1.

INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Background

High blood pressure (hypertension) is the major risk factor for

cardiovascular disease. Hence, in 2002, it was named 'the number one killer' by

the World Health Organization (WHO) in The World Health Report.

In short, the risk of stroke is four times greater and the risk of

myocardial infarction (a heart attack) two times greater if you have high compared

with normal blood pressure. This risk increases the higher the level of a person's

blood pressure.

2. DEFINITION AN SYMPTOMS

2.1 Definition

High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force

of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause

health problems, such as heart disease.

Blood pressure is determined both by the amount of blood your heart

pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more

blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood

pressure.

You can have high blood pressure (hypertension) for years without any

symptoms. Even without symptoms, damage to blood vessels and your heart

continues and can be detected. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases your

risk of serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke.

2.2. Symptoms
 A person with hypertension may not notice any symptoms, and it is often

called the "silent killer." While undetected, it can cause damage to the

cardiovascular system and internal organs, such as the kidneys.

Regularly checking your blood pressure is vital, as there will usually be

no symptoms to make you aware of the condition.

It is maintained that high blood pressure causes sweating, anxiety,

sleeping problems, and blushing. However, in most cases, there will be no

symptoms at all.

If blood pressure reaches the level of a hypertensive crisis, a person may

experience headaches and nosebleeds.

3. ASPECT THAT CAN CAUSE HYPERTENSION

3.1 aspect Can cause hypertsion

High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:

1. Age. The risk of high blood pressure increases as you age. Until about age

64, high blood pressure is more common in men. Women are more likely

to develop high blood pressure after age 65.

2. Race. High blood pressure is particularly common among people of

African heritage, often developing at an earlier age than it does in whites.

Serious complications, such as stroke, heart attack and kidney failure, also

are more common in people of African heritage.

3. Family history. High blood pressure tends to run in families.

4. Being overweight or obese. The more you weigh the more blood you need

to supply oxygen and nutrients to your tissues. As the volume of blood

circulated through your blood vessels increases, so does the pressure on

your artery walls.

heart rates. The higher your heart rate, the harder your heart must work

with each contraction and the stronger the force on your arteries. Lack of

physical activity also increases the risk of being overweight.

6. Using tobacco. Not only does smoking or chewing tobacco immediately

raise your blood pressure temporarily, but the chemicals in tobacco can

damage the lining of your artery walls. This can cause your arteries to

narrow and increase your risk of heart disease. Secondhand smoke also can

increase your heart disease risk.

7. Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. Too much sodium in your diet can

cause your body to retain fluid, which increases blood pressure.

8. Too little potassium in your diet. Potassium helps balance the amount of

sodium in your cells. If you don't get enough potassium in your diet or

retain enough potassium, you may accumulate too much sodium in your

blood.

9. Drinking too much alcohol. Over time, heavy drinking can damage your

heart. Having more than one drink a day for women and more than two

drinks a day for men may affect your blood pressure.

10. Stress. High levels of stress can lead to a temporary increase in blood

pressure. If you try to relax by eating more, using tobacco or drinking

alcohol, you may only increase problems with high blood pressure.

11. Certain chronic conditions. Certain chronic conditions also may increase

your risk of high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, diabetes and sleep

apnea.
 a. Sometimes pregnancy contributes to high blood pressure, as

well.4MEDICAL TREATMENT

1. The Medical Treatment

a. Thiazide diuretics. Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications

that act on your kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water,

reducing blood volume. Thiazide diuretics are often the first, but not the

only, choice in high blood pressure medications. Thiazide diuretics include

chlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) and others. If you're not

taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your doctor

about adding one or replacing a drug you currently take with a diuretic.

Diuretics or calcium channel blockers may work better for people of

African heritage and older people than do angiotensin-converting enzyme

(ACE) inhibitors alone. A common side effect of diuretics is increased

urination.

b. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These medications —

such as lisinopril (Zestril), benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten) and

others — help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural

chemical that narrows blood vessels. People with chronic kidney disease

may benefit from having an ACE inhibitor as one of their medications.

c. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications help relax

blood vessels by blocking the action, not the formation, of a natural

chemical that narrows blood vessels. ARBs include candesartan (Atacand),

losartan (Cozaar) and others. People with chronic kidney disease may

benefit from having an ARB as one of their medications.

(Norvasc), diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac, others) and others — help relax

the muscles of your blood vessels. Some slow your heart rate. Calcium

channel blockers may work better for older people and people of African

heritage than do ACE inhibitors alone.

e. Grapefruit juice interacts with some calcium channel blockers, increasing

blood levels of the medication and putting you at higher risk of side

effects. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you're concerned about

interactions.

A. PREVENTION

1. The Prevention

a. Physical Activity

Physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower your

blood pressure. For adults, the Surgeon General recommends 2 hours and

30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, like brisk walking or bicycling,

every week. Children and adolescents should get 1 hour of physical

activity every day.

b. No Smoking

Cigarette smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at higher risk

for heart attack and stroke. If you do not smoke, do not start. If you do

smoke, quitting will lower your risk for heart disease. Your doctor can

suggest ways to help you quit.

c. Limited Alcohol
 Avoid drinking too much alcohol, which can raise your blood pressure.

Men should have no more than 2 drinks per day, and women only 1.

d. Healthy Weight

Being overweight or obese increases your risk for high blood pressure. To

determine if your weight is in a healthy range, doctors often calculate your

body mass index (BMI). If you know your weight and height, you can

calculate your BMI at CDC’s Assessing Your Weight Web site. Doctors

sometimes also use waist and hip measurements to measure excess body

fat.

B. CONCLUSION

Choosing healthful meal and snack options can help you avoid high blood

pressure and its complications. Be sure to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Eating foods low in salt (sodium) and high in potassium can lower your blood

pressure. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan is one

healthy diet that is proven to help people lower their blood pressure.

REFERENCE

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure

With DASH. NIH Pub No 06-4082. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and

Blood Institute; 2006.

International Society of Hypertension. (2018). http://ish-world.com/public/background-

info.htm
Mayo Clinic. (2018). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-

pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417