13.
1 : Graphs of functions
* Drawing the graphs of functions
To draw the graph of a function,follow the steps below.
Construct the table of values for given range of the value of x.
Choose suitable scales for the x-axis and the y-axis.
Plot the points representing each pair of the values of x and y
in the table.
Draw a straight line or a smooth curve to join all the points.
Characteristics of graph of functions :
( a ) Graph of linear function
( b ) Graph of quadratic function
( c ) Graph of cubic function
( d ) Graph of reciprocal function
* Values of x and y from graph
When given a value of x , we can find the value of y from a graph
and vice versa.
* Shapes of graphs and graphs and types of functions
The graph of each function has its unique shape as shown in table
below.
* Sketching graphs of functions
( a ) To sketch a linear function y = ax + b :
Determine the shape of the graph.
Mark the constant b as the y-intercept.
Substitute y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
Mark the intercepts and draw a straight line through the
intercepts.
( b) To sketch a quadratic function y = ax² + bx + c,a ≠ 0 :
Determine the shape of the graph.
Mark the constant c as the y-intercept .
substitute y = 0 to find the x-intercepts . Mark the intercepts.
Sketch the graph.
( c ) To sketch a cubic function y =ax³ + b,a ≠ 0 :
Determine the shape of the graph
Substitute x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
substitute y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
Mark the intercepts and draw a smooth curve through the
intercepts.
( d )To sketch a reciprocal function y = a , x ≠ 0 :
x
Determine the shape of the graph.
Find two points on the graph by substituting two values of x
( one of positive value and another of negative value,for instance, x
= 1 and x = -1 ).
Mark the points and draw two separate curves through each
of the points.
13.2 Solution of Equations
by the Graphical Method
*Solving an equation by finding the point(s) of intersection
of two graphsTo solve an equation by graphical method,follow the
steps below :
Determine the two graphs to be drawn.
Draw the two graphs on the same axes.
Determine the solution by reading off the values of x-
coordinate of the point of intersection of the two graphs.
13.3 Region Representing
Linear Inequalities in Two
Variables
*Determining whether a given point satisfies an equation or
an inequality
To determine whether a given point (x. y) satisfies an equation or
an inequality, substitute the values of x and y into the equation or
inequality and then compare the values of both sides of the
equation or inequality.
*Position of a given point relative to the graph y = ax + b
All the points in the region above region above the graph y =
ax + b satisfy the inequality y > ax + b
All the points in the region below the graph y = ax + b satisfy
the inequality y < ax + b.
*Regions representing linear inequalities
For the region representing y ≥ ax + b or y ≤ ax + b , the
line y = ax + b is drawn as a solid line.
For the region representing y > ax + b or y < ax + , b the
line y = ax +b is drawn as a dashed line.
The diagram below show the regions that satisfy some
inequalities.
*Determining the region satisfying two or more
simultaneous linear inequalitiesThe region satisfying two or
more simultaneous linear inequalities is the common
region satisfying all the inequalities.