of Transmission Line

One of the simplest forms of a transmission line is the open-wire line or the twisted pair. Since the two
conductors of this type of line have same relationship with respect to ground, it is a Balanced Line. But
this type of line has very poor shielding properties and has a tendency to radiate. See figure 1. Coaxial
lines are the more popular of the two in RF communication. A coaxial line consists of a central
conductor and an outer conductor with the outer conductor referred to as shield normally grounded. Due
to the outer conductor normally grounded the two conductors do not have similar relationship with
respect to ground and that is why a coaxial line is an unbalanced line. However, due to shielding, coaxial
lines have extremely low radiation loss.

Equivalent Circuit Representation of A Transmission Line

Since each conductor has a certain length and diameter, it must have resistance and inductance, since
there are two wires close to each other, there must be capacitance between them. Finally, the wires are
separated by a medium called the dielectric, which cannot be perfect in its insulation; the current leakage
through it can be represented by a shunt conductance. The resulting equivalent circuit is as shown in
figure 1. Note that all the quantities shown are proportional to the length of the line, and unless
measured and quoted per unit length, they are meaning less. See figure 2.
Characteristic Impedance of a Transmission Line

Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is its input impedance if it was infinitely long. Refer to the
transmission line equivalent circuit of figure 2. It can be proved with simple mathematics that the
characteristic impedance of this line is given by :

Where,
R = Distributed resistance per unit length
L = Distributed inductance per unit length
G = Distributed Shunt conductance per unit length
C = Distributed Shunt capacitance per unit length.
In a loss less transmission line R = 0, G = 0
Therefore,

The input impedance of a finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance is equal to its characteristic
impedance only. See figure 3.

Objective:

Characteristic of a shielded line : The coaxial lines used for the transmission of electromagnetic waves
consist of an external conductor of cylindrical shape, with an inner conductor arranged along the axis of
the former. The two conductors are separated by dielectric material of suitable features.

One of the advantages of this kind of lines is that these lines are intrinsically self-shielding, due to the
geometry of the arrangement of the two conductors.

This experiment will determine the characteristic of coaxial cable with the given formula below and to
determine as well the difference using different dielectric material of a line.
Procedure

1. Find the characteristic of a transmission line using the given formula and dielectric material above and
provide complete solution.

Material

Coaxial Cable
Inner conductor = 0.584mm
Outer conductor = 3.77mm

Calculations and Observation

1. Calculate the Characteristic Impedance of the coaxial cable using Polyethylene - cellular foam as
dielectric material, 2.10.

2. Calculate the Characteristic Impedance of the coaxial cable using Cellular Poly Tetrafluoroethylene as
dielectric material.

3. Calculate the Characteristic Impedance of the coaxial cable using Butyl rubber dielectric material.

4. Describe the relationship between the different dielectric material used in a line and the Characteristic
Impedance of a line.

Conclusion

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