EE 152 Power Systems Analysis

Module 03 Transmission Lines

Prepared by: Lorelisa Ethel Luya

University of the Philippines

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

1
Outline ● Transmission line
parameters
● Transmission line models

2
 How Transmission Lines Work (Video)

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjY31x0m3d8

3
 Overhead Transmission Lines

Images from: Saadat. Power Systems Analysis. 2011

https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/transmission-linebundled-conductors.jpg?w=800

Transmission line is at high voltage level (69kV – 500kV). In the Philippines, our voltages are
at?

Cables are usually bundled to increase effective radius, reduce power loss and interference,
reduce line reactance

How do you get the equivalent impedance of a transmission line? Since the goal is to do a
power system analysis, we need to find the equivalent R + jX for analysis.

4
Line Parameters

Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance

5
 Line Resistance
l
Rdc 
A
T  t2
R2  R1
T  t1

● Skin Effect – R at 60 Hz is about 2% larger than R at DC

● Longer actual conductor length for stranded wires
● Available from manufacturer

Image source: http://www.electricalunits.com/what-is-skin-effect/

Skin Effect – R at 60 Hz is about 2% larger than R at DC

- With AC passing through, electrons are concentrated on the surface thus
increasing resistance
Longer actual conductor length for stranded wires
Available from manufacturer

6
 Inductance of a Single Conductor (internal)
= ∅ =

2 = for x < r
l = ∅
=
l = =
= 2 8
2 1
= = 10
= 8 2
=
2

−
−
−

This slide shows the derivation of the internal inductance of a single conductor.

7
 Inductance of a Single Conductor (external)
=
2

= = =
2
1
l =
2

= 2 × 10 ln H/m

This slide shows the derivation of the external inductance of a single conductor.

Flux and flux linkage are numerically equal because flux external to the conductor links all
the current in the conductor once and only once.

8
Inductance of a Single Conductor

0 1
Lint    10 7 H/m
8 2

D2
Lext  2  10 7 ln H/m
D1

9
 Inductance of Single Phase Lines
1
= × 10 + 2 × 10 /
2

= 2 10 + ln
= + = 4 10 ln
= 2 10 ln + ln
= = = 2 10 ln ℎ
Let =
= 2 10 ln ● =  geometric mean radius (GMR)
● D = distance between the conductors

Here we assume a single phase line with two conductors. Conductor 1 has a current
direction going to the page while conductor 2’s current direction is going out of the page.
Take note that here = − .

This slide shows the derivation of the inductance per phase.

10
 Flux Linkages in a Group of Conductors

= 2 10 ln

= 2 10 ln + +⋯+ =0

Total flux linkage with conductor 1 due to currents in all the n-

conductors:
= 2 10 ln + ln + ln + ⋯+ ln

Here, we look at the self ( and ) and mutual inductance ( ) of each conductor.

We can generalize the flux linkage of any conductor in a group of conductors to be

1 1
= 2 × 10 ln + ln

11
 Flux Linkages in a Group of Conductors

= 2 10 ln + ln + ln +⋯+ ln

+ +⋯+ =0

1 1 ≠
= 2 × 10 ln + ln

Here, we look at the self ( and ) and mutual inductance ( ) of each conductor.

We can generalize the flux linkage of any conductor in a group of conductors to be

1 1
= 2 × 10 ln + ln

12
 Inductance of Three-phase Transmission Lines

Symmetrical Spacing + + =0

1 1 1
= 2 × 10 ln + ln + ln
′
= 2 × 10 ln
′

= 0.2 ln mH/km
′

Knowing the flux linkages of any conductor, we can now also compute for the inductances
of a three-phase line as shown in this slide.

13
 Inductance of Three-phase Transmission Lines

Asymmetrical Spacing
 1 1 1 
a  2 10 7  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 r' D12 D13 
 1 1 1 
b  2 10 7  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D12 r' D23 
 1 1 1
c  2 10 7  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D13 D23 r' 
Note: Let be reference. = 1∠120° ; = 1∠240°

The previous slide shows symmetrical spacing while this shows the asymmetrical spacing.

14
Inductance of Three-phase Transmission Lines

Asymmetrical Spacing
a  1 1 1 
La   2  10 7  ln  a 2 ln  a ln 
Ia  r' D12 D13 
  1 1 1 
Lb  b  2 10 7  a ln  ln  a 2 ln 
Ib  D 12 r ' D 23 

c  1 1 1
Lc   2 10 7  a 2 ln  a ln  ln 
Ic  D13 D23 r' 

Note: Let be reference. = 1∠120° ; = 1∠240°

15
 Transposed Lines

+ +
=
3

2 × 10 1 1 1 1
= 3 ln − ln − ln − ln
3 ′

= 2 × 10 ln
′

= 0.2 ln mH/km

Note: = = = ( )

Unequal flux linkages due to asymmetrical spacing causes energy exchange between
phases. It is common practice to transpose these lines to balance the flux linkage.
Transposition means each conductor physically occupies the space of the other conductor
over an equal distance as shown in the figure.

The equations in the slide shows the derivation of the inductance per phase per kilometer
of a transposed line. As you’ll notice, it still takes the same form of = 2 10 ln H/m

16
 GMR of Bundled Conductors

Dsb  4 ( Ds  d ) 2
3
Dsb  9 Ds  d  d 
b
D 
s
16
D  d  d 
s 2d 
4

Note: = =

It is also common practice to use bundled conductors for transmission lines to reduce
power loss and interference in the network. This means that instead of having one solid
conductor per phase, each phase consists of two or more conductors.

The equations here show the effective GMR of a 2-, 3- and 4-bundled conductors.

17
 Inductance of Three-phase
Double-circuit Lines GMD
L  2  10 7 ln H/m
GMRL

GMD  3 D AB DBC DCA

DAB  4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2
GMRL  3 DSA DSB DSC

DSA  4 Ds Da1a 2 

2

Now, let’s consider three-phase double circuit line. This type of connection is also
commonly used to increase power delivery over a certain distance and put on the same
tower. But because of the inevitable mutual inductance present between the different
conductors and the asymmetrical positioning, these have to be taken into account in
computing for the inductance per phase. To compute for its effective inductance, we’d
have to compute for its effective GMD and GMR as shown in the equations.

18
Quick Recap

● Single line conductor – computed for internal and external inductance

● Single phase conductor

● Group of conductors  Three-phase conductors

● Transposed three-phase conductors

● Bundled conductors

● Double Circuit lines

19
 Line Capacitance

distance from q to pt. 2

D2 D2 q q D
V12   Edx   dx  ln 2
D1 D1 2  0 x 2  0 D1
distance from q to pt. 1

−
This shows how to compute for the potential difference between two points, and
distance away, from the center of the conductor.

20
 Capacitance of Single Phase Lines
q1 D
V12 ( q1)  ln
2 0 r
q2 r
V12 ( q 2 )  ln
2 0 D
q1 D q r
V12  ln  2 ln
2 0 r 2 0 D
q D
 ln
 0 r = /
ln

Here we have conductor 1 carrying a charge of / and conductor 2

carrying a charge of / . For a single phase line =−

The equations in the slide show the computation for the potential difference between
these two conductors.
Knowing that = , we can compute for the capacitance between conductor 1 and 2 as
shown. This corresponds to the line-to-line capacitance.

21
 Capacitance: Three Phase Lines
1
( ) = ln + ln + ln
2

1
( ) = ln + ln + ln
2

1
( ) = ln + ln + ln
2
qa  qb  qc  0

If we have a transposed three-phase lines, we can compute for the voltage across two
phase (AB) for all the possible placement (I, II, III) as shown.

22
 Capacitance: Three Phase Lines
1
 
1 q ln D12 D23 D13   q ln r
3
Vab  
a b 1

2 0 r D12 D23 D13  3 
 
1  GMD r 
Vac   qa ln  qc ln 
20  r GMD 
3 qa GMD
Vab  Vac  ln  3Van
20 r
qa  qb  qc  0

If we take the average of the equations from the previous slide, we get the equation .

Similarly, we can compute for as shown.

In a balanced three-phase system:

= ∠0° − ∠ − 120°
= ∠0° − ∠ − 240°
Therefore: + =3

23
 Capacitance: Three Phase Lines

1
= ln
2

2
= F/m
qa  qb  qc  0 ln

Take note that this is the capacitance with respect to a neutral or ground reference. The
same is true whether the three-phase is symmetrical or asymmetrical.

24
 Effect of Bundling 2 0
C F/m
GMD
ln b
r

r b  4 (r  d ) 2
3
r b  9 r  d  d 


r b  16 r  d  d  2d 4

Similar to the computation of inductance for bundled conductors, we compute for the
equivalent radius for the capacitance. The difference here is that the is the actual radius
of the conductor, not = .

25
 Capacitance of Three-phase 2 0
C F/m
Double Circuit Lines GMD
ln
GMRC

=
=

=
=

The computation of GMD is the same for inductance. Again, equivalent GMR for
capacitance is different from the inductance calculations.

26
Example 3.1

A two-conductor, three-phase transmission line is arranged horizontally as shown in the

figure. The spacing between conductors of the bundle is 40 cm. The phase-to-phase
spacings are 8, 8, and 16 m, respectively. Determine the inductance and capacitance of
the line per phase per kilometer. The conductor diameter is 3 cm.

27
 = 1.5 40 = 6.8365
= 1.5 40 = 7.7460
= = 8 8 16 = 10.08

10.08
= 2 10 ln = 9.987 10 = .
0.06836

2
= = .
10.08
ln
0.077460

28
Line Models and ● Short Line

Performance ● Medium Line

● Long Line

29
 Short Line Model

● Less than 80 km long, or

● Voltage is not over 69 kV

How far is 80 km long? Draw an 80-km-radius circle centered on Balintawak S/S

For short line models, capacitance can be ignored.

The value of R and X can be obtained by multiplying the impedance per unit length by the
line length.

30
 Short Line Model

VS  1 Z  VR 
 I   0 1   I 
 S   R 

Verify these ABCD parameters using voltage and current equations.

How to verify the ABCD transmission line parameters? Using the equivalent circuit from the
previous slide, we get:
= +
=
So for the short line model we have
=1, = , =0 =1

31
Performance Parameters

VR ( NL )  VR ( FL )
VR  100
VR ( FL )

PR (3 )

PS (3 )

32
 Medium Length Line Model

Length between 80 km and 250 km

Do you think we have a transmission line in the Philippines that is between 80 to 250 km long?

For medium length lines, half of shunt capacitance may be lumped at each of the line. This
is referred to as a model.

33
 Medium Length Line Model
ZY
A  D  1
2
BZ
 ZY 
C  Y 1  
 4 
Verify these ABCD parameters using voltage and current equations.

Using the pi-model circuit, you can derive the relationship between the sending-end and
receiving-end voltage and currents.
= +
2
= +
= + +

= +
2
= + + +

34
Long Line Model

Lines longer than 250 km

What do you think is the basis for this 250 km threshold?

Calculate the wavelength (in km) of a 60 Hz AC signal. How does it compare with 250 km?

35
 Long Line Model

V ( x  x)  V ( x)  zxI ( x)
d 2V ( x)
dV ( x)  zyV ( x)
 zI ( x) dx 2
dx
d 2V ( x)
I ( x  x)  I ( x)  yxV ( x  x) 2
  2V ( x)  0
dx
dI ( x)
 yV ( x) V ( x)  A1ex  A2e x
dx

How to compute for the ABCD transmission line parameters?

Read Chapter 6.6 of Electrical Power Systems by Murty OR Chapter 5.4 of Power Systems
Analysis by Saadat for detailed derivation.

36
 Long Line Model
Propagation constant

    j  zy  (r  jL)( g  jC )

Characteristic Impedance

z
Zc 
y

How to compute for the ABCD transmission line parameters?

Read Chapter 6.6 of Electrical Power Systems by Murty OR Chapter 5.4 of Power Systems
Analysis by Saadat for detailed derivation.

37
 Long Line Model
V ( x)  A1ex  A2 e x
1
I ( x) 
ZC

A1ex  A2 e x 
boundary conditions: V (0)  VR ; I (0)  I R
VR  Z C I R
A1 
2
Verify these values of A1 and A2 using the boundary conditions
V  ZC I R (two equations to calculate two unknowns)
A2  R
2

How to compute for the ABCD transmission line parameters?

Read Chapter 6.6 of Electrical Power Systems by Murty OR Chapter 5.4 of Power Systems
Analysis by Saadat for detailed derivation.

38
Long Line Model
= = cosh

VS  cosh lVR  Z C sinh lI R = sinh

1
IS  sinh lVR  cosh lI R
ZC = sinh

39
 Long Line Model

Can you work out this equivalent circuit model from the previous equation in the same manner
as we did for the medium length line?

Looking at the ABCD parameters of the medium and long line model, we see that for both
instances A=D and − = 1. Because of this, we can represent the long line model
into an equivalent model as shown in this slide.

40
Voltage and Current Waves
V ( x)  A1ex e jx  A2e x e  jx
v(t , x)  2 A1ex cos(t  x)  2 A2e x cos(t  x)

Wave parameters for lossless line

1 1
= = = =

41
 Long Line Model

Lossless line:

V = +
1 =
cosh
= jω
= cosh = cos
I = + ℎ = h = j sin

What is VS and IS in terms of VR and IR?

What is VS and IS in terms of VR and IR when receiving end is short-circuited?
What is VR in terms of VS during no-load?

For lossless lines, the value of Vs and Is at the sending end ( = ) becomes:
= cos( ) + sin
1
= sin( ) + cos( )

For a short-circuited receiving end, = 0. Thus:

= sin
= cos( )
At no-load, = 0. We get ( ) =

42
 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)

● Measure of transmission line capacity

150 MW for 230 kV lines
○

○ 2000 MW for 765 kV lines

SIL 
kV LL , rated 2

MW =
ZC
V = + = Ð
I = + = Ð
Notice that both V(x) and I(x) are constants and does not change along the length of the line.

Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a lossless line = =

SIL is the load that can be delivered by a lossless line at rated voltage. It contributes no net
reactive power flow to the system.

43
 Line Compensation

Fig. 5.11 (Saadat 2010)) l = 5,000 km

For long transmission lines, there are different voltage profiles across the line depending on
the type of load. From the figure, we see that having SIL shows a flat line. Light loads (lower
than SIL) increases the receiving end voltage while heavy loads (e.g. rated load) increases
the voltage drop at the end.

44
Power Transmission Capability

Fig. 5.12 (Saadat 2010))

Along the line length axis, you can identify the medium length line boundaries. Determine the
lodability (in PU of SIL) for short, medium-length, and long lines.

45
Line Compensation
● Shunt Capacitors
○ Heavy loads with lagging power factor
● Series Capacitors
○ Reduce series reactance
○ Reactive power compensation varies with the load
○ Can double the capacity of EHV lines
○ Needs protection against short circuit
○ May result to resonant frequency below synchronous frequency
● Shunt Reactors
○ For compensating undesirable voltage effects associated with line capacitance

46
Example 3.2

A 220kV, 60Hz, three phase transmission line is 40km long. The resistance per phase is
0.15 Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH/km. The shunt capacitance is
negligible. Find the voltage and power at the sending end, and the voltage regulation
and efficiency when the line is supplying a three phase load of 381 MVA at 0.8 power
factor lagging at 220kV.

47
Series impedance = 0.15 + 2 60 0.0013263 40 = 6 + 20 Ω
220∠0°
= = 127∠0°
3
, = 381∠ cos 0.8 = 304.8 + 228.6
304.8 − 228.6
= = 1000∠ − 36.87°
3 127∠0°
For the sending end:
= + = 127∠0° + 6 + 20 1000∠ − 36.87° = . ∠ . °
| , | = 3| | = 250
∗
, =3 = 3 144.33 10 ∠4.93° 1000∠ − 36.87° = . + .

Voltage regulation: = 100% = . %

.
Transmission efficiency: = 100 = . %
.

48