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Boiling: Nucleate Boiling of Water

Phase transitions involve changes between the four fundamental states of matter - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma - through processes like melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation. Heat transfer drives these phase changes by increasing the thermal energy of molecules until the bonding forces holding a substance in one phase can no longer withstand the energy, causing a transition to a different phase. Common examples are water changing between solid ice, liquid form, and gaseous steam.

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20 views2 pages

Boiling: Nucleate Boiling of Water

Phase transitions involve changes between the four fundamental states of matter - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma - through processes like melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation. Heat transfer drives these phase changes by increasing the thermal energy of molecules until the bonding forces holding a substance in one phase can no longer withstand the energy, causing a transition to a different phase. Common examples are water changing between solid ice, liquid form, and gaseous steam.

Uploaded by

Ariel Gonzales
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phase transition or phase change, takes place in a thermodynamic system from one phase or state

of matter to another one by heat transfer. Phase change examples are the melting of ice or the
boiling of water. The Mason equation explains the growth of a water droplet based on the effects of
heat transport on evaporation and condensation.
Phase transitions involve the four fundamental states of matter:

 Solid – Deposition, freezing and solid to solid transformation.


 Gas – Boiling / evaporation, recombination / deionization, and sublimation.
 Liquid – Condensation and melting / fusion.
 Plasma – Ionization.
Boiling[edit]

Nucleate boiling of water.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals
the pressure surrounding the liquid [20][21] and the liquid evaporates resulting in an abrupt change in
vapor volume.
Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a
corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said
to be saturated with thermal energy. Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition.
At standard atmospheric pressure and low temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer
rate is controlled by the usual single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased,
local boiling occurs and vapor bubbles nucleate, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse.
This is sub-cooled nucleate boiling, and is a very efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble
generation rates, the bubbles begin to interfere and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with
surface temperature (this is the departure from nucleate boiling, or DNB).
At similar standard atmospheric pressure and high temperatures, the hydrodynamically-quieter
regime of film boiling is reached. Heat fluxes across the stable vapor layers are low, but rise slowly
with temperature. Any contact between fluid and the surface that may be seen probably leads to the
extremely rapid nucleation of a fresh vapor layer ("spontaneous nucleation"). At higher temperatures
still, a maximum in the heat flux is reached (the critical heat flux, or CHF).
The Leidenfrost Effect demonstrates how nucleate boiling slows heat transfer due to gas bubbles on
the heater's surface. As mentioned, gas-phase thermal conductivity is much lower than liquid-phase
thermal conductivity, so the outcome is a kind of "gas thermal barrier".

Condensation[edit]
Condensation occurs when a vapor is cooled and changes its phase to a liquid. During
condensation, the latent heat of vaporization must be released. The amount of the heat is the same
as that absorbed during vaporization at the same fluid pressure. [22]
There are several types of condensation:

 Homogeneous condensation, as during a formation of fog.


 Condensation in direct contact with subcooled liquid.
 Condensation on direct contact with a cooling wall of a heat exchanger: This is the most
common mode used in industry:
o Filmwise condensation is when a liquid film is formed on the subcooled surface, and
usually occurs when the liquid wets the surface.
o Dropwise condensation is when liquid drops are formed on the subcooled surface,
and usually occurs when the liquid does not wet the surface.
Dropwise condensation is difficult to sustain reliably; therefore, industrial equipment is
normally designed to operate in filmwise condensation mode.
Melting[edit]

Ice melting

Melting is a thermal process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to
a liquid. The internal energy of a substance is increased, typically with heat or pressure,
resulting in a rise of its temperature to the melting point, at which the ordering of ionic or
molecular entities in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state and the solid liquefies. Molten
substances generally have reduced viscosity with elevated temperature; an exception to this
maxim is the element sulfur, whose viscosity increases to a point due to polymerization and then
decreases with higher temperatures in its molten state. [23]

Modeling approaches

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