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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">International Standard
Book Number</h1>
<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia</div>
<div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">  
(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isbn&redirect=no" class="mw-
redirect" title="Isbn">Isbn</a>)</span></div>
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<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a>
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-
ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-
searchable">Not to be confused with <a
href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico#SBN" title="Istituto Centrale
per il Catalogo Unico">ICCU SBN</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">Unique numeric book identifier</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>International Standard Book
Number</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg" class="image" title="{{{image_alt}}}"><img
alt="{{{image_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EAN-
13-ISBN-13.svg/200px-EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200"
height="127" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EAN-13-ISBN-
13.svg/300px-EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg/400px-EAN-
13-ISBN-13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="124" /></a><div>A
13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an <a
href="/wiki/International_Article_Number" title="International Article Number">EAN-
13 bar code</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="width:6.5em;">Acronym</th><td>ISBN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="width:6.5em;">Organisation</th><td>International ISBN
Agency</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="width:6.5em;">Introduced</th><td>1970<span
class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> 
(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="width:6.5em;"><abbr
title="Number">No.</abbr> of digits</th><td>13 (formerly
10)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Check_digit"
title="Check digit">Check digit</a></th><td>Weighted sum</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Example</th><td>978-3-16-148410-0</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Website</th><td><span class="url"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ISBN-international.org">isbn-
international<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>International Standard Book Number</b> (<b>ISBN</b>) is a numeric
commercial <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> <a href="/wiki/Identifier"
title="Identifier">identifier</a> which is intended to be unique.<sup id="cite_ref-
1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></sup> Publishers
purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.<sup
id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation (except
reprintings) of a publication. For example, an <a href="/wiki/E-book" title="E-
book">e-book</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> and a
<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> edition of the same book
will each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before
2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007.<sup
id="cite_ref-conversion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conversion-
5">[c]</a></sup> The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and
varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is
within a country.
</p><p>The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the
9-digit <b>Standard Book Numbering</b> (<b>SBN</b>) created in 1966. The 10-digit
ISBN format was developed by the <a
href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International
Organization for Standardization">International Organization for
Standardization</a> (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO
2108 (the 9-digit SBN code can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with
a zero digit '0').
</p><p>Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The
International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own
initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
6">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another identifier, the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"
title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial
Number</a> (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as <a
href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper"
title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>. The <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard
Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a> (ISMN) covers <a
href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical scores</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox"
style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#How_ISBNs_are_issued"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">How ISBNs are
issued</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Registration_group_identifier"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Registration group
identifier</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Registrant_element"><span
class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Registrant element</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a
href="#Pattern_for_English_language_ISBNs"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span>
<span class="toctext">Pattern for English language ISBNs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Check_digits"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Check digits</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#ISBN-10_check_digits"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">ISBN-10 check
digits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#ISBN-
10_check_digit_calculation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span
class="toctext">ISBN-10 check digit calculation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#ISBN-
13_check_digit_calculation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span
class="toctext">ISBN-13 check digit calculation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#ISBN-10_to_ISBN-13_conversion"><span
class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">ISBN-10 to ISBN-13
conversion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Errors_in_usage"><span
class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Errors in usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#eISBN"><span
class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">eISBN</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a
href="#EAN_format_used_in_barcodes,_and_upgrading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span>
<span class="toctext">EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span class="anchor"
id="SBN"></span>History</span></h2>
<p>The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit <a
href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">code</a> numbers to identify books. It was created
by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Foster" title="Gordon Foster">Gordon Foster</a>, Emeritus
Professor of Statistics at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-
redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College, Dublin</a>,<sup
id="cite_ref-From_Archive.org-4646971_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
From_Archive.org-4646971-7">[4]</a></sup> for the booksellers and
stationers <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a> and others in
1965.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-
8">[5]</a></sup> The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in
the United Kingdom by David Whitaker<sup id="cite_ref-ktieb_9-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktieb-9">[6]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></sup>
(regarded as the "Father of the ISBN")<sup id="cite_ref-niso.org_11-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niso.org-11">[8]</a></sup> and in
1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay<sup id="cite_ref-ktieb_9-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktieb-9">[6]</a></sup> (who later
became director of the U.S. ISBN agency <a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R.
Bowker">R. R. Bowker</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-niso.org_11-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-niso.org-11">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the <a
href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International
Organization for Standardization">International Organization for
Standardization</a> (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO
2108.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-
8">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ktieb_9-2" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ktieb-9">[6]</a></sup> The United Kingdom continued to use
the nine-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed the International ISBN Agency
as the registration authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed
under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 <a
href="/wiki/TC_46/SC_9" class="mw-redirect" title="TC 46/SC 9">TC 46/SC 9</a>. The
ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-14"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". For example,
the second edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guv%27nor_and_Other_Short_Stories"
title="The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories">Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns</a></i>,
published by Hodder in 1965, has <span class="nowrap">"SBN 340 01381 8"</span>,
where "340" indicates the <a href="/wiki/Publishing"
title="Publishing">publisher</a>, "01381" is the serial number assigned by the
publisher, and "8" is the <a href="/wiki/Check_digit" title="Check digit">check
digit</a>. By prefixing a zero, this can be converted to <style data-mw-
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selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-01381-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-
01381-8">0-340-01381-8</a>; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated. Some
publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine
Books">Ballantine Books</a>, would sometimes use 12-digit SBNs where the last three
digits indicated the price of the book;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></sup> for example, <i>Woodstock Handmade
Houses</i> had a 12-digit Standard Book Number of 345-24223-8-595 (valid SBN: 345-
24223-8, ISBN: 0-345-24223-8),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></sup> and it cost <span style="white-space:
nowrap">US$5.95</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
17">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits, a format that is
compatible with "<a href="/wiki/Bookland" title="Bookland">Bookland</a>" <a
href="/wiki/European_Article_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="European Article
Number">European Article Numbers</a>, which have 13 digits.<sup id="cite_ref-
LAC_FAQ_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAC_FAQ-4">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>
<p>A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings)
of a publication. For example, an ebook, <a href="/wiki/Audiobook"
title="Audiobook">audiobook</a>, paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book
will each have a different ISBN assigned to it.<sup id="cite_ref-
7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
7th_edition_Users'_Manual-18">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference"
style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>12</span></sup> The ISBN is thirteen digits long
if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and ten digits long if assigned before
2007.<sup id="cite_ref-conversion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
conversion-5">[c]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAC_FAQ_4-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAC_FAQ-4">[2]</a></sup> An
International Standard Book Number consists of four parts (if it is a 10-digit
ISBN) or five parts (for a 13-digit ISBN).
</p><p>Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual<sup
id="cite_ref-7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-7th_edition_Users'_Manual-18">[15]</a></sup><sup
class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>11</span></sup> describes the
structure of the 13-digit ISBN, as follows:
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:ISBN_Details.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ISBN_Details.svg/220px-
ISBN_Details.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ISBN_Details.svg/330px-
ISBN_Details.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ISBN_Details.svg/440px-
ISBN_Details.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="684" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ISBN_Details.svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the
corresponding EAN-13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in each. The part
of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the <a href="/wiki/Bookland"
title="Bookland">Bookland</a> country code.</div></div></div>
<ol><li>for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a <i><a href="/wiki/GS1"
title="GS1">GS1</a> prefix</i>: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by
GS1,</li>
<li>the <i>registration group element</i> (language-sharing country group,
individual country or territory),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a></sup></li>
<li>the <i>registrant</i> element,</li>
<li>the <i>publication element</i>, and</li>
<li>a <i><a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> character</i> or <a
href="/wiki/Check_digit" title="Check digit">check digit</a>.</li></ol>
<p>A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (<i>prefix element</i>,
<i>registration group</i>, <i>registrant</i>, <i>publication</i> and <i>check
digit</i>), and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with <a
href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphens</a> or spaces. Separating the parts
(<i>registration group</i>, <i>registrant</i>, <i>publication</i> and <i>check
digit</i>) of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces. Figuring
out how to correctly separate a given ISBN is complicated, because most of the
parts do not use a fixed number of digits.<sup id="cite_ref-21"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="How_ISBNs_are_issued">How ISBNs are
issued</span></h3>
<p>ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN
registration agency that is responsible for that country or territory regardless of
the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country
are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so the ranges
will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type, and size of
publishers that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national
libraries or within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding from
government to support their services. In other cases, the ISBN registration service
is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not
government funded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
22">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN
Agency website.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
23">[18]</a></sup> List for a few countries is given below:
</p>
<ul><li>Australia – Thorpe-Bowker<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li>Brazil – The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Brazil" title="National Library
of Brazil">National Library of Brazil</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-ISBN_BR_OLD_26-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_BR_OLD-26">[21]</a></sup> (Up to
28 February 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-isbn-international.org_27-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn-international.org-
27">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>Brazil – Câmara Brasileira do Livro<sup id="cite_ref-ISBN_BR_28-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_BR-28">[23]</a></sup> (From 1
March 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-isbn-international.org_27-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-isbn-international.org-27">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>Canada – English <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and
Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>, a government agency; French <a
href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_et_Archives_nationales_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"
title="Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec">Bibliothèque et Archives
nationales du Québec</a>;</li>
<li>Colombia – Cámara Colombiana del Libro, an NGO</li>
<li>Hong Kong – Books Registration Office (BRO), under the <a
href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Public_Libraries" title="Hong Kong Public Libraries">Hong
Kong Public Libraries</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li>India – The Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN (Book Promotion and
Copyright Division), under Department of Higher Education, a constituent of the <a
href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect"
title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">Ministry of Human Resource
Development</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
30">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li>Iceland – Landsbókasafn (<a
href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Iceland" title="National and
University Library of Iceland">National and University Library of Iceland</a>)</li>
<li>Israel – The Israel Center for Libraries<sup id="cite_ref-31"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li>Italy – <i>EDISER srl</i>, owned by <i>Associazione Italiana Editori</i>
(Italian Publishers Association)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ediser-tariffs_33-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ediser-tariffs-
33">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li>Maldives – The <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Classification_(NBC)"
class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Classification (NBC)">National Bureau
of Classification (NBC)</a></li>
<li>Malta – The National Book Council (Maltese: <i lang="mt">Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali
tal-Ktieb</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
34">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a></sup></li>
<li>Morocco – The National Library of Morocco</li>
<li>New Zealand – The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand"
title="National Library of New Zealand">National Library of New Zealand</a><sup
id="cite_ref-NLNZ_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLNZ-
37">[32]</a></sup></li>
<li>Pakistan – <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library
of Pakistan">National Library of Pakistan</a></li>
<li>Philippines – <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines"
title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the
Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
38">[33]</a></sup></li>
<li>South Africa – <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Africa" title="National
Library of South Africa">National Library of South Africa</a></li>
<li>Spain – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.agenciaisbn.es/">Spanish ISBN Agency – Agencia del ISBN</a></li>
<li>Turkey – General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, a branch of the <a
href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture
and Tourism (Turkey)">Ministry of Culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-39"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a></sup></li>
<li>United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland – <i>Nielsen Book Services Ltd</i>, part
of <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen Holdings</a>
N.V.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
40">[35]</a></sup></li>
<li>United States – <a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R. Bowker">R. R.
Bowker</a><sup id="cite_ref-ktieb_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktieb-
9">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Registration_group_identifier">Registration group
identifier</span></h3>
<p><span class="anchor" id="Registration_Group_identifier"></span>
<span class="anchor" id="ISBN_format"></span>
The ISBN <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISBN_identifier_groups" title="List of ISBN
identifier groups">registration group identifier</a> is a 1- to 5-digit number that
is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979),<sup id="cite_ref-
7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
7th_edition_Users'_Manual-18">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference"
style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>11</span></sup> and can be separated between
hyphens, such as <span class="nowrap">"978-1-..."</span>. Registration group
identifiers have primarily been allocated within the 978 prefix element.<sup
id="cite_ref-ISBN_Ranges_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
ISBN_Ranges-42">[37]</a></sup> The single-digit group identifiers within
the 978-prefix element are: 0 or 1 for English-speaking countries; 2 for French-
speaking countries; 3 for German-speaking countries; 4 for Japan; 5 for Russian-
speaking countries; and 7 for People's Republic of China. An example 5-digit group
identifier is 99936, for <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. The
allocated group IDs are: 0–5, 600–625, 65, 7, 80–94, 950–989, 9917–9989, and 99901–
99983.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
43">[38]</a></sup> Books published in rare languages typically have longer
group identifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
44">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within the 979 prefix element, the registration group identifier 0 is
reserved for compatibility with <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number"
title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music
Numbers</a> (ISMNs), but such material is not actually assigned an ISBN.<sup
id="cite_ref-6th_edition_Users'_Manual_45-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-6th_edition_Users'_Manual-45">[40]</a></sup> The
registration group identifiers within prefix element 979 that have been assigned
are 8 for the United States of America, 10 for France, 11 for the Republic of
Korea, and 12 for Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-C4WDefault-5691881_46-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C4WDefault-5691881-46">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group
identifier, but prefixing a zero (0) to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit
ISBN.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Registrant_element">Registrant
element</span></h3>
<p>The national ISBN agency assigns the registrant element (<a href="/wiki/Cf."
title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISBN_agencies" title="Category:ISBN
agencies">Category:ISBN agencies</a>) and an accompanying series of ISBNs within
that registrant element to the publisher; the publisher then allocates one of the
ISBNs to each of its books. In most countries, a book publisher is not legally
required to assign an ISBN, although most large bookstores only handle publications
that have ISBNs assigned to them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>A listing of more than 900,000 assigned publisher codes is published, and
can be ordered in book form. The web site of the ISBN agency does not offer any
free method of looking up publisher codes.<sup id="cite_ref-50"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a></sup> Partial lists have
been compiled (from library catalogs) for the English-language groups: <a
href="/wiki/List_of_group-0_ISBN_publisher_codes" title="List of group-0 ISBN
publisher codes">identifier 0</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_group-
1_ISBN_publisher_codes" title="List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes">identifier
1</a>.
</p><p>Publishers receive blocks of ISBNs, with larger blocks allotted to
publishers expecting to need them; a small publisher may receive ISBNs of one or
more digits for the registration group identifier, several digits for the
registrant, and a single digit for the publication element. Once that block of
ISBNs is used, the publisher may receive another block of ISBNs, with a different
registrant element. Consequently, a publisher may have different allotted
registrant elements. There also may be more than one registration group identifier
used in a country. This might occur once all the registrant elements from a
particular registration group have been allocated to publishers.
</p><p>By using variable block lengths, registration agencies are able to customise
the allocations of ISBNs that they make to publishers. For example, a large
publisher may be given a block of ISBNs where fewer digits are allocated for the
registrant element and many digits are allocated for the publication element;
likewise, countries publishing many titles have few allocated digits for the
registration group identifier and many for the registrant and publication
elements.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
51">[46]</a></sup> Here are some sample ISBN-10 codes, illustrating block
length variations.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; max-width:40em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>ISBN</th>
<th>Country or area</th>
<th>Publisher
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>99921-58-10-7</code></td>
<td>Qatar</td>
<td>NCCAH, Doha
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>9971-5-0210-0</code></td>
<td>Singapore</td>
<td>World Scientific
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>960-425-059-0</code></td>
<td>Greece</td>
<td>Sigma Publications
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>80-902734-1-6</code></td>
<td>Czech Republic; Slovakia</td>
<td>Taita Publishers
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>85-359-0277-5</code></td>
<td>Brazil</td>
<td>Companhia das Letras
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>1-84356-028-3</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>Simon Wallenberg Press
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0-684-84328-5</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>Scribner
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0-8044-2957-X</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>Frederick Ungar
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0-85131-041-9</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>J. A. Allen & Co.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>93-86954-21-4</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0-943396-04-2</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>Willmann–Bell
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0-9752298-0-X</code></td>
<td>English-speaking area</td>
<td>KT Publishing
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Pattern_for_English_language_ISBNs">Pattern for
English language ISBNs</span></h4>
<p>English-language registration group elements are 0 and 1 (2 of more than 220
registration group elements). These two registration group elements are divided
into registrant elements in a systematic pattern, which allows their length to be
determined, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-C4WDefault-9122662_52-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C4WDefault-9122662-52">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">Publication<br />element length
</th>
<th colspan="3">0 – Registration group element
</th>
<th colspan="3">1 – Registration group element
</th>
<th rowspan="2">Total<br />Registrants
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>From</th>
<th>To</th>
<th>Registrants</th>
<th>From</th>
<th>To</th>
<th>Registrants
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>6 digits
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-00-xxxxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-19-xxxxxx-x
</td>
<td>20
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-01-xxxxxx-x<br />1-04-xxxxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-02-xxxxxx-x<br />1-06-xxxxxx-x
</td>
<td>5
</td>
<td>25
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>5 digits
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-200-xxxxx-x<br />0-229-xxxxx-
x<br />0-370-xxxxx-x<br />0-640-xxxxx-x<br />0-646-xxxxx-x<br />0-649-xxxxx-x<br
/>0-656-xxxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-227-xxxxx-x<br />0-368-xxxxx-
x<br />0-638-xxxxx-x<br />0-644-xxxxx-x<br />0-647-xxxxx-x<br />0-654-xxxxx-x<br
/>0-699-xxxxx-x
</td>
<td>494
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-000-xxxxx-x<br />1-030-xxxxx-
x<br />1-100-xxxxx-x<br />1-714-xxxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-009-xxxxx-x<br />1-034-xxxxx-
x<br />1-397-xxxxx-x<br />1-716-xxxxx-x
</td>
<td>316
</td>
<td>810
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>4 digits
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-2280-xxxx-x<br />0-3690-xxxx-
x<br />0-6390-xxxx-x<br />0-6550-xxxx-x<br />0-7000-xxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-2289-xxxx-x<br />0-3699-xxxx-
x<br />0-6397-xxxx-x<br />0-6559-xxxx-x<br />0-8499-xxxx-x
</td>
<td>1,538
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-0350-xxxx-x<br />1-0700-xxxx-
x<br />1-3980-xxxx-x<br />1-6500-xxxx-x<br />1-6860-xxxx-x<br />1-7170-xxxx-x<br
/>1-7900-xxxx-x<br />1-8672-xxxx-x<br />1-9730-xxxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-0399-xxxx-x<br />1-0999-xxxx-
x<br />1-5499-xxxx-x<br />1-6799-xxxx-x<br />1-7139-xxxx-x<br />1-7319-xxxx-x<br
/>1-7999-xxxx-x<br />1-8675-xxxx-x<br />1-9877-xxxx-x
</td>
<td>2,852
</td>
<td>4,390
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>3 digits
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-85000-xxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-89999-xxx-x
</td>
<td>5,000
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-55000-xxx-x<br />1-68000-xxx-
x<br />1-74000-xxx-x<br />1-77540-xxx-x<br />1-77650-xxx-x<br />1-77770-xxx-x<br
/>1-80000-xxx-x<br />1-83850-xxx-x<br />1-86760-xxx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-64999-xxx-x<br />1-68599-xxx-
x<br />1-77499-xxx-x<br />1-77639-xxx-x<br />1-77699-xxx-x<br />1-78999-xxx-x<br
/>1-83799-xxx-x<br />1-86719-xxx-x<br />1-86979-xxx-x
</td>
<td>22,370
</td>
<td>27,370
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>2 digits
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-900000-xx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-949999-xx-x
</td>
<td>50,000
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-869800-xx-x<br />1-916506-xx-
x<br />1-987800-xx-x<br />1-991200-xx-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-915999-xx-x<br />1-972999-xx-
x<br />1-991149-xx-x<br />1-998989-xx-x
</td>
<td>113,834
</td>
<td>163,834
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>1 digit
</th>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-6398000-x-x<br />0-6450000-x-
x<br />0-6480000-x-x<br />0-9500000-x-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">0-6399999-x-x<br />0-6459999-x-
x<br />0-6489999-x-x<br />0-9999999-x-x
</td>
<td>522,000
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-7320000-x-x<br />1-7750000-x-
x<br />1-7764000-x-x<br />1-7770000-x-x<br />1-8380000-x-x<br />1-9160000-x-x<br
/>1-9911500-x-x<br />1-9989900-x-x
</td>
<td style="font-family:monospace;font-size:127%;">1-7399999-x-x<br />1-7753999-x-
x<br />1-7764999-x-x<br />1-7776999-x-x<br />1-8384999-x-x<br />1-9165059-x-x<br
/>1-9911999-x-x<br />1-9999999-x-x
</td>
<td>112,660
</td>
<td>634,660
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total
</th>
<td>579,052
</td>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Total
</th>
<td>252,037
</td>
<td>831,089
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Check_digits">Check digits</span></h2>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Check_digit" title="Check digit">check digit</a> is a form of
redundancy check used for <a href="/wiki/Error_detection" class="mw-redirect"
title="Error detection">error detection</a>, the decimal equivalent of a binary <a
href="/wiki/Check_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Check bit">check bit</a>. It
consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the number. The method
for the 10-digit ISBN is an extension of that for SBNs, so the two systems are
compatible; an SBN prefixed with a zero (the 10-digit ISBN) will give the same
check digit as the SBN without the zero. The check digit is base eleven, and can be
an integer between 0 and 9, or an 'X'. The system for 13-digit ISBNs is not
compatible with SBNs and will, in general, give a different check digit from the
corresponding 10-digit ISBN, so does not provide the same protection against
transposition. This is because the 13-digit code was required to be compatible with
the <a href="/wiki/European_Article_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="European
Article Number">EAN</a> format, and hence could not contain an 'X'.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISBN-10_check_digits">ISBN-10 check
digits</span></h3>
<p>According to the 2001 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official user
manual,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
53">[48]</a></sup> the ISBN-10 check digit (which is the last digit of the
10-digit ISBN) must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol 'X' is used for 10), and must be
such that the sum of the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight,
descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of 11. That is, if <var style="padding-
right: 1px;">x</var><sub><var style="padding-right: 1px;">i</var></sub> is the <var
style="padding-right: 1px;">i</var>th digit, then <var style="padding-right:
1px;">x</var><sub>10</sub> must be chosen such that:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{10}(11-i)x_{i}\equiv 0{\pmod {11}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="1em" />
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>mod</mi>
<mspace width="0.333em" />
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{10}(11-
i)x_{i}\equiv 0{\pmod {11}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef388ca882c9a0bb4e1d35
37506a6b05122daf51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.531ex; height:7.343ex;"
alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{10}(11-i)x_{i}\equiv 0{\pmod
{11}}}"/></span></div>
<p>For example, for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-2:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times
8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2)+(2\times
1)\\&=0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10+2\\&=132=12\times 11\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right
left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em
0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>s</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>27</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>42</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>132</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times
6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2)+(2\times
1)\\&=0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10+2\\&=132=12\times
11\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c650c93d599b94a23da75b
02f0afd86ec67536bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:101.412ex; height:8.843ex;"
alt="{\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times
7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2)+(2\times
1)\\&=0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10+2\\&=132=12\times
11\end{aligned}}"/></span></div>
<p>Formally, using <a href="/wiki/Modular_arithmetic" title="Modular
arithmetic">modular arithmetic</a>, this is rendered:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle
(10x_{1}+9x_{2}+8x_{3}+7x_{4}+6x_{5}+5x_{6}+4x_{7}+3x_{8}+2x_{9}+x_{10})\equiv
0{\pmod {11}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="1em" />
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>mod</mi>
<mspace width="0.333em" />
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
(10x_{1}+9x_{2}+8x_{3}+7x_{4}+6x_{5}+5x_{6}+4x_{7}+3x_{8}+2x_{9}+x_{10})\equiv
0{\pmod {11}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d26f3565c29f48292f653b
cc0d6fb729528d18c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:80.575ex; height:2.843ex;"
alt="(10x_1+9x_2+8x_3+7x_4+6x_5+5x_6+4x_7+3x_8+2x_9+x_{10})\equiv 0
\pmod{11}."/></span></div>
<p>It is also true for ISBN-10s that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by
its weight in <i>ascending</i> order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this
example:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 1)+(3\times 2)+(0\times
3)+(6\times 4)+(4\times 5)+(0\times 6)+(6\times 7)+(1\times 8)+(5\times 9)+(2\times
10)\\&=0+6+0+24+20+0+42+8+45+20\\&=165=15\times 11\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right
left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em
0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>s</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>42</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>45</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>165</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 1)+(3\times 2)+(0\times 3)+(6\times 4)+(4\times
5)+(0\times 6)+(6\times 7)+(1\times 8)+(5\times 9)+(2\times
10)\\&=0+6+0+24+20+0+42+8+45+20\\&=165=15\times
11\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c91593812ad47bacb93ec
eab0f9140dcebcbb88" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:101.412ex; height:8.843ex;"
alt="{\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 1)+(3\times 2)+(0\times 3)+(6\times
4)+(4\times 5)+(0\times 6)+(6\times 7)+(1\times 8)+(5\times 9)+(2\times
10)\\&=0+6+0+24+20+0+42+8+45+20\\&=165=15\times
11\end{aligned}}"/></span></div>
<p>Formally, this is rendered:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle
(x_{1}+2x_{2}+3x_{3}+4x_{4}+5x_{5}+6x_{6}+7x_{7}+8x_{8}+9x_{9}+10x_{10})\equiv
0{\pmod {11}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="1em" />
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>mod</mi>
<mspace width="0.333em" />
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
(x_{1}+2x_{2}+3x_{3}+4x_{4}+5x_{5}+6x_{6}+7x_{7}+8x_{8}+9x_{9}+10x_{10})\equiv
0{\pmod {11}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da98464b376c0a93980763
42abdc3865e6963d92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:80.575ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="(x_1 + 2x_2
+ 3x_3 + 4x_4 + 5x_5 + 6x_6 + 7x_7 + 8x_8 + 9x_9 + 10x_{10})\equiv 0
\pmod{11}."/></span></div>
<p>The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing
it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can
be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid ISBN-10s differ in at least two
digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBN-10s with eight
identical digits and two transposed digits. (These proofs are true because the ISBN
is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a <a href="/wiki/Prime_number"
title="Prime number">prime number</a>.) The ISBN check digit method therefore
ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of
error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never
be a valid ISBN – the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never
be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in the publishing house
and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN.<sup
id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered
non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although
it is still unlikely).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISBN-10_check_digit_calculation">ISBN-10 check
digit calculation</span></h3>
<p>Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN—excluding the check digit
itself—is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum
of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number
between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of
11.
</p><p>For example, the check digit for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-<i>?</i> is
calculated as follows:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times
8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times
2)\\&=130\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right
left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em
0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>s</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>130</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times
6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times
2)\\&=130\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7c936264a7f1abe74477c
d91ad0fecfd431aa47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:91.597ex; height:5.843ex;"
alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times
8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times
2)\\&=130\end{aligned}}}"/></span></div>
<p>Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11) – this is the only
number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and
the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. If the value of <span class="mwe-math-
element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display:
none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle
x_{10}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{10}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6f81393481a94be9cca20
430d468620e63cdb75" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.206ex; height:2.009ex;"
alt="x_{10}"/></span> required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should
be used.
</p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Modular_arithmetic" title="Modular
arithmetic">modular arithmetic</a> is convenient for calculating the check digit
using modulus 11. The <a href="/wiki/Remainder" title="Remainder">remainder</a> of
this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This
remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check
digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11.
Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the
first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could
result in a check digit value of 11−0 = 11, which is invalid. (Strictly speaking,
the <i>first</i> "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify
the calculation.)
</p><p>For example, the check digit for the ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-<i>?</i> is
calculated as follows:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(11-(((0\times 10)+(3\times
9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times
2))\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-((0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10)\,{\bmod
{\,}}11))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-((130)\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,{\bmod
{\,}}11\\&=(11-(9))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(2)\,{\bmod
{\,}}11\\&=2\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right
left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em
0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>s</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>27</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>42</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>130</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd />
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}s&=(11-(((0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times
7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2))\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,
{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-((0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10)\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,{\bmod
{\,}}11\\&=(11-((130)\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-(9))\,{\bmod
{\,}}11\\&=(2)\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=2\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31a266938748f4db67c46c
cff33e0441435a03f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -8.671ex; width:119.751ex; height:18.509ex;"
alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(11-(((0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times
8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2))\,{\bmod
{\,}}11))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-((0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10)\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,
{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-((130)\,{\bmod {\,}}11))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(11-
(9))\,{\bmod {\,}}11\\&=(2)\,{\bmod
{\,}}11\\&=2\end{aligned}}}"/></span></div>
<p>Thus the check digit is 2.
</p><p>It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by
using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding <code>t</code> into <code>s</code>
computes the necessary multiples:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr"
dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Returns ISBN error syndrome, zero
for a valid ISBN, non-zero for an invalid one.</span>
<span class="c1">// digits[i] must be between 0 and 10.</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">CheckISBN</span><span
class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span
class="n">digits</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span
class="p">])</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span><span
class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span
class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span
class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>
<span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span
class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span
class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span
class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span
class="n">digits</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span
class="p">];</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span
class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">
%</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case
<code>s</code> could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid ISBN 99999-999-
9-X), or <code>s</code> and <code>t</code> could be reduced by a conditional
subtract after each addition.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISBN-13_check_digit_calculation">ISBN-13 check
digit calculation</span></h3>
<p>Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual<sup
id="cite_ref-7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-7th_edition_Users'_Manual-18">[15]</a></sup><sup
class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>33</span></sup> describes how
the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the
last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all
the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1
and 3, is a multiple of <a href="/wiki/10_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="10
(number)">10</a>.
</p><p>Formally, using <a href="/wiki/Modular_arithmetic" title="Modular
arithmetic">modular arithmetic</a>, this is rendered:
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle
(x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+x_{5}+3x_{6}+x_{7}+3x_{8}+x_{9}+3x_{10}+x_{11}+3x_{12}+x
_{13})\equiv 0{\pmod {10}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="1em" />
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>mod</mi>
<mspace width="0.333em" />
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
(x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+x_{5}+3x_{6}+x_{7}+3x_{8}+x_{9}+3x_{10}+x_{11}+3x_{12}+x
_{13})\equiv 0{\pmod {10}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc96dc5786774a9f0ccc50
e52e63e4baeff61572" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:94.064ex; height:2.843ex;"
alt="(x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+x_{5}+3x_{6}+x_{7}+3x_{8}+x_{9}+3x_{{10}}+x_{{11}}
+3x_{{12}}+x_{{13}})\equiv 0{\pmod {10}}."/></span></div>
<p>The calculation of an ISBN-13 check digit begins with the first twelve digits of
the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to
right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed <a
href="/wiki/Modular_arithmetic" title="Modular arithmetic">modulo</a> 10 to give a
value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A
zero (0) replaces a ten (10), so, in all cases, a single check digit results.
</p><p>For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615-<i>?</i> is
calculated as follows:
</p>
<pre>s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3
= 9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15
= 93
93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3
10 – 3 = 7
</pre>
<p>Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7.
</p><p>In general, the ISBN-13 check digit is calculated as follows.
</p><p>Let
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle r={\big (}10-{\big (}x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+\cdots
+x_{11}+3x_{12}{\big )}\,{\bmod {\,}}10{\big )}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\big (}10-{\big
(}x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+\cdots +x_{11}+3x_{12}{\big )}\,{\bmod
{\,}}10{\big )}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b427103299886bb47b51c5
0ed5a33d46e29b8116" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:62.2ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle
r={\big (}10-{\big (}x_{1}+3x_{2}+x_{3}+3x_{4}+\cdots +x_{11}+3x_{12}{\big )}\,
{\bmod {\,}}10{\big )}.}"/></span></div>
<p>Then
</p>
<div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;"><span
class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y"
style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
alttext="{\displaystyle x_{13}={\begin{cases}r&{\text{ ; }}r<10\\0&
{\text{ ; }}r=10.\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em"
displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>r</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> ; </mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> ; </mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10.</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle
x_{13}={\begin{cases}r&{\text{ ; }}r<10\\0&
{\text{ ; }}r=10.\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img
src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f87770873b4cb6d00fe82c
d6cb1b1f28b7965196" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true"
style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.211ex; height:6.176ex;"
alt="{\displaystyle x_{13}={\begin{cases}r&{\text{ ; }}r<10\\0&{\text{ ;
}}r=10.\end{cases}}}"/></span></div>
<p>This check system – similar to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code"
title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a> check digit formula – does not catch
all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between
two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For
instance, the above example allows this situation with the 6 followed by a 1. The
correct order contributes 3×6+1×1 = 19 to the sum; while, if the digits are
transposed (1 followed by a 6), the contribution of those two digits will be
3×1+1×6 = 9. However, 19 and 9 are congruent modulo 10, and so produce the same,
final result: both ISBNs will have a check digit of 7. The ISBN-10 formula uses the
<a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime</a> modulus 11 which avoids
this blind spot, but requires more than the digits 0–9 to express the check digit.
</p><p>Additionally, if the sum of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th digits is
tripled then added to the remaining digits (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, and
13th), the total will always be divisible by 10 (i.e., end in 0).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISBN-10_to_ISBN-13_conversion">ISBN-10 to ISBN-13
conversion</span></h3>
<p>An ISBN-10 is converted to ISBN-13 by prepending "978" to the ISBN-10 and
recalculating the final checksum digit using the ISBN-13 algorithm. The reverse
process can also be performed, but not for numbers commencing with a prefix other
than 978, which have no 10-digit equivalent.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Errors_in_usage"><span class="anchor"
id="Cancelled_ISBN"></span>Errors in usage</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishers</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> have varied policies about the
use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence
of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book
identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers.<sup id="cite_ref-
55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a></sup> For example,
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-590-76484-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-590-
76484-5">0-590-76484-5</a> is shared by two books – <i>Ninja gaiden®: a novel based
on the best-selling game by Tecmo</i> (1990) and <i>Wacky laws</i> (1997), both
published by <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic
Corporation">Scholastic</a>.
</p><p>Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN
issued by the publisher. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of
Congress">Library of Congress</a> catalogue contains books published with invalid
ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN".<sup id="cite_ref-56"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a></sup> However, book-
ordering systems such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect"
title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is
entered to its search engine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to
reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a
href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book
is indexed in that way by a member library.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="eISBN">eISBN</span></h3>
<p>Only the term "ISBN" should be used; the terms "eISBN" and "e-ISBN" have
historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in
one or more digital (<a href="/wiki/E-book" title="E-book">e-book</a>) formats,
each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three
separate <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle"
title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PDF"
title="PDF">PDF</a> formats of a particular book will have its own specific ISBN.
They should not share the ISBN of the paper version, and there is no generic
"eISBN" which encompasses all the e-book formats for a title.<sup id="cite_ref-57"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="EAN_format_used_in_barcodes.2C_and_upgrading"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="EAN_format_used_in_barcodes,_and_upgrading">EAN format used in
barcodes, and upgrading</span></h2>
<p>Currently the <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a> on a book's
back cover (or inside a mass-market <a href="/wiki/Paperback"
title="Paperback">paperback</a> book's front cover) are <a
href="/wiki/European_Article_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="European Article
Number">EAN-13</a>; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits called an
<a href="/wiki/EAN-5" title="EAN-5">EAN-5</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Currency"
title="Currency">currency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_retail_price"
class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended retail price">recommended retail
price</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
58">[53]</a></sup> For 10-digit ISBNs, the number "978", the <a
href="/wiki/Bookland" title="Bookland">Bookland</a> "country code", is prefixed to
the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the
EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1x and 3x weighting on alternating digits).
</p><p>Partly because of an expected shortage in certain ISBN categories, the <a
href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International
Organization for Standardization">International Organization for
Standardization</a> (ISO) decided to migrate to a 13-digit ISBN (ISBN-13). The
process began on 1 January 2005 and was planned to conclude on 1 January 2007.<sup
id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a></sup>
As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update"
style="display:none;"><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit">[update]</a></sup
>, all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the
979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the <a
href="/wiki/Bookland" title="Bookland">Musicland</a> code for musical scores with
an <a href="/wiki/ISMN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISMN">ISMN</a>. The 10-digit
ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an "M" letter; the bar code
represents the "M" as a zero (0), and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All
ISMNs are now thirteen digits commencing 979-0; 979-1 to 979-9 will be used by
ISBN.
</p><p>Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same in the 978
and 979 ISBNs, likewise, there is no guarantee that language area code numbers will
be the same. Moreover, the 10-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as
the 13-digit ISBN check digit. Because the GTIN-13 is part of the <a
href="/wiki/Global_Trade_Item_Number" title="Global Trade Item Number">Global Trade
Item Number</a> (GTIN) system (that includes the GTIN-14, the GTIN-12, and the
GTIN-8), the 13-digit ISBN falls within the 14-digit data field range.<sup
id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Barcode format compatibility is maintained, because (aside from the group
breaks) the ISBN-13 barcode format is identical to the EAN barcode format of
existing 10-digit ISBNs. So, migration to an EAN-based system allows booksellers
the use of a single numbering system for both books and non-book products that is
compatible with existing ISBN based data, with only minimal changes to <a
href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information
technology</a> systems. Hence, many <a href="/wiki/Bookstore" class="mw-redirect"
title="Bookstore">booksellers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble"
title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>) migrated to EAN barcodes as
early as March 2005. Although many American and Canadian booksellers were able to
read EAN-13 barcodes before 2005, most general retailers could not read them. The
upgrading of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product
Code">UPC</a> <a href="/wiki/Barcode_system" title="Barcode system">barcode
system</a> to full EAN-13, in 2005, eased migration to the ISBN-13 in North
America.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon
Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> (Amazon Standard Identification
Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_Item_and_Component_Identifier" title="Book Item and
Component Identifier">BICI</a> (Book Item and Component Identifier)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CODEN" title="CODEN">CODEN</a> (serial publication identifier
currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object
identifier">DOI</a> (Digital Object Identifier)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_Short_Title_Catalogue" title="English Short Title
Catalogue">ESTC</a> (English Short Title Catalogue)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ETTN" title="ETTN">ETTN</a> (Electronic Textbook Track
Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International
Standard Audiovisual Number">ISAN</a> (International Standard Audiovisual
Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International
Standard Music Number">ISMN</a> (International Standard Music Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International
Standard Recording Code">ISRC</a> (International Standard Recording Code)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International
Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> (International Standard Serial Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard
Text Code">ISTC</a> (International Standard Text Code)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International
Standard Musical Work Code">ISWC</a> (International Standard Musical Work
Code)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISWN" title="ISWN">ISWN</a> (International Standard Wine
Number)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress
Control Number">LCCN</a> (Library of Congress Control Number)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?
title=License_number_(East_German_books)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="License number (East German books) (page does not exist)">License number
(East German books)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style:
normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizenznummer"
class="extiw" title="de:Lizenznummer">de</a>]</span> (Book identification
system used between 1951 and 1990 in the former GDR)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_group-0_ISBN_publisher_codes" title="List of group-0
ISBN publisher codes">List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_group-1_ISBN_publisher_codes" title="List of group-1
ISBN publisher codes">List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISBN_identifier_groups" title="List of ISBN identifier
groups">List of ISBN identifier groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number (Online Computer Library
Center number)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
61">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration
authority">Registration authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Item_and_Contribution_Identifier" title="Serial Item and
Contribution Identifier">SICI</a> (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VD_16" title="VD 16">VD 16</a> (<i>Verzeichnis der im deutschen
Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts</i>, "Bibliography of Books
Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Sixteenth Century")</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VD_17" title="VD 17">VD 17</a> (<i>Verzeichnis der im deutschen
Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts</i>, "Bibliography of Books
Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Seventeenth Century")</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasionally, publishers
erroneously assign an ISBN to more than one title—the first edition of <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Alphabet" title="The Ultimate Alphabet">The Ultimate
Alphabet</a></i> and <i>The Ultimate Alphabet Workbook</i> have the same ISBN, 0-
8050-0076-3. Conversely, books are published with several ISBNs: A German second-
language edition of <i lang="de" title="German language text"><a
href="/wiki/Emil_and_the_Detectives" title="Emil and the Detectives">Emil und die
Detektive</a></i> has the ISBNs 87-23-90157-8 (Denmark), 0-8219-1069-8 (United
States), 91-21-15628-X (Sweden), 0-85048-548-7 (United Kingdom) and 3-12-675495-3
(Germany).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some cases, books sold only as
sets share ISBNs. For example, the <a
href="/wiki/Jack_Vance#The_Vance_Integral_Edition" title="Jack Vance">Vance
Integral Edition</a> used only two ISBNs for 44 books.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-conversion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-conversion_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
conversion_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-
text">Publishers were required to convert existing ISBNs from the 10-digit format
to the 13-digit format (in their publication records) by 1 January 2007. For
<i>existing</i> publications, the new 13-digit ISBN would only need to be added if
(and when) a publication was reprinted. During the transition period, publishers
were recommended to print <i>both</i> the 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs on the verso
of a publication's title page, but they were required to print <i>only</i> the 13-
digit ISBN after 1 January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-LAC_FAQ_4-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAC_FAQ-4">[2]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some books have several codes in
the first block: e.g. A. M. Yaglom's <i>Correlation Theory...</i>, published by <a
href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer
Verlag</a>, has two ISBNs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-96331-6"
title="Special:BookSources/0-387-96331-6">0-387-96331-6</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-96331-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-
96331-6">3-540-96331-6</a>. Though Springer's 387 and 540 codes are different for
English (0) and German (3); the same item number 96331 produces the same check
digit for both (6). Springer uses 431 as the publisher code for Japanese (4), and
4-431-96331-? also has a check digit of 6. Other Springer books in English have
publisher code 817, and 0-817-96331-? would also have a check digit of 6. This
suggests that special considerations were made for assigning Springer's publisher
codes, as random assignments of different publisher codes would not be expected to
lead by coincidence to the same check digit every time for the same item number.
Finding publisher codes for English and German, say, with this effect would amount
to solving a linear equation in modular arithmetic.<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original
research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original
research. (May 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The International ISBN Agency's
<i>ISBN User's Manual</i> says: "The ten-digit number is divided into four parts of
variable length, which must be separated clearly, by hyphens or spaces", although
omission of separators is permitted for internal data processing. If present,
hyphens must be correctly placed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></sup> The actual definition for hyphenation
contains more than 220 different registration group elements with each one broken
down into a few to several ranges for the length of the registrant element (more
than 1,000 total). The document defining the ranges, listed by agency, is 29
pages.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/">"The International ISBN Agency"</a><span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span>
2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+ISBN+Agency&
rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-international.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LAC_FAQ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
LAC_FAQ_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAC_FAQ_4-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAC_FAQ_4-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFTC_46/SC_9" class="citation web cs1">TC 46/SC 9. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160919/http://www.lac-
bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions about the new ISBN
standard from ISO"</a>. <i>lac-bac.gc.ca</i>. <a
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original</a> on 10 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lac-
bac.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+the+new+ISBN+standard
+from+ISO&rft.au=TC+46%2FSC+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.lac-bac.gc.ca%2Fiso
%2Ftc46sc9%2Fisbn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1992"
class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Philip (1992). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.theindexer.org/files/18-1/18-
1_025.pdf">"Book numbering: The importance of the ISBN"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF [245KB])</span>. <i>The Indexer</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 25–26.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indexer&rft.atitle=Book+num
bering
%3A+The+importance+of+the+ISBN&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=
25-
26&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindexer.org%2Ffiles%2F18-1%2F18-1_025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-From_Archive.org-4646971-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-From_Archive.org-4646971_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1966" class="citation web
cs1">Foster, Gordon (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024722/http://www.informaticsdevelopmenti
nstitute.net/isbn.html">"International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) System
original 1966 report"</a>. informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net/isbn.html">the original</a> on
30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20
April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Book+Numbering+
%28ISBN
%29+System+original+1966+report&rft.pub=informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net&
;rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net%2Fisbn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-history-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
history_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history">"ISBN History"</a>. isbn.org. 20 April
2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420232459/http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history">
Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+History&rft.pub=isbn.org&
amp;rft.date=2014-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.isbn.org
%2FISBN_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ktieb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
ktieb_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktieb_9-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktieb_9-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ktieb_9-
3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf"><i>Manwal ghall-
Utenti tal-ISBN</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Maltese) (6th
ed.). <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb.
2016. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-889-4-0"
title="Special:BookSources/978-99957-889-4-0"><bdi>978-99957-889-4-0</bdi></a>.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf">the original</a>
<span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 August 2016.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manwal+ghall-Utenti+tal-
ISBN&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Kunsil
l+Nazzjonali+tal-Ktieb&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-99957-889-4-
0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fktieb.org.mt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FManwal-
ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.internationalpublishers.org/standards-news/318-it-was-an-idea-
whose-time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn">"International Publishers
Association—'It was an idea whose time had come.' David Whitaker on the birth of
ISBN"</a>. International Publishers Association<span class="reference-accessdate">.
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Publishers+Associatio
n%E2%80%94%27It+was+an+idea+whose+time+had+come.
%27+David+Whitaker+on+the+birth+of+ISBN&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.internationalpublishers.org%2Fstandards-news%2F318-it-was-an-idea-whose-
time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span>
<span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code
class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a
href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1
errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-niso.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
niso.org_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niso.org_11-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804153745/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_pub
lic/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf">"Emery Koltay, David Whitaker
Named NISO Fellows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Information
Standards Quarterly</i>, National Information Standards Organization, <b>8</b> (3):
12–13, July 1996, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996
.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 August
2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Standards+Quarterly&
;rft.atitle=Emery+Koltay
%2C+David+Whitaker+Named+NISO+Fellows&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.page
s=12-13&rft.date=1996-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.niso.org%2Fapps
%2Fgroup_public%2Fdownload.php%2F6294%2FISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFUS_ISBN_Agency" class="citation web cs1">US ISBN Agency. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.as
p">"Bowker.com – Products"</a>. Commerce.bowker.com<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span>
2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bowker.com+
%E2%80%93+Products&rft.pub=Commerce.bowker.com&rft.au=US+ISBN+Agency&am
p;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcommerce.bowker.com%2Fstandards%2Fhome%2Fisbn
%2Fabout_information_standards.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGregory"
class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516011735/http
%3A//www.printrs.com/isbn.htm">"ISBN"</a>. PrintRS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.printrs.com/isbn.htm">the original</a> on 16
May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11
June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN&rft.pub=PrintRS&rft.a
ulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.printrs.com
%2Fisbn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.iso.org/standard/6898.html"><i>ISO 2108:1978</i></a> <span
class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ISO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+2108%3A1978&rft.pub=ISO&rft_i
d=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F6898.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
free" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22SBN
%20345%22&sin=TXT">https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22SBN
%20345%22&sin=TXT</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
free" href="https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe/page/n3/mode/2up?
q=SBN+345-24223-8-
595">https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe/page/n3/mode/2up?q=SBN+345-
24223-8-595</a> - by Ballantine Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-24223-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-
24223-8">0-345-24223-8</a> links to <a rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2057258">http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2057258</a
></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
free"
href="https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe">https://archive.org/detai
ls/woodstockhandmad00robe</a> - "Ballantine/Craft [...] 5.95"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7th_edition_Users'_Manual-18"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-
0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-7th_edition_Users'_Manual_18-
3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.kb.se/download/18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc/1531827912246/ISBN
%20International%20Users%20Manual%20-%207th%20edition.pdf"><i>ISBN Users' Manual,
International Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (7th ed.).
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class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
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92-95055-12-4"><bdi>978-92-95055-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISBN+Users%27+Manual
%2C+International+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Inte
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4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.kb.se%2Fdownload%2F18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc
%2F1531827912246%2FISBN%2520International%2520Users%2520Manual%2520-%25207th
%2520edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/range_file_generation">"ISBN Ranges"</a>. International ISBN
Agency. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+Ranges&rft.pub=Internatio
nal+ISBN+Agency&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-
international.org%2Frange_file_generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-
lac.gc.ca/eng/services/isbn-canada/Pages/isbn-canada.aspx">"ISBN Canada"</a>.
<i>www.bac-lac.gc.ca</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"
title="Library and Archives Canada">LAC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">.
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%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bac-
lac.gc.ca&rft.atitle=ISBN+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bac-lac.gc.ca
%2Feng%2Fservices%2Fisbn-canada%2FPages%2Fisbn-canada.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
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international.org/agencies">"Find an agency – International ISBN Agency"</a>.
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international.org&rft.atitle=Find+an+agency+
%E2%80%93+International+ISBN+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-
international.org%2Fagencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/US_isbn_agency">"About the Australian
ISBN Agency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R. Bowker">THORPE-
Bowker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Australian+ISBN+Agency&a
mp;rft.pub=THORPE-Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.myidentifiers.com.au%2Fisbn
%2FUS_isbn_agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/main">"Bowker – ISBN"</a>. Thorpe-
Bowker. 5 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bowker+
%E2%80%93+ISBN&rft.pub=Thorpe-Bowker&rft.date=2009-01-
05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.myidentifiers.com.au%2Fisbn%2Fmain&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ISBN_BR_OLD-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-ISBN_BR_OLD_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.bn.br/website/tabela-de-precos">"Tabela de preços dos
serviços"</a> [Table of service prices] (in Portuguese). <a
href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Brazil" title="National Library of
Brazil">Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil</a><span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabela+de+pre%C3%A7os+dos+servi
%C3%A7os&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Nacional+do+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.isbn.bn.br%2Fwebsite%2Ftabela-de-precos&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-isbn-international.org-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-isbn-international.org_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-isbn-international.org_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-international.org/content/changes-
arrangements-isbn-brazil">"Changes in arrangements for ISBN in Brazil"</a><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span>
2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+in+arrangements+for+ISBN+i
n+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-international.org%2Fcontent%2Fchanges-
arrangements-isbn-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ISBN_BR-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-ISBN_BR_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org.br">"ISBN Brasil"</a> (in Portuguese)<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span>
2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.isbn.org.br&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-
us/services/book-registration/introduction.html">"Introduction to Books
Registration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Public_Libraries" title="Hong Kong
Public Libraries">HKPL</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Books+Registration&
;rft.pub=HKPL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hkpl.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fservices
%2Fbook-registration%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138686">"Union HRD Minister
Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani Launches ISBN Portal"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect"
title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">MHRD</a>. 7 April 2016.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+HRD+Minister+Smt.
+Smriti+Zubin+Irani+Launches+ISBN+Portal&rft.pub=MHRD&rft.date=2016-04-
07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid
%3D138686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl.org.il/isbn-eng">"What
is an ISBN ?"</a>. <i>ICL – <מרכז הספר והספריות/i>. 7 April 2015.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICL+%E2%80%93+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B
%D7%96+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+
%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.atitle=What+is+an+ISBN
+%3F&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.icl.org.il%2Fisbn-
eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isbn.it/LAGENZIA.aspx">"ISBN
– Chi siamo e contatti"</a> [ISBN – Who we are and contacts] (in Italian).
EDISER srl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3
January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+
%E2%80%93+Chi+siamo+e+contatti&rft.pub=EDISER+srl&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.isbn.it%2FLAGENZIA.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ediser-tariffs-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-ediser-tariffs_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.it/TARIFFE.aspx">"ISBN – Tariffe Servizi ISBN"</a> [ISBN
Service Tariffs] (in Italian). EDISER srl<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+
%E2%80%93+Tariffe+Servizi+ISBN&rft.pub=EDISER+srl&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.isbn.it%2FTARIFFE.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
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deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023123140/http://ktieb.org.mt/?
page_id=22">"ISBN"</a>. Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb. 2016. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktieb.org.mt/?page_id=22">the
original</a> on 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN&rft.pub=Kunsill+Nazzjonal
i+tal-Ktieb&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fktieb.org.mt%2F%3Fpage_id
%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf"><i>Manwal ghall-
Utenti tal-ISBN</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Maltese) (6th
ed.). <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb.
2016. pp. 1–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-
99957-889-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99957-889-4-0"><bdi>978-99957-889-4-
0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-
Maltese.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 August
2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manwal+ghall-Utenti+tal-
ISBN&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=1-
40&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Kunsill+Nazzjonali+tal-
Ktieb&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-99957-889-4-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fktieb.org.mt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FManwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-
ISBN-Maltese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220053/https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Governmen
t/Government%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-
%2023%20January.pdf">"Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. Government Gazette. 23 January 2015. p. 582. Archived
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href="https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Government/Government
%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-%2023%20January.pdf">the
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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%2520Gazette%2FDocuments%2F2015%2F01%2FGovernment%2520Gazette%2520-
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<li id="cite_note-NLNZ-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
NLNZ_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://natlib.govt.nz/publishers-and-authors/isbns-issns-and-ismns">"ISBNs,
ISSNs, and ISMNs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand"
title="National Library of New Zealand">National Library of New Zealand</a><span
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data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?
q=node/645">"International Standard Book Number"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the
Philippines">NLP</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
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2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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;rft.pub=NLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fweb.nlp.gov.ph%2Fnlp%2F%3Fq%3Dnode
%2F645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekygm.gov.tr/isbn.html">"ISBN –
Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü OS"</a>.
<i>ekygm.gov.tr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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N+%E2%80%93+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+ve+Turizm+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+K%C3%BCt
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%C3%BC+OS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fekygm.gov.tr%2Fisbn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
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href="https://www.nielsenisbnstore.com">"Nielsen UK ISBN Agency"</a>. Nielsen UK
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2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nielsen+UK+ISBN+Agency&rft.pub
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%2Fwww.nielsenisbnstore.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowker.com/en-
US/products/servident_isbn.shtml">"Bowker – ISBN"</a>. R. R. Bowker. 8 March
2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8
March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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%E2%80%93+ISBN&rft.pub=R.+R.+Bowker&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowker.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Fservident_isbn.shtml&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ISBN_Ranges-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-ISBN_Ranges_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation">"ISBN Ranges"</a>.
<i>isbn-international.org</i>. 29 April 2014. Select the format you desire and
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international.org/range_file_generation">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April
2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29
April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isbn-
international.org&rft.atitle=ISBN+Ranges&rft.pages=Select+the+format+yo
u+desire+and+click+on+the+Generate+button&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.isbn-international.org%2Frange_file_generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/range_file_generation">a complete list of group identifiers</a>.
ISBN.org sometimes calls them <i>group numbers</i>. Their table of identifiers now
refers to <i>ISBN prefix ranges</i>, which must be assumed to be group identifier
ranges.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHailman2008"
class="citation book cs1">Hailman, Jack Parker (2008). <i>Coding and redundancy:
man-made and animal-evolved signals</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 209. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02795-4"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02795-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02795-
4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coding+and+redundancy
%3A+man-made+and+animal-
evolved+signals&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date
=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02795-
4&rft.aulast=Hailman&rft.aufirst=Jack+Parker&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6th_edition_Users'_Manual-45"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6th_edition_Users'_Manual_45-
0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/sites/default/files/ISBN%20Manual%202012%20-corr.pdf"><i>ISBN
Users' Manual, International Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>
(6th ed.). London: International ISBN Agency. 2012. p. 23. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-95055-02-5"
title="Special:BookSources/978-92-95055-02-5"><bdi>978-92-95055-02-
5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISBN+Users
%27+Manual
%2C+International+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=6th
&rft.pub=International+ISBN+Agency&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-
95055-02-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-international.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault
%2Ffiles%2FISBN%2520Manual%25202012%2520-corr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-C4WDefault-5691881-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-C4WDefault-5691881_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_ISBN_Agency2014" class="citation web
cs1">International ISBN Agency (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/export_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf">"International ISBN Agency –
Range Message (pdf sorted by prefix)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.
<i>isbn-international.org</i>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isbn-
international.org&rft.atitle=International+ISBN+Agency+
%E2%80%93+Range+Message+%28pdf+sorted+by+prefix
%29&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2014-12-
05&rft.au=International+ISBN+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-
international.org%2Fexport_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.waterstones.com/help/independent-publishers/48">"Independent
Publishers"</a>. <i>Waterstones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Before submitting any titles
to our central buying team for consideration, your book must have the following: An
ISBN...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waterstones&rft.atitle=Independ
ent+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.waterstones.com%2Fhelp%2Findependent-
publishers%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://help.barnesandnoble.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1262/~/how-to-obtain-
an-isbn">"How to obtain an ISBN"</a>. <i>Barnes & Noble</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span>
2020</span>. <q>We use ISBNs to track inventory and sales information. All books
Barnes & Noble transacts on must have an ISBN.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+
%26+Noble&rft.atitle=How+to+obtain+an+ISBN&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fhelp.barnesandnoble.com%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Fdetail%2Fa_id%2F1262%2F~%2Fhow-to-
obtain-an-isbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://sellercentral.amazon.com/gp/help/external/200786200">"Product ID
(GTIN) requirements for Books"</a>. <i>Amazon.com</i><span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2020</span>.
<q>Effective June 1, 2017, you must provide an ISBN, EAN, or JAN to list a book in
the Amazon catalog, regardless of the book's publication date.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon.com&rft.atitle=Product+I
D+%28GTIN%29+requirements+for+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fsellercentral.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fhelp%2Fexternal%2F200786200&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.isbn-
international.org/page/directory">Publisher's International ISBN Directory</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921085436/http://isbn-
international.org/page/directory">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSplane2002"
class="citation book cs1">Splane, Lily (2002). <i>The Book Book: A Complete Guide
to Creating a Book on Your Computer</i>. Anaphase II Publishing. p. 37. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945962-14-4"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945962-14-4"><bdi>978-0-945962-14-
4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Book
%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Creating+a+Book+on+Your+Computer&rft.pages=37&rft.p
ub=Anaphase+II+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-945962-14-
4&rft.aulast=Splane&rft.aufirst=Lily&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-C4WDefault-9122662-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-C4WDefault-9122662_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation">"ISBN Ranges"</a>.
<i>isbn-international.org</i>. International ISBN Agency. 15 September 2014<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span>
2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isbn-
international.org&rft.atitle=ISBN+Ranges&rft.date=2014-09-
15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.isbn-international.org
%2Frange_file_generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043458/http://www.isbn.org/standards/home
/isbn/international/html/usm4.htm">"ISBN Users' Manual (2001 edition) – 4.
Structure of ISBN"</a>. International ISBN Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/international/html/usm4.htm">the
original</a> on 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISBN+Users%27+Manual+
%282001+edition%29+
%E2%80%93+4.+Structure+of+ISBN&rft.pub=International+ISBN+Agency&rf
t_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.isbn.org%2Fstandards%2Fhome%2Fisbn%2Finternational%2Fhtml
%2Fusm4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <i>I'saka: a sketch
grammar of a language of north-central New Guinea.</i> Pacific Linguistics. ISBN
"0-85883-554-4".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFLorimerShoichetMaxwell2005" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, Rowland;
Shoichet, Jillian; Maxwell, John W. (2005). <i>Book Publishing I</i>. CCSP Press.
p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738727-0-5"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738727-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9738727-0-
5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Publishing+I&rft.pages=299&r
ft.pub=CCSP+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9738727-0-
5&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rft.au=Shoichet
%2C+Jillian&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd020.html">"020 – International
Standard Book Number (R) – MARC 21 Bibliographic – Full"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of
Congress</a>. September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=020+
%E2%80%93+International+Standard+Book+Number+%28R%29+
%E2%80%93+MARC+21+Bibliographic+
%E2%80%93+Full&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2013-
09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fmarc%2Fbibliographic
%2Fbd020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sellbox.com/myth-
eisbn-every-ebook-edition-needs-unique-number/">"The Myth of the eISBN Why Every
eBook Edition Needs a Unique Number – Publishing services for self publishing
authors and businesses"</a>. <i>Publishing services for self publishing authors and
businesses</i>. 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishing+services+for+self+publis
hing+authors+and+businesses&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+eISBN+Why+Every+eBoo
k+Edition+Needs+a+Unique+Number+
%E2%80%93+Publishing+services+for+self+publishing+authors+and+businesses&rft.da
te=2013-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.sellbox.com%2Fmyth-eisbn-every-ebook-
edition-needs-unique-number%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416211950/http://www.isbn-
us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-information-frequently-asked-questions/"><i>Frequently
asked questions</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect"
title="U.S.">US</a>: ISBN, 12 March 2014, archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.isbn-us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-
information-frequently-asked-questions/">the original</a> on 16 April
2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions&rft.place=
US&rft.pub=ISBN&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.isbn-
us.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F03%2F12%2Fisbn-information-frequently-asked-questions
%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> — including a detailed description of the EAN-13
format.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm">"ISBN"</a>, <i>ISO
TC49SC9</i> (FAQ), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</a>:
Collections</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ISBN&rft.btitle=ISO+TC49SC9&a
mp;rft.place=CA&rft.pub=Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.collectionscanada.ca%2Fiso%2Ftc46sc9%2Fisbn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp">"Are You Ready for
ISBN-13?"</a>, <i>Standards</i>, ISBN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Are+You+Ready+for+ISBN-
13%3F&rft.btitle=Standards&rft.pub=ISBN&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.isbn.org%2Fstandards%2Fhome%2Fisbn%2Ftransition.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074452/http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadm
in/xoclcnum/index.htm">"xISBN (Web service)"</a>. Xisbn.worldcat.org. Archived from
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadmin/xoclcnum/index.htm">the original</a> on
1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27
May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=xISBN+
%28Web+service%29&rft.pub=Xisbn.worldcat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fxisbn.worldcat.org%2Fxisbnadmin%2Fxoclcnum%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata"
title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the properties:
<ul><li><img alt="Disc Plain blue dark.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4
px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.sv
g/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-
Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" />
<b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P957" class="extiw"
title="d:Property talk:P957">ISBN-10 (P957)</a></i></b> (see <span
class="plainlinks"><a class="external text"
href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikiData_item_
%20%3FWikiData_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_WikiPedia_article
%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikiData_item_%20wdt
%3AP957%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P957%20data
%2C%20from%20whole%20WikiData%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B
%3FEnglish_WikiPedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikiData_item_%3B%20schema
%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected
%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20WikiPedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE
%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en
%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.
%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul><ul><li><img alt="Disc
Plain blue dark.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4
px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.sv
g/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-
Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" />
<b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P212" class="extiw"
title="d:Property talk:P212">ISBN-13 (P212)</a></i></b> (see <span
class="plainlinks"><a class="external text"
href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikiData_item_
%20%3FWikiData_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_WikiPedia_article
%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikiData_item_%20wdt
%3AP212%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P212%20data
%2C%20from%20whole%20WikiData%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B
%3FEnglish_WikiPedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikiData_item_%3B%20schema
%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected
%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20WikiPedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE
%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en
%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.
%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks
sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0;
background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b
style="display:block;">International Standard Book Number</b>at Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister
projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul
style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0
auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width:
31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"
/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px;
vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ISBN"
class="extiw" title="wikt:ISBN">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block;
width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-
Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-
align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-
logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span
style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align:
middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ISBN" class="extiw"
title="commons:Category:ISBN">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block;
width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-
logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"
/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px;
vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33057"
class="extiw" title="d:Q33057">Data</a> from Wikidata</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block;
width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-
notext.svg/27px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="21"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-
notext.svg/41px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/54px-
MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="530"
/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px;
vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:ISBN"
class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:ISBN">Documentation</a> from MediaWiki</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.iso.org/standard/65483.html">ISO 2108:2017 – International
Standard Book Number (ISBN)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/">International ISBN Agency</a>—coordinates and supervises the
worldwide use of the ISBN system
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isbn-
international.org/range_file_generation">Numerical List of Group Identifiers</a>—
List of language/region prefixes</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/converterpub.asp">Free conversion tool: ISBN-10 to ISBN-
13 & ISBN-13 to ISBN-10</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/">ISBN agency</a>. Also shows correct hyphenation &
verifies if ISBNs are valid or not.</li></ul></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040912203458/http://www.isbn-
international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf">"Guidelines for the
Implementation of 13-Digit ISBNs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isbn-
international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf">the original</a>
<span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 September 2004</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Implementation+of+1
3-Digit+ISBNs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fisbn-international.org%2Fen%2Fdownload
%2Fimplementation-guidelines-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp">"Are You Ready for
ISBN-13?"</a>. R. R. Bowker LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+You+Ready+for+ISBN-
13%3F&rft.pub=R.+R.+Bowker+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.isbn.org%2Fstandards
%2Fhome%2Fisbn%2Ftransition.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AInternational+Standard+Book+Number" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3187">3187</a>—Using International
Standard Book Numbers as <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform
Resource Name">Uniform Resource Names</a> (URN)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="International_numbering_standards" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-
spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col"
class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_numbering_standards"
title="Template:International numbering standards"><abbr title="View this template"
style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-
shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_numbering_standards" title="Template
talk:International numbering standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-
shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a
class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:International_numbering_standards&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit
this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-
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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_numbering_standards"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International numbering
standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div
id="Standards">Standards</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-
column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em;">
<ul><li>ISO 2108: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Standard Book
Number</a> (ISBN)</li>
<li>ISO 3297: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"
title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial
Number</a> (ISSN)</li>
<li>ISO 3901: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code"
title="International Standard Recording Code">International Standard Recording
Code</a> (ISRC)</li>
<li>ISO 6166: <a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number"
title="International Securities Identification Number">International Securities
Identification Number</a> (ISIN)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">ISO/IEC 7812</a>: Issuer
Identification Number (IIN)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">ISO 9362</a>: Business Entity
Identifier (BIC)</li>
<li>ISO 10957: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number"
title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a>
(ISMN)</li>
<li>ISO 13616: <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number"
title="International Bank Account Number">International Bank Account Number</a>
(IBAN)</li>
<li>ISO 15511: <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizatio
ns" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related
Organizations">International Standard Identifier for Libraries...</a> (ISIL)</li>
<li>ISO 15706: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number"
title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">International Standard
Audiovisual Number</a> (ISAN)</li>
<li>ISO 15707: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code"
title="International Standard Musical Work Code">International Standard Musical
Work Code</a> (ISWC)</li>
<li>ISO 17316: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Link_Identifier"
title="International Standard Link Identifier">International Standard Link
Identifier</a> (ISLI)</li>
<li>ISO 17442: <a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity
Identifier">Legal Entity Identifier</a> (LEI)</li>
<li>ISO 21047: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code"
title="International Standard Text Code">International Standard Text Code</a>
(ISTC)</li>
<li>ISO 26324: <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object
identifier">Digital Object Identifier</a> System (DOI)</li>
<li>ISO 27729: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier"
title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name
Identifier</a> (ISNI)</li>
<li>ISO 27730: International Standard Collection Identifier (ISCI)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAE_number" title="CAE number"> CAE</a>/<a
href="/wiki/Interested_Parties_Information" title="Interested Parties
Information">IPI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual
International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>
(VIAF)</li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-
spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col"
class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO
standards"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-
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href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-
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padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:ISO_standards&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-
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id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International
Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-
weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:90%;">by standard
number</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="2"><div
id="List_of_ISO_standards_/_ISO_romanizations_/_IEC_standards">List of <a
href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards"
title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">ISO
standards</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of
ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> / <a
href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEC
standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-
group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5" title="ISO 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-2" title="ISO 31-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness
contour">226</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard
Pipe">228</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">269</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening
point">306</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_361" title="ISO 361">361</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_428" title="ISO 428">428</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_518" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 518">518</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_519" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 519">519</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink
character recognition">1004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A_font" class="mw-redirect" title="OCR-A font">1073-
1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy
check">1155</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1413" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 1413">1413</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2108</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard
Atmosphere">2533</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International
Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki
romanization">3602</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International
Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental
Federation notation">3950</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_4909&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="ISO/IEC 4909 (page does not exist)">4909</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and
precision">5725</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number"
title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7064" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 7064">7064</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming
language)">7185</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open
Systems Interconnection">7498</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel
System">7942</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document
Architecture">8613</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics
Metafile">8632</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel
System">8651</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel
System">8805/8806</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language Of
Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8820-5" title="ISO/IEC 8820-5">8820-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard
Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation
Table">9293</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data
Interface">9314</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing
Message Specification">9506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9529" title="ISO 9529">9529</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming
language)">9899</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of
Georgian">9984</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of
Armenian">9985</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–
19999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10005" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO
10005">10005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash
function)">10118-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects"
title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language"
title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10206" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10206">10206</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data
modeling language)">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10383" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10383">10383</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10487" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10487">10487</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character
Set">10646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International
Standard Music Number">10957</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO
11785">11784</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO
11785">11785</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform
Module">11889</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11898" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 11898">11898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a
href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-
redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">12234-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank
Account Number">13616</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery
Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">-
10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_12" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 12">-
12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-20</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14651" title="ISO 14651">14651</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14750" title="ISO 14750">14750</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software
maintenance">14764</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic
Interface Specification">15291</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15292" title="ISO 15292">15292</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-
3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizatio
ns" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related
Organizations">15511</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International
Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15706-2" title="ISO 15706-2">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International
Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15897" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 15897">15897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function
deployment">16355-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" class="mw-redirect" title="IATF 16949">16949
(TS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization
Format">17203</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity
Identifier">17442</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18000" title="ISO/IEC 18000">18000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification
Language">18629</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity
Test">18916</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19115" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19115">19115</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_feature_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple feature
access">19125</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19136" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19136">19136</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object
Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling
Language">19501</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object
Facility">19502</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata
Interchange">19503</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling
Language">19505</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery
Metamodel">19506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint
Language">19507</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object
Facility">19508</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata
Interchange">19509</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process
Model and Notation">19510</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud
Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">20000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard
Text Code">21047</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming
language)">23270</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language
Infrastructure">23271</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup
Framework">24613</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object
identifier">26324</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000
series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International
Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_29110" title="ISO 29110">29110</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements
engineering">29148</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming
language)">30170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable
Document Format">32000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-1" title="ISO 80000-1">-1</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24
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Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a
href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO
standards">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
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id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books</div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust
jackets</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book
illustration">Illustration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of
printing">history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Limited_edition_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited
edition books">limited edition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume
(bibliography)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection
(publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion
club">Clubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm
(insect)</a></li>
<li>Furniture
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>By country
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book_in_Brazil" title="History of the book in
Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" title="Japanese books">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the
Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" title="Books and publishing in
Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United
Kingdom">UK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United
States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Formats
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/E-book" title="E-book">E-books</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Genres
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of
books</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual
property">Intellectual property</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISBN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling
books">List of best-selling books</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" title="Preservation
(library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Outline"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-
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– نومرهسیSouth Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-
target"><تۆرکجه/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban"><a
href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D
%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE
%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95_
%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক মান পুস্তক
সংখ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a
href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN"
title="ISBN – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a
href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-
%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Халыҡ-ара
стандарт китап номеры – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a
href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE
%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_
%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80"
title="Міжнародны стандартны кніжны нумар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C
%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD
%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Міжнародны стандартны кніжны нумар – Belarusian
(Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a
href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबीएन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C
%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_
%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC
%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Международен
стандартен номер на книга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bar"><a
href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bs"><a
href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Breton"
lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a
href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Catalan" lang="ca"
hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-cy"><a
href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhif_Llyfr_Safonol_Rhyngwladol" title="Rhif
Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a
href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer"
title="Internationalt Standardbognummer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-de"><a
href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Standardbuchnummer"
title="Internationale Standardbuchnummer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber"
title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD
%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE
%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διεθνής
πρότυπος αριθμός βιβλίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a
href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Spanish" lang="es"
hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a
href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Esperanto" lang="eo"
hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_
%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title=" شماره استاندارد
– بینالمللی کتابPersian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">
<فارسی/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a
href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Faroese" lang="fo"
hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Western
Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a
href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabharuimhir_Chaighde%C3%A1nach_Idirn%C3%A1isi
%C3%BAnta" title="Leabharuimhir Chaighdeánach Idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga"
hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Galician" lang="gl"
hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a
href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA
%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA
%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA
%95_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="ઇન્ટરનેશનલ સ્ટાન્ડર્ડ બુક નંબર –
Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a
href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F
%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" title="국제 표준 도서 번호 – Korean" lang="ko"
hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a
href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB
%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BF
%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Գրքի
միջազգային ստանդարտ համար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a
href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D
%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0"
title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-
target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj"
title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Ido"
lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a
href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a
href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Icelandic" lang="is"
hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Italian" lang="it"
hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%22%D7%91" title="&מסתquot;ב
– Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">
<עברית/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a
href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Javanese" lang="jv"
hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE
%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_
%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA
%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D
%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ – Kannada" lang="kn"
hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C
%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_
%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D
%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C
%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D
%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="წიგნის საერთაშორისო სტანდარტული ნომერი
– Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Kazakh" lang="kk"
hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a
href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namba_sanifu_ya_kimataifa_ya_vitabu"
title="Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ht"><a
href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN –
Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a
href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA
%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA
%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA
%A1" title="ເລກມາຕະຖານສາກົນປະຈຳປຶ້ມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_librarius_internationalis_unificatus"
title="Numerus librarius internationalis unificatus – Latin" lang="la"
hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Latvian" lang="lv"
hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a
href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Luxembourgish" lang="lb"
hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Lithuanian" lang="lt"
hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a
href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Lombard" lang="lmo"
hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Hungarian" lang="hu"
hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a
href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC
%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai"
class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN –
Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC
%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D
%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC
%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA
%E0%B5%BC" title="ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ സ്റ്റാൻഡേർഡ് ബുക്ക് നമ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml"
hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E
0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE
%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रमाणित पुस्तक क्रमांक – Marathi" lang="mr"
hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a
href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_
%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="
– رقم دولي معياري للكتابEgyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-
link-target"><مصرى/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a
href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="– شابک
Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">
<مازرونی/a></li><li
ِ class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3k-ci%C3%A9_bi
%C4%95u-c%C5%ABng_c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-h%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="Guók-cié biĕu-cūng cṳ̆-hô̤ –
Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-
dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a
href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my"
class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-nl"><a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Standaard_Boeknummer"
title="Internationaal Standaard Boeknummer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F
%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8"
title="आइएसबिएन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-
target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Japanese" lang="ja"
hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb"
hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Norwegian Nynorsk"
lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a
href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Occitan" lang="oc"
hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a
href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC
%B0%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC
%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD
%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC
%AC%E0%AC%B0" title="ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡାର୍ଡ଼ ବୁକ ନମ୍ବର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F
%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F
%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_
%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸਟੈਂਡਰਡ ਬੁੱਕ ਨੰਬਰ – Punjabi"
lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a
href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA
%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB
%90%D8%B1%D9%87" title=" – د کتاب نړ يواله کره شمېرهPashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps"
class="interlanguage-link-target"><پښتو/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi
%C4%99dzynarodowy_znormalizowany_numer_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki" title="Międzynarodowy
znormalizowany numer książki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-rue"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Rusyn"
lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD
%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA
%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Международный стандартный номер книги – Russian"
lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a
href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE
%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF
%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D
%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"
title="अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-
link-target">संस्कृ तम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a
href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Sardinian" lang="sc"
hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Albanian"
lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a
href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D
%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A
%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A
%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාත්යන්තර සම්මත පොත් අංකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si"
class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Simple English" lang="en-simple"
hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a
href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_
%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_
%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title=" – عالمي معياري ڪتاب نمبرSindhi" lang="sd"
hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><سنڌي/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9_%C5%A1tandardn%C3%A9_
%C4%8D%C3%ADslo_knihy" title="Medzinárodné štandardné číslo knihy – Slovak"
lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_standardna_knji%C5%BEna_
%C5%A1tevilka" title="Mednarodna standardna knjižna številka – Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a
href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-so"><a
href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB
%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E
%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8"
title=" – ژمارەی پێوانەییی نێودەوڵەتیی کتێبCentral Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb"
class="interlanguage-link-target"><کوردی/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me
%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni
broj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomer_Buku_Standar_Internasional" title="Nomer
Buku Standar Internasional – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Finnish"
lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Swedish" lang="sv"
hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pamantayang_Bilang_ng_Aklat"
title="Pandaigdigang Pamantayang Bilang ng Aklat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D
%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE
%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE
%95_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் – Tamil"
lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Telugu" lang="te"
hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a
href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introdusaun_Mikrotik" title="Introdusaun
Mikrotik – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E
0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA
%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB
%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เลขมาตรฐานสากลประจำหนั งสือ
– Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a
href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC
%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC
%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%
D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Стандарти байналмилалии рақамгузории китоб – Tajik"
lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1"
title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Ukrainian"
lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB
%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="بین االقوامی معیاری کتابی عدد
– Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><اردو/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Vietnamese" lang="vi"
hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN – Waray" lang="war"
hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD
%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号 – Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
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