Cause & Effect Matrix

Programming Language Editor

(CEMPLE)
Version 3

User’s Guide

Triconex Corporation
An Invensys Company
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Companies,
names and data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted. No
part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written
permission of Triconex Corporation.

©1998, 1999 Triconex Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Cause & Effect Matrix Programming Language Editor (CEMPLE), TriStation

1131 and Trident are trademarks of Triconex Corporation in the USA and other
countries.
Microsoft, Windows and NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Triconex is a registered trademark of Triconex Corporation in the USA and other
countries.
All other brands or product names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective owners.

Document No. 9720075-001

Printed in the United States of America.
 CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 5

About This Manual ......................................................................................... 5
Overview of CEM and CEMPLE ..................................................................... 6
Traditional CEM Methodology .................................................................... 6
Automated CEM Called CEMPLE .............................................................. 6
CEMPLE Functionality ........................................................................ 7
CEMPLE Features .............................................................................. 7
CEMPLE Training ...................................................................................... 8
Summary of Chapters ................................................................................ 8
Related Documents ................................................................................... 9
User Experience Requirements .................................................................... 9
Installing the CEMPLE Add-on ...................................................................... 9
Document Conventions ............................................................................... 10
How to Contact Triconex ............................................................................. 11
Regional Customer Centers ..................................................................... 11
Corporate Headquarters .......................................................................... 12
Sales Department .............................................................................. 12
Technical Support ........................................................................................ 13
Telephone ................................................................................................ 13
After-Hours Support .......................................................................... 13
Fax ........................................................................................................... 14
Triconex Web Site .................................................................................... 14

Chapter 2 Functional Description .............................................................. 15

Main Components ........................................................................................ 16
Matrix ....................................................................................................... 16
FBD Network ............................................................................................ 17
Internal Variables .............................................................................. 18
Variable Detail Table ................................................................................ 19
Limits of CEM Programs .............................................................................. 20
Evaluation of CEM Programs ...................................................................... 21
Types of Matrix Evaluation ....................................................................... 21
Order of Evaluation .................................................................................. 22

CEMPLE User’s Guide

ii

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools ........................................ 23

CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar .......................................................................... 24
Pop-up Menu for FBD Detail ................................................................... 24
Main Menu Commands ........................................................................... 25
Access Keys ..................................................................................... 25
Table of CEMPLE Tools .......................................................................... 27
Selecting Logic Sheet Templates ............................................................ 32
Recommended Sheet Template Sizes ............................................. 32
Editing a Matrix ............................................................................................ 33
Cause Headers & Rows .......................................................................... 34
Intersections ............................................................................................ 34
Effect Headers & Columns ...................................................................... 34
Defining Variable Names ......................................................................... 35
Editing Gestures ...................................................................................... 36
Selecting Cells in a Matrix ................................................................. 36
Selecting Multiple Cells .............................................................. 37
Editing Cells ...................................................................................... 37
Sizing, Hiding & Unhiding Cells ........................................................ 37
Dragging and Double-clicking Cell Boundaries .......................... 38
Editing the Variable Detail Table ................................................................ 40
Editing Gestures ...................................................................................... 40
Limitations ......................................................................................... 40
Assigning Variables to Unconnected Terminals ...................................... 41
Changing the Names of Existing Variables ............................................. 41
Sharing Cause States & Effect States ..................................................... 42
Editing the FBD Network ............................................................................ 43
Limitations ............................................................................................... 44
Setting Defaults for All CEM Programs ..................................................... 45
Default Matrix Functions .......................................................................... 45
Default Monitor Colors ............................................................................. 45

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs ....................................................... 47

Setting CEM Default Options ...................................................................... 48
Creating a Function ..................................................................................... 49
Creating a Function Block .......................................................................... 50
Creating a Simple Matrix ............................................................................. 51
Steps to Follow ........................................................................................ 52
Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions .......................................... 55
Steps to Follow ........................................................................................ 56
Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions ...................................... 59
Steps to Follow ........................................................................................ 60

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 iii

Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions ........................................ 63

Steps to Follow ........................................................................................ 64
Monitoring an Instance View ....................................................................... 66
Monitor Colors .......................................................................................... 67

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features ..................... 69

Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks .......................................... 70
Design Guidelines .................................................................................... 70
Cause Header Functions and Function Blocks ................................. 70
Intersection Functions and Function Blocks ...................................... 72
Effect Header Functions and Function Blocks ................................... 74
Attribute Assignments ....................................................................... 76
Number of Inputs ........................................................................ 77
Number of Outputs ...................................................................... 77
Sharing Cause States & Effect States ........................................................ 78
Sharing a Cause Header State ................................................................ 78
Sharing an Effect Header State ............................................................... 79
Using the View Manager .............................................................................. 81
Management of Newly Added Cells ......................................................... 82
Viewing Intermediate FBD & ST Code ........................................................ 82
Printing Variable Location Lists ................................................................. 83

Appendix A CEM-Specific Error Messages .................................................. 85

Glossary ................................................................................................................. 91

Index ....................................................................................................................... 95

CEMPLE User’s Guide

iv

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This chapter introduces the Cause & Effect Matrix Programming Language Editor
(CEMPLE), an optional editor in the TriStation 1131 Developer’s Workbench for
developing safety shutdown applications.The following topics are covered:
“About This Manual” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
“Overview of CEM and CEMPLE” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
“User Experience Requirements” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
“Installing the CEMPLE Add-on” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
“Document Conventions” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
“How to Contact Triconex” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

About This Manual

This manual is a Triconex user’s guide which provides the following types of
information about the use of CEMPLE:
• Overview of CEMPLE features
• Description of editing tools
• Instructions for developing CEM programs
• Instructions for using advanced techniques and accessory features
• Glossary definitions of CEMPLE terms

CEMPLE User’s Guide

6 Overview of CEM and CEMPLE

Overview of CEM and CEMPLE

This section provides background information about traditional CEM methodolo-
gy and introduces the Triconex automated implementation of this methodology,
called CEMPLE.

Traditional CEM Methodology

Cause and Effect Matrix (CEM) is a methodology that is commonly used
throughout the process control industry to define Emergency Shutdown (ESD)
strategies. For decades, process control engineers worldwide have been planning
ESD strategies with hand-drawn CEMs on graph paper or non-interactive
spreadsheet programs. CEMs are frequently used for applications like fire and gas
systems for which the programming logic is simple, but the volume of inputs and
outputs that need to be controlled is high. In its simplicity, CEM is readily
understood by a broad range of plant personnel from process control engineers to
maintenance operators.
The CEM methodology allows you to easily associate a problem in a process with
one or more actions that must be taken to correct the problem. The problem is
known as a cause and the action is known as an effect. In a typical CEM, a cause is
represented by a row in the matrix and an effect is represented by a column. An X
in the intersection of a cause row and an effect column establishes a relationship
between the cause and the effect, as shown below:

A Typical CEM

Automated CEM Called CEMPLE

The traditional CEM method is time-consuming and subject to errors caused by
misinterpretation of the CEM or inaccurate coding. Consequently, in the early
1990’s, the world’s major petrochemical producers and supporting industries led
the demand for an automated CEM, and the Triconex International User’s Group
answered the call. At that time, the R & D group at Triconex Headquarters in

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Overview of CEM and CEMPLE 7

Irvine, California was in the process of developing the leading-edge TriStation

1131 Developer’s Workbench which initially offered three standard programming
language editors. With the second major release of TriStation, Triconex automated
the CEM methodology by adding the easy-to-use Cause & Effect Matrix
Programming Language Editor (CEMPLE) to the existing suite of language
editors.

CEMPLE Functionality
CEMPLE provides a matrix with two dimensions which are specifically intended
for the development of safety shutdown applications:
• Each Cause Row (horizontal dimension) maps a cause to one or more
effects.
• Each Effect Column (vertical dimension) maps an effect from one or more
causes.
In a CEM, causes are typically represented by BOOL program input variables and
effects are represented by BOOL program output variables. Once a CEM is
defined, it automatically generates an FBD program which implements the ESD
strategy.

CEMPLE Features
The main features offered by CEMPLE are:
• Invocation of functions and function blocks for evaluation of cause and
effect data
• Choice of energize-to-trip (OR’d intersections) or de-energize-to-trip
(AND’d intersections) matrix evaluation
• Support for up to 99 Cause Rows, 99 Effect Columns, and a maximum of
1000 active intersections in CEM
• Multiple levels of undo and redo selectable from an edit transaction list,
limited only by the size of your hard disk
• Use of Function Block Diagram (FBD) as the intermediate language
• Use of CEM program instances in conjunction with FBD and LD program
instances
• Instance view monitoring with active causes, intersections and effects
displayed in your choice of colors
• Named views for specific sets of causes and effects

Chapter 1 Introduction
8 Overview of CEM and CEMPLE

CEMPLE Training
In addition to the how-to and reference material provided by this manual, Triconex
offers training classes internationally to speed the transition from manual and non-
interactive matrixes to state-of-the-art CEM programming with CEMPLE. For
information about training, please contact the Customer Satisfaction Group at
Triconex Headquarters in Irvine California. See “Technical Support” on page 13
for phone numbers.

Summary of Chapters
This manual is organized into the following chapters:
• Chapter 1, “Introduction” — Provides background information about CEM
methodology; briefly defines the CEMPLE product; lists requirements for
user experience; gives instructions for installing CEMPLE; and tells how to
contact Triconex.
• Chapter 2, “Functional Description” — Describes the main components of
CEMPLE; states the limits of CEM programs; and explains how they are
evaluated.
• Chapter 3, “CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools” — Describes the basic
options, tools and techniques that CEMPLE provides for editing of CEMs.
• Chapter 4, “Developing CEM Programs” — Explains how to set CEM
default options and create CEM functions and function blocks; provides
step-by-step instructions for creating four types of matrixes; and shows how
to monitor the execution of a matrix.
• Chapter 5, “Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features” — Provides
information you need to define your own functions and function blocks;
explains how to share the values of Cause State and Effect State variables
elsewhere in your logic; and provides tips on using the View Manager,
viewing intermediate code and printing cross-reference listings.
• Appendix A, “CEM-Specific Error Messages” — Lists CEM-specific error
messages with causes and solutions.
• “Glossary” — Gives brief definitions of CEM-specific terms used in the
manual.
• Index

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 User Experience Requirements 9

Related Documents
The following Triconex manuals contain information that is relevant to using
CEMPLE:
• Developer’s Guide for Trident Systems
• Trident Planning & Installation Guide
• Triconex Libraries

User Experience Requirements

To effectively use CEMPLE, you should already know how to use the TriStation
1131 Developer’s Workbench and be familiar with Microsoft Windows NT 4.0.

Installing the CEMPLE Add-on

CEMPLE (model 7223) is an add-on product for the TriStation 1131 Developer’s
Workbench (model 7223). The setup program on the CEMPLE CD installs all of
the necessary components for using CEMPLE with TriStation. See the Getting
Started manual for installation instructions. Please contact Triconex for more
information about the available CEMPLE add-on and TriStation products.

Chapter 1 Introduction
10 Document Conventions

Document Conventions
This manual uses the following conventions:

Example of convention Description

Select Trident as the target Bold type indicates buttons, menu commands,
platform. names of dialog boxes, windows, tabs, functions
and function blocks, miscellaneous GUI elements;
Type UpDown1 and press enter.
and text that must be entered exactly as shown.
Click OK.
Select the desired Project Name Words in italics indicate placeholders for
from the Project Directory. information you must supply, such as a filename.
Italic type is also used occasionally for emphasis
within text.
SIN(A) * COS(B) Examples of Structured Text language appear in
the Courier fixed-pitch font.
CTRL+ ENTER Keyboard keys are in small caps. When a plus sign
(+) appears between two key names, press both
keys at the same time.
Cause & Effect Matrix If a term has an acronym, the term is spelled out
Programming Language Editor only the first time it occurs within a chapter, with
(CEMPLE) its acronym shown in parenthesis. Thereafter, only
the acronym is used in that chapter.

Note Instructions or Notes contain supplementary information.

selections can be undone at
any step.

! CAUTION Cautions contain information about potential data

Sample use of caution format. loss

! WARNING Warnings contain information about potential

Sample use of this format. damage to equipment or harm to personnel.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 How to Contact Triconex 11

How to Contact Triconex

You can obtain sales information and technical support for TriStation from any
regional customer center or from corporate headquarters.

Regional Customer Centers

Americas Customer Center European/African Customer Center
4916 FM 1765 (France)
La Marque, Texas 77568 10, Avenue du Centaure
United States of America BP 8409 Cergy
Tel: +1-409-935-3555 95806 Cergy Pontoise Cedex
Fax: +1-409-935-3881 France
Tel: +33-1-34-43-26-26
Fax: +33-1-34-43-26-27
Middle East Customer Center (UAE) European/African Customer Center
Rashid Al Majid Building (UK)
Airport Road Windsor House
P.O. Box 62051 Millbrook Way
Dubai, United Arab Emirates Colnbrook, Slough
Tel: +971-4-869-555 Berkshire SL3 OHN
Fax: +971-4-869-955 United Kingdom
Tel: +44-1753-684680
Fax: +44-1753-686061
Middle East Sales & Service (Saudi) Asia-Pacific Customer Center
Saudi National 750E Chai Chee Road #07-01/02
P.O. Box 1557 Chai Chee Industrial Park
Corner of Prince Mohammed Singapore 469005
and 2nd Street Tel: +65-738-5488
Al Khobar 31952 Fax: +65-738-5188
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Tel: +966-3-894-0087
Fax: +966-3-895-0050
Triconex Moscow Customer Center
Ryazanskyi Avenue, 8A
Office 310
Moscow, Russia 109 428
Tel: +70.95.2320568
Fax: +70.95.2320567

Chapter 1 Introduction
12 How to Contact Triconex

Corporate Headquarters
Triconex Corporation
15091 Bake Parkway
Irvine, CA 92618
USA
Phones: 800-325-2128
949-699-2100

Sales Department
Sales hours at Corporate Headquarters are 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Pacific Standard
Time (PST).
Phone: 949-699-2184
Fax: 949-768-6601

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Technical Support 13

Technical Support
You can obtain technical support from any regional office, as well as corporate
headquarters, by telephone or fax. You can also find technical support information
on the Triconex Internet web site (http://www.triconex.com).
Before requesting technical support, please attempt to solve any problems by
referring to this manual, related manuals, or the online Help system. Always
contact your regional office first.

Telephone
You can reach Technical Support at Corporate Headquarters by phone between
8:00 AM and 5:00 PM PST, Monday through Friday.
Phones: 800-325-2128
949-699-2100
When you call, you should be at your computer and have your documentation with
you. Be prepared to provide the following information:
• Product version number (found by selecting About TriStation 1131 on the
Help menu)
• Exact wording of any messages that appear on the screen
• What you were doing when the problem occurred
• How you tried to solve the problem

After-Hours Support
After-hours product support is available outside of the normal business hours by
calling Corporate Headquarters at 800-325-2128. The voice-mail system will
prompt you to leave a detailed message, including:
• Your name and company name
• Your location (for example, city, state, country)
• Your phone number (including area code and country code, if applicable)
• The time you called
If you select the emergency option, the on-call Technical Support Manager will be
contacted automatically and will return your call as soon as possible.

Chapter 1 Introduction
14 Technical Support

After-hours technical support is billed at the rate identified in the current Customer
Satisfaction Price List.

Fax
Fax questions or comments to the Technical Support Manager.
Fax: 949-768-6601
Please provide the following information in your fax when describing a system
problem:
• Product version number (found by selecting About TriStation 1131 on the
Help menu)
• Exact wording of any messages that appear on the screen
• What you were doing when the problem occurred
• How you tried to solve the problem

Triconex Web Site

Read and download the latest information on Triconex, Triconex products, and
TriStation at:
http://www.triconex.com

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CHAPTER 2

Functional Description

This chapter provides basic information about CEM functionality, covering the
following topics:
“Main Components” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
“Limits of CEM Programs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
“Evaluation of CEM Programs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CEMPLE User’s Guide

16 Main Components

Main Components
The CEM editor window is divided into three panes, as shown in the illustration
below:
• Matrix
• Variable Detail Table
• FBD Network

Matrix

FBD Network

Variable Detail Table

Matrix
CEMPLE provides a matrix with two dimensions which are specifically intended
for the development of safety shutdown applications:
• Each Cause Row (horizontal dimension) maps a cause to one or more
effects.
• Each Effect Column (vertical dimension) maps an effect from one or more
causes.
In a CEM program, causes are typically represented by BOOL program input
variables and effects are represented by BOOL program output variables. In the

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Main Components 17

example shown above, LEVEL_1_HI is a BOOL program input (VAR_IN) and

UNIT_1_ALARM is a BOOL program output (VAR_OUT).

FBD Network
For each Cause, active (non-empty) Intersection, and Effect in the matrix,
CEMPLE generates an FBD network. When you select a Cause, Intersection or
Effect, the FBD Network pane displays the applicable FBD network. In the
example below, the intersection of Cause Row 1 and Effect Column 1 is selected.
It invokes the TON function block, so the FBD Network displays the TON function
block and the variables that are connected to it.

Note It is possible to select multiple rows, intersections or columns of a matrix,

but when you do, the FBD Network pane stops updating its display.

Intersection

FBD Network

In the FBD Network, you can double-click variable names to bring up the
Properties dialog box, where you can change the Var Type and Data Type of
user-declared variables. See the next section called “Internal Variables” on page 18
for a description of the other variables that CEMPLE automatically declares.

Chapter 2 Functional Description

18 Main Components

Internal Variables
See page 34 for Each FBD network operates by means of internal BOOL variables which are
related definitions. automatically declared by CEMPLE. There are three kinds of internal variables, all
of which begin with underscore characters (as shown in the example below):

Cause Variable Transfers the Cause State (TRUE or FALSE) evaluated by a

Cause Header to a row of intersection cells. A sample Cause
Variable name is _C01B.
Intersection Saves the state (TRUE or FALSE) calculated in an
Variable Intersection Cell. The states of all the intersections in a
column are OR’d or AND’d together to determine the state of
the effect. A sample Intersection Variable name is called
_C01E01B.
Effect Variable Transfers the Effect State (TRUE or FALSE) to the Effect
Header. A sample Effect Variable name is _E01B.

To view these In the illustration that follows, network views for the first Cause Header,
networks online, Intersection and Effect Header in a basic CEM show how the internal variables
see the TdCEM operate. CEMPLE automatically moves the result of the Cause Header evaluation
project installed to the Cause Variables (_C01B and _C02B), processed by the MOVE function, and
with TriStation. saved in the Intersection Variables (_C01E01B and _C02E01B). Then both of the
Intersection Variables in the column are OR’d together to generate the Effect State
which is automatically transmitted by the internal Effect Variable (_E01B) to the
Effect Header.

Cause Variable

Intersection Variable 1

Visible in FBD inter-

mediate code only

Intersection Variable 2 Effect Variable

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Main Components 19

Since internal variables begin with underscores, you cannot directly access them
elsewhere in the CEM or pass their values to other program instances. However, if
you do want to access the value of an internal variable elsewhere, you can specify
a new variable into which CEMPLE will copy the internal variable’s value. For
instructions, see “Sharing Cause States & Effect States” on page 78.

Variable Detail Table

The Variable Detail Table lists the inputs and outputs of the FBD network that is
generated by the selected part of the matrix. In the example below, Cause Header
01 is selected, and it invokes the user-defined LVLALRM function block, so the
Variable Detail Table displays LVLALRM and the variables that are connected to
it.

Variable Detail Table

White cells in the Variable Detail Table are modifiable, but gray cells are not. As
shown in the illustration above, the Variable Detail Table contains the following
fields:

Chapter 2 Functional Description

20 Limits of CEM Programs

Loc Gives the coordinates for the location of an element in terms of

cause row and/or effect column. For example, the name C01 in
the Loc column identifies Cause Row 1 (shown above), whereas
the name C02E02 would identify the intersection of Cause Row
2 and Effect Column 2.
Terminal Lists the names of the input and/or output terminals for the
function or function block invoked by the selected cause header,
effect header, or intersection header.

Note Extensible functions do not have terminal names.

Var/Const Shows the names of the variables connected to the terminals of

the selected function/function block. Only variables named by
the user are shown, whereas the internal variables declared by
CEMPLE are hidden.
VarType Tells whether the connected variable is a VAR, VAR_IN or
VAR_OUT.

Note VAR_IN_OUT variables are not permitted in CEM

programs, function blocks that are invoked by CEM programs, or
any safety program or function block.

DataType Shows the data type of the connected variable.

Monitor This field is visible only in an instance view. A box that must be
checkmarked if you want to monitor the value of the variable in
an instance view.
Value This field is visible only in an instance view. The value of a
variable during Trident execution or emulation.
Description User-defined text that describes an individual variable.

Limits of CEM Programs

A CEM program can support a maximum of:
• 99 Cause Rows
• 99 Effect Columns
• 1000 active (non-empty) Intersections

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Evaluation of CEM Programs 21

Evaluation of CEM Programs

Two aspects of CEM evaluation deserve mention here: types of evaluation and
order of evaluation.

Types of Matrix Evaluation

Traditionally, CEMs have been evaluated with OR’d or AND’d intersections
depending on the type of application:
A trip is a safety- • An energize-to-trip application, which uses OR’d intersections, must
related shutdown of energize (apply power to) a specific device in order to cause a trip.
a controlled
process. • A de-energize-to-trip application, which uses AND’d intersections, must
de-energize (remove power from) a specific device in order to cause a trip.
CEMPLE allows you to select OR’d or AND’d intersections at any time during
CEM program development, using the Element Options dialog box on the
Element menu:

Your matrix evaluation choice applies to all intersections in an individual CEM

program. However, the various CEM programs within a single TriStation project
may use differing types of matrix evaluation if desired.

Chapter 2 Functional Description

22 Evaluation of CEM Programs

Order of Evaluation
The parts of a CEM program are evaluated in this order (shown below):
1 Cause Headers are evaluated from top to bottom.
2 Effect Columns are evaluated from left to right in this manner:
• Each intersection is evaluated from bottom to top.
• The states of the evaluated intersections are OR’d or AND’d together to
determine the Effect State.
• The Effect Header is evaluated.

Note To understand how a particular CEM program is evaluated, it may help to

view the intermediate FBD code. To do this, build the CEM program and then
select Intermediate FBD Code from the Element menu.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CHAPTER 3

CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

This chapter describes the tools and techniques that CEMPLE provides for
developing and editing CEM programs. The following topics are covered:
“CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
“Editing a Matrix” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
“Editing the Variable Detail Table” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
“Editing the FBD Network” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
“Setting Defaults for All CEM Programs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

CEMPLE User’s Guide

24 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

To help you edit CEM programs, TriStation provides commands that you can
select from a pop-up menu, main menu and toolbar.

Pop-up Menu for FBD Detail

Press the right mouse button while the cursor is in the FBD Network window to
displays a pop-up menu (shown below), either for a selected element or when no
particular element is selected. A description of the pop-up commands follows.

Pop-up Menu for

FBD Network
Window

Pop-up Commands
Properties for Brings ups the Properties dialog box for the selected
<element> element, which can be a function, function block or variable.
Edit/View Source Displays the source code for the selected element. For user-
created functions and function blocks only, the source code
may be edited.
Toggle Terminal Toggles the inversion state of an input or output terminal on
Inverter the selected function or function block. When the terminal is
inverted, a small circle appears at the terminal connection.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar 25

Main Menu Commands

The CEMPLE main menu appears above the toolbars, as shown below. The
diagram on the following page shows the commands that are accessible from the
main menu. The tables that follow the diagram describe these commands and show
their corresponding toolbar buttons. (Menus and commands which are common to
all TriStation views are described in the Developer’s Guide for Trident Systems and
the Help system.)

CEMPLE Main
Menu and Toolbar

Note For each toolbar button, a ToolTip description is displayed if you rest the
cursor on the button.

Access Keys
In the CEMPLE main menu, underlined characters are access keys to be used in the
typical manner of Windows applications.
• For a menu item, use ALT + <underlined character> to open the menu.
• For a command within a menu, type the <underlined character> of the
desired command.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

26 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

CEMPLE Menus & Commands

(grayed-out commands are common to all TriStation views)

File Edit TRIDENT Project Element

New Project... Undo Edit Configuration Directory... Save

Open Project... Redo Build Configuration Description... Description...
Save Project... Edit Session Journal Rebuild Configuration Security... Comment Macros...
Save As... Cut Compile All Project Elements History... Declarations...
Close Project... Copy Emulator Control Panel Project Options... CEM Features
Backup Project Shift+Ctrl+B Paste Trident Control Panel TriStation 1131 Options... Build
Restore Project Find/Replace... Trident Diagnostic Panel Intermediate FBD Code
1 <previously opened project> Insert Rows View Download History... Intermediate ST Code
2 <previously opened project> Insert Columns Change State to Download All Element Options...
Print... Delete Rows Matrix Functions
Print Preview... Delete Columns OR/AND Evaluation
Print Reports... CEM Editor
CEM Monitor Enable Color Monitoring
Print Setup... Default Options
Colors
Exit

View Tools Sheets Window Help

View Manager Update Selected Function Cells Title Block... Cascade TriStation 1131 Help
Zoom Automatic Naming... Sheet Template... Tile Horizontal Tip of the Day
Show All Rows/Columns Annotate Instance... Tile Vertical Keyboard Shortcuts
Size/Hide Close All Sample Projects
Size/Hide Selected Columns... Arrange Icons Technical Support
Size/Hide Selected Rows... Show Properties Sheet About TriStation 1131...
Size/Hide Comment Column... Show Message Bar TriStation 1131 Logo...
Show Selective (Vertical Message Bar)
Show Effects for Selected Causes (Horizontal Message Bar)
Show Causes for Selected Effects Hide Message Bar
Hide Selective 1 PROGRAM: <program name>
Hide Effects not for Selected Causes
Hide Causes not for Selected Effects

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar 27

Table of CEMPLE Tools

The table that follows describes the main menu commands which are specific to
CEMPLE and the tools in the CEMPLE toolbar which correspond to these
commands.
Edit Menu
Command Description
Undo Reverses the last edit to the current CEM. You can
use the Undo command multiple times, limited only
by the space available on your hard disk. However,
Undo does not apply immediately after a save.
Redo Reverses the last Undo command. You must select
Redo before doing any other editing. You can use
Redo only once, unless you have selected an earlier
state from the Edit Session Journal.
Edit Session Journal Allows you to recover and display any previous state
during the current edit session (since the last save).
Edit Session Journal displays your edits in a num-
bered sequence, listing the most recent one first. Edit
00001 is always the Last Saved State.
Cut Cuts (deletes) a selected cell or group of contiguous
cells from the current sheet and places them on the
clipboard, erasing the previous contents.
Copy Copies a selected cell or group of contiguous cells
from the current sheet and places them on the
clipboard, erasing the previous contents.
Paste Pastes the current contents of the clipboard into the
selected cell or group of contiguous cells.

Note To create new cells for a paste, you must use

the Insert Rows or Insert Columns command first.
CEMPLE does not automatically create blank cells
when you decide to use the Paste command.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

28 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

Edit Menu
Command Description
Find/Replace Finds and/or replaces any characters in variable
names when you select the Act On...Names option.
Finds and/or replaces any characters in Comments or
Descriptions when you select the Act On...Com-
ments option.
Supplies the Find, Find Next, Replace and Replace
All functions.
Insert Rows Adds a specified number of rows, before or after the
row that you indicate. The Make visible on all
managed views option lets you show or hide the
newly added rows in existing views that you have
defined with the View Manager dialog box.
Insert Columns Adds a specified number of columns, before or after
the column that you indicate. The Make visible on
all managed views option lets you show or hide the
newly added columns in existing views that you have
defined with the View Manager dialog box.
Delete Rows Deletes a specified number of rows, before or after
the row that you indicate.

Delete Columns Deletes a specified number of columns, before or

after the column that you indicate.

Element Menu
Command Description
Save <element> Saves the current CEM program, but not the entire
TriStation project.
Description... Gives identifying information about the TriStation
project creator, creation date, etc. and allows you to
select read/write status and enter descriptive text.
Comment Macros... Allows you to select macros for use in comments that
you may want to include in your logic.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar 29

Element Menu
Command Description
Declarations... Lists all of the variables in your matrix and allows
you to manipulate them in various ways. Also lets
you declare variables before placing them on the
logic sheet, and lets you select the Safety or Control
application type for the matrix.
Build <element> Updates and compiles the current CEM program
without linking it to the project configuration.
Intermediate FBD Displays source code that is generated in the
Code Function Block Diagram (FBD) language when the
current CEM program is compiled.
Intermediate ST Displays source code that is generated in the
Code Structured Text language when the current CEM
program is compiled.
Element Options For the current CEM program, this command allows
you to:
• Enable Cause Header, Effect Header and
Intersection functions
• Select the Energize-to-Trip or De-energize-to-
Trip option for matrix evaluation
• Enable color monitoring for instance views

Note To select custom colors for monitoring of

instance views, use the dropdown lists on the Monitor
Colors tab of the Project Options dialog box.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

30 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

View Menu
Command Description
View Manager Saves the current view of the matrix layout for later
loading. Each view includes the widths of columns
and the heights of rows. For more information, see
“Using the View Manager” on page 81.
Zoom Allows you to select the zoom view of your matrix
from preset and custom views.

Show All Rows/ Shows all rows and columns that were previously
Columns hidden.
Size/Hide Selected Adjusts the size of columns in your current matrix to:
Columns
• A number you specify
• The content of elements in the matrix
• The default size
Can also hide and unhide the columns you specify.
Size/Hide Selected Adjusts the size of rows in your current matrix to:
Rows
• A number you specify
• The default size
Can also hide and unhide the rows you specify.
Size/Hide Comment Adjusts the size of the Comment column in your
Column current matrix to:
• A number you specify
• The default size
Can also hide and unhide the Comment column.
Show Selective The Show Effects for Selected Causes option
displays the effects of all selected causes.
The Show Causes for Selected Effects option
displays the causes of all selected effects.
Hide Selective The Hide Effects not for Selected Causes option
hides any effects that are not associated with the
causes you have selected.
The Hide Causes not for Selected Effects option
hides any causes that are not associated with the
effects you have selected.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar 31

Tools Menu
Command Description
Update Selected Updates selected out-of-date elements which are
Function Cells marked with a red X in the active window.
Automatic Naming... Lets you give similar variable names to multiple
causes or effects in a CEM program. For example,
you could name multiple gas detector inputs
GASDTCT1, GASDTCT2, GASDTCT3, etc. Use
Automatic Naming to assign new variable names to
blank cause or effect cells, or to rename existing
variables.
Annotate Instance... Allows you to select an instance of a CEM program
for viewing of annotations, including the values of
variables during execution either in the Emulator or
the Trident.

Sheets Menu
Command Description
Title Block... Allows you to enter complete, printable information
in the title block of the current CEM, including
Workbench/Project Information and Element
Information.
Sheet Template... Selects a sheet template for the current CEM from a
list of available templates.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

32 CEMPLE Menus & Toolbar

Selecting Logic Sheet Templates

For CEM programs, logic sheets are selected only for the sake of printing. When
you start a new CEM program in the Project Directory, TriStation automatically
provides a default logic sheet (Sheet Template B). If desired, you can select a
different kind of logic sheet using the Sheet Template command on the Sheets
menu. Select from the following standard-size drafting sheets:
Sheet A 8.5" x 11"
Sheet A, Portrait 8.5" x 11"
Sheet B (the default) 11" x 17"
Sheet B, Portrait 11" x 17"
Sheet C 17" x 22"
Sheet C, Portrait 17" x 22"
Sheet D 22" x 34"
Sheet D, Portrait 22" x 34"

After selecting a sheet template, use the Build command in the Element menu to
apply it to the matrix.

Note The only printable portion of a CEM is the matrix itself, but each printout
includes a second sheet which provides a variable location list (described on
page 83). If a matrix does not fit on a single sheet, multiple sheets are printed.

Recommended Sheet Template Sizes

For optimal printed images of CEM programs, Triconex recommends using the
sheet templates and printer setups shown below:

Printer Setup
Sheet Template Paper Size Orientation
Small Matrix Sheet A 8.5” x 11” Landscape
- 15-20 rows
- 10-15 columns
Medium Matrix Sheet B 11” x 17” Landscape
- 20-60 rows
- 15-60 columns

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing a Matrix 33

Editing a Matrix
This section explains how to edit the basic elements of a CEM matrix:
• Cause Headers
• Cause Rows
• Intersections
• Effect Headers
• Effect Columns
The section also explains how to define variable names and use editing gestures.

Effect
Column

Effect Header

Intersection

Cause Header

Cause
Row

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

34 Editing a Matrix

Cause Headers & Rows

See page 70 for A Cause Header always includes a Cause column and a Description column. If
details about Cause you enable Cause Header Functions, the Cause Header will also include:
Header Functions.
• An Input cell that allows you to specify an optional variable to receive the
Cause State evaluated by the Function cell
• A Function cell that allows you to invoke a Triconex library function or
function block or one that is user-created
A Cause Row includes both the Cause Header and the associated set of
intersections in the matrix.

Intersections
See page 72 for The Intersection of a Cause Header and an Effect Header is present in every matrix.
details about In the simplest type of matrix, Intersections consist only of the MOVE function
Intersection (represented by an X), which moves the Cause State results to the Effect Header
Functions. for processing. However, if you enable Intersection Functions, each Intersection
cell will provide access to:
• A drop-down list of Triconex library functions and function blocks
• Any user-defined function or function block which you have initialized
properly

Effect Headers & Columns

See page 74 for An Effect Header always includes an Effect column and a Description column. If
details about Effect you enable Effect Header Functions, the Effect Header will also include:
Header Functions.
• An Output cell that allows you to specify an optional variable to receive the
Effect State evaluated by the intersection
• A Function cell that allows you to invoke a Triconex library or user-created
function or function block
An Effect Column includes both the Effect Header and the associated set of
Intersections in the matrix.

Note See “Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks” on page 70 for more
information about the Cause Header Functions, Intersection Functions, and Effect
Header Functions mentioned above.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing a Matrix 35

Defining Variable Names

To define a variable name, place the cursor in the appropriate cell of the matrix,
type the name and press ENTER. CEMPLE does the rest, assigning default values
to the variable parameters and displaying the associated network in the FBD
Network pane. Variable names can be defined in white cells within any of the
following columns and rows, as shown in the blank matrix below:
• Cause
• Input
• Effect
• Output

The Description column give you a chance to annotate individual cause inputs and
effect outputs, whereas the Comments column allows you to summarize the results
of Cause Row evaluation.

Note You can change the default values of variables using the FBD Network
pane. For instructions, see “Editing the FBD Network” on page 43.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

36 Editing a Matrix

Editing Gestures
CEMPLE provides a complete set of gestures for selecting, editing, sizing and
hiding the various parts of a matrix. Details about these activities follow.

Selecting Cells in a Matrix

A CEM has seven different parts that you can select by clicking the selection
buttons described below. The numbered selection buttons in the pictured CEM
correspond to the numbers in this table:
1 Select all cause headers Click upper left cell in Cause Header area
2 Select a single cause header Click leftmost cell in Cause Header row
3 Select all effect headers Click top left cell in Effect Header area
4 Select a single effect header Click top cell in Effect Header Column
5 Select all intersections Click top left cell in Intersection area
Select all intersections in row Click labelled cell at left of Intersection
6
Row
Select all intersections in column Click labelled cell atop Intersection
7
Column

3 4

7
1 5
2

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing a Matrix 37

Selecting Multiple Cells

To select a cell To select discontiguous cells of a matrix simultaneously: select a cell, hold down
without entering the CTRL key and click the various rows or columns that you wish to select.
edit mode, use the
right mouse button. To select contiguous cells simultaneously in a column or a rectangular pattern:
select the first cell, hold down the SHIFT key and click the last cell in the desired
area.

Editing Cells
Editing of cells in a matrix can be accomplished using four basic gestures:

Enter edit mode Click directly over the text in an editable cell, then edit the
contents.

Note To select a cell without entering edit mode, click the

right mouse button anywhere in the cell.

Complete a cell entry Press the TAB key or ENTER key to complete a cell entry and
move the cursor to the next cell to the right.
Move to the next cell Press the TAB key or ENTER key to move the cursor to the
next cell to the right.
Delete contents of a Select a cell or group of cells (but do not place in edit mode)
cell or group of cells and press the DELETE key.

Note To select a cell without entering edit mode, click the

right mouse button anywhere in the cell.

Sizing, Hiding & Unhiding Cells

There are four ways to manipulate the display of cells in a matrix:
• Change their size—that is, the width of columns or the height of rows
• Hide rows or columns so they’re not displayed at all
• Unhide hidden rows or columns to the display
• Restore the default sizes of columns or rows

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

38 Editing a Matrix

In general, the actions you can take to manipulate cell display are:
• Dragging boundaries to change cell width or height or restore the default
size, using the double-arrow cursor
• Double-clicking thickened boundaries (shown below) to unhide hidden
columns or rows
• Using the Size/Hide commands on the View menu to change the width or
height and hide or unhide selected cells

Dragging and Double-clicking Cell Boundaries

To drag or double-click a cell boundary, you must use the double-arrow cursor
which is only active in the gray cells of a matrix. As an example of dragging, you
could resize the Function column shown below by dragging the boundary between
the gray cells labelled Function and Description. As an example of double-
clicking, you could unhide the hidden effect row shown below by double-clicking
the boundary between the gray cells labeled Description and Function.

Thickened boundary
for hidden column EO4

Hidden Effect Row

Thickened boundary
for hidden row C02

Hidden Cause Column

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing a Matrix 39

The following table provides details about sizing, hiding and unhiding cells using
the drag and double-click techniques.

Note Each action described in this table can also be performed using the Size/
Hide commands on the View menu. See “Table of CEMPLE Tools” on page 27 for
descriptions of these commands.

Change width of column Drag column boundary to left or right until desired
width is achieved.
Restore default size of column Drag column boundary to left so that column is
almost hidden, then release mouse button.
Change height of row Drag row boundary up or down until desired
position is reached.
Restore default size of row Drag row boundary upward so that row is almost
hidden, then release mouse button.
Hide a column altogether Drag column boundary to left until it meets the
nearest boundary.
Unhide a column For an Effect Header column, double-click the
thickened column boundary.
For a Cause Header column, double-click the
boundary between the currently displayed columns
and the hidden column.
Hide a row altogether Drag row boundary up until it meets the nearest
boundary.
Unhide a row Double-click the thickened row boundary.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

40 Editing the Variable Detail Table

Editing the Variable Detail Table

The Variable Detail Table allows you to add and modify variables for application-
specific purposes in three ways:
• Assigning variables to unconnected terminals
• Changing the names of existing variables
• Sharing the values of Cause State and Effect State variables
These tasks are described in the pages that follow. However, before you undertake
them, you need to understand the editing gestures that CEMPLE allows for the
Variable Detail Table.

Editing Gestures
In the Variable Detail Table, white cells are editable, and gray cells are not. The
following table describes the gestures that allow you to edit the Variable Detail
Table:

Enter edit mode Click directly over the text in an editable cell.
Select cell without 1. Click in a cell but away from existing text or away from
entering edit mode the dropdown button.
2. Click in a cell using the right mouse button.
Display Properties Double-click away from text in an editable cell, or
dialog box anywhere in a static cell.
Display FBD Network Use the arrow keys or mouse to select any user-defined
for a variable variable for display in the FBD Network pane.
Resize a column In the heading row, use the double-arrow cursor to drag the
column boundary to the left or right.
Hide a column In the heading row, use the double-arrow cursor to drag the
column boundary to the left until the column disappears.
Unhide a column In the heading row, locate the double-arrow cursor on the
boundary behind which the column is hidden. Then
double-click to unhide it.

Limitations
Selection of multiple cells is not allowed in the Variable Detail Table.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing the Variable Detail Table 41

Assigning Variables to Unconnected Terminals

When you use a function or function block in a matrix, CEMPLE automatically
connects some of the terminals to internal variables, but not all of them. For
example, when the TON function block is used in an intersection, CEMPLE
automatically connects variables to the topmost input and output terminals only.
An additional input terminal called PT—used to designate the preset time for the
TON—is left unconnected by CEMPLE, as shown in Sample 1 below. To use PT,
you need to define either a constant (such as T#5m) or a variable with an initial
value by clicking the white editable cell in the Var/Const column (to the right of
PT in the Terminal column), typing in a variable name, and pressing TAB or
ENTER. CEMPLE then displays this constant or variable in the FBD Network, as
shown in Sample 2 below.
Sample 1 — Internal variables that CEMPLE automatically connects

Sample 2 — User-defined variable called ALRM_DELAY appears in FBD Network

Changing the Names of Existing Variables

The Variable Detail Table allows you to change the names of existing variables
which are displayed in white editable cells by:
• Typing over the original names
• Selecting other names from the drop-down list in the cell

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

42 Editing the Variable Detail Table

Sharing Cause States & Effect States

Internal variable One of the ways that CEMPLE stores and transmits Cause States, Intersection
names are dis- States and Effect States is to automatically declare its own internal variables. Each
played in the FBD internal variable has a Var Type of Local and begins with an underscore—for
Network pane. example, _C01B. Like other variables in TriStation which begin with underscores,
CEMPLE’s internal variables are not directly accessible. However, CEMPLE does
allow you to declare your own variables for sharing the values of internal Cause
State and Effect State variables elsewhere in your logic. You may enter the names
for such variables in blank cells of the Variable Detail Table, and modify their
properties using the Properties dialog box which is accessible from the FBD
Network pane. For detailed instructions, see “Sharing Cause States & Effect
States” on page 78.

Note The values of Intersection state variables cannot be shared.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Editing the FBD Network 43

Editing the FBD Network

The FBD Network pane displays the function or function block which is invoked
by the selected Cause Header, Intersection or Effect Header. The following
example shows the TON function block for the selected (blackened) Intersection
Row:

CEMPLE allows you to edit the elements displayed in the FBD Network pane by
using the following gestures (see next page for limitations):

Display Properties dialog box1 Double-click the desired element.

Display Declarations for CTRL-double-click the desired variable.
<program name> dialog box
Open source for editing CTRL-double-click the desired function or
function block.
1. Can be used to change the Data Type or Var Type of user-defined variables.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

44 Editing the FBD Network

Limitations
Editing the elements displayed in the FBD Network pane is subject to these
limitations:
• The names of user-defined variables cannot be changed, though their data
type and variable type are modifiable.
Internal variable • The properties of internal variables which are automatically declared by
names begin with CEMPLE cannot be changed, and for that reason, the Properties dialog box
underscores, as in for these variables is always grayed out.
_C01E01B.
• Variables of the In/Out Var Type (VAR_IN_OUT) are not permitted in
CEM programs, function blocks that are invoked by CEM programs, or any
safety program or function block.
• Selection of multiple elements is not allowed.
• Wires cannot be selected.
• Double-click zoom functionality is disabled.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Setting Defaults for All CEM Programs 45

Setting Defaults for All CEM Programs

Before you begin programming, TriStation allows you to set default options that
apply to all of the CEM programs that you will create for one project. Setting these
options in advance can save you a lot of time and effort in the long run. To do this,
follow the instructions below.

Default Matrix Functions

Select TriStation 1131 Options on the Project menu. Then click the CEM Editor
tab and select the following options as needed:
Defaults can be Cause Header Adds the Input column and Function column to the Cause
over-ridden for Functions ON by Header. The Function column allows you to invoke
individual CEM Default Triconex library or user-defined functions and function
programs if desired. blocks, using a drop-down list.
Effect Header Adds the Output column and Function column to the
Functions ON by Effect Header. The Function column allows you to invoke
Default Triconex library or user-defined functions and function
blocks, using a drop-down list.
Intersection Functions Allows you to invoke Triconex library and user-defined
ON by Default functions and function blocks from Intersections, using a
drop-down list.
Default Number of Sets the initial number of cause rows in each CEM.
Cause Rows
Default Number of Sets the initial number of effect columns in each CEM.
Effect Columns

Default Monitor Colors

To set the default colors for monitoring of CEM instance views in a control panel,
select Project Options on the Project menu and go to the Monitor Colors tab.
Under CEM Monitor Colors, use the drop-down lists to select different colors or
the same color for Cause Headers, Effect Headers and Intersections. Eight color
choices are available for each matrix function. Red is the built-in CEMPLE default
for all matrix functions. For more information, see “Monitor Colors” on page 67.

Chapter 3 CEMPLE Options and Editing Tools

46 Setting Defaults for All CEM Programs

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CHAPTER 4

Developing CEM Programs

Programming with CEMPLE allows you to define process system alarms and
shutdown actions in a very simple, easy-to-understand manner. To help you
develop CEM programs that use many of the available features, this chapter
provides step-by-step instructions for creating four types of matrixes. The
following topics are covered:
“Setting CEM Default Options” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
“Creating a Function” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
“Creating a Function Block” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
“Creating a Simple Matrix” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
“Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
“Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
“Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
“Monitoring an Instance View” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Note If you installed CEMPLE on your hard disk using the default directories,
the TDCEM.pt2 sample project should be located under:

C:\Program Files\Triconex\TS1131\_trident\Examples

All matrixes in the sample project use Energize-to-Trip (OR’d intersections)

evaluation. To use De-Energize-to-Trip (AND’d intersections) evaluation, select it
for each matrix with the Element Options command on the Element menu.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

48 Setting CEM Default Options

Setting CEM Default Options

▼ Before you create the sample programs described in this chapter, you need
to set your CEM default options as follows:
1 Select TriStation 1131 Options from the Project menu and go to the CEM
Editor tab (shown below).
2 Make sure that no checkboxes are selected.
3 Set the Default Number of Cause Rows to 10.
4 Set the Default Number of Effect Columns to 10.
Click OK to close the TriStation 1131 Options dialog box.

5 Select Project Options... from the Project menu and go to the Monitor Colors
tab.
6 In CEM Monitor Colors, use the drop-down lists to select the color red (the
default) for Cause Headers, Effect Headers and Intersections.
Click OK to close the Project Options dialog box.
If you do not set these default options for the number of Cause Rows and Effect
Columns before you begin programming, you could end up having to use the Size/

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Function 49

Hide commands, or equivalent editing gestures, more than necessary. See “Sizing,
Hiding & Unhiding Cells” on page 37 for details.

Creating a Function
This section explains how to create a function called LVLALRM (shown below)
that will be invoked by the matrixes described in upcoming sections.
User-created functions that will be invoked by matrixes can be created at any stage
during matrix development, but to work well with the step-by-step instructions in
this chapter, you should create this function now and invoke it from a matrix later.

▼ To create the LVLALRM function:

1 Create the function shown above in the FBD language.
2 In the FBD editor, select the Declarations command on the Element menu.
3 In the Declarations dialog box, select the Inputs tab and make sure the input
variables are ordered HI_LEV, LOW_LEV and BYP.
4 Still in the Declarations dialog box, select the Attributes tab and set the
following options:
• Under Application Type, click Safety and Control.
• Under CEM Invocation, check the Enable for Use in Cause Header
option and select Top 2 Input(s) are cause row inputs. For details about
invoking functions in Cause Headers, see “Design Guidelines” on
page 70.
Click OK to close the Declarations dialog box.
5 Select the Build command from the Element menu and ensure that the function
compiles successfully.
For further information, see “Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks” on
page 70.

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

50 Creating a Function Block

Creating a Function Block

This section explains how to create a function block called SHUTDOWN (shown
below) that will be invoked by matrixes described in upcoming sections.
User-created function blocks that will be invoked by matrixes can be created at any
stage during matrix development, but to work well with the step-by-step
instructions in this chapter, you should create this function block now and invoke
it from a matrix later.

▼ To create the SHUTDOWN function block:

1 Create the function block shown above in the FBD language.
2 In the FBD editor, select the Declarations command on the Element menu.
3 In the Declarations dialog box, select the Outputs tab and make sure the input
variables are ordered ALARM and STRT_SHUTDOWN.
4 Still in the Declarations dialog box, select the Attributes tab and set the
following options:
• Under Application Type, click Safety and Control.
• Under CEM Invocation, check the Enable for Use in Effect Header
option and select Top 2 Output(s) are effect column outputs. For
details about invoking function blocks in Effect Headers, see “Design
Guidelines” on page 70.
5 Close the Declarations dialog box.
6 Select the Build command from the Element menu and ensure that the function
block compiles successfully.
For further information, see “Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks” on
page 70.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Simple Matrix 51

Creating a Simple Matrix

In the simplest type of energize-to-trip matrix, causes are directly mapped to
effects. An “X” in an intersection associates a cause with an effect such that when
the cause is TRUE, then the effect is TRUE; and when the cause is FALSE, then
the effect is FALSE. The simple matrix you will create in this section will resemble
CemExample1 found in the TDCEM.pt2 project on the TriStation CD, as shown
in the illustration below.

Outputs to
Field

MOVE
Functions

Inputs from
Field

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

52 Creating a Simple Matrix

Steps to Follow
▼ These steps help you create a simple matrix that controls five unit alarms.
1 Assuming that you have already created a TriStation project, go to the Project
Directory and click the New button.
2 In the Name field, type CemExample1 as the name for the new matrix.
A CEM is always a 3 Select the Cause Effect Matrix editor, noting that the Program element is pre-
program—never a selected and cannot be changed.
function or function
block. 4 Select the Safety option rather than the Control option, because the purpose of
the matrix is to turn on unit alarms when necessary.
5 This matrix will have five causes and five effects, so it is useful to adjust the
number of cause rows and effect rows which are displayed. From the View
menu, select the command Size/Hide Selected Columns and complete the
dialog box as follows:
You should already
have set the default
to 10 Effect
Columns. See
page 48.

6 From the View menu, select the command Size/Hide Selected Rows and
complete the dialog box as follows:
You should already
have set the default
to 10 Cause Rows.
See page 48.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Simple Matrix 53

The resulting empty matrix should look like this:

7 Click the cause cell in the first cause row, type the input name LEVEL_1_HI
and press Enter.
8 Click the description cell in the first cause row, type the statement “TRUE =
Fluid level in Tank 1 is high” and press Enter.
9 Click the effect cell in effect column 1, type UNIT_1_ALARM and press
Enter.
10 Click the description cell in effect column 1, type “High level alarm indicator
for Tank 1” and press Enter.
11 Associate Cause C01 with Effect E01 by clicking the intersection cell so that an
X appears in the cell. At this time, the variable table and FBD Network pane
should display the data shown below:

The input and output to this MOVE function are local variables defined by
CEMPLE that you cannot change. (In more complex matrixes, the Variable
Detail Table contains elements that can be modified in various ways. See the
upcoming sections for instructions and examples.)

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

54 Creating a Simple Matrix

12 Repeat steps 7 through 11 for Cause Rows 2 through 5 and Effect Columns 2
though 5. When you are finished, the matrix should look like the one shown at
the beginning of this section.
13 Select the Build command from the Element menu. If you have followed the
above instructions correctly, the message bar will say there are no errors and no
warnings. If you do have errors, double-click on the error message to find the
error location.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions 55

Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions

In the simple matrix you created in the previous section, causes were directly
mapped to effects. However, when a cause goes TRUE, you may want to execute
additional logic before turning on the effect. For example, you could delay turning
on the effect for a few milliseconds. You can do this by enabling Intersection
Functions, which let you specify a function or function block in the intersection
area rather than an X. An intersection function can monitor the Cause State as well
as other criteria to determine what the Effect State should be. The sample matrix
you will create in this section will use the TON function block to delay the effect.
This matrix will resemble CemExample2 found in the TDCEM.pt2 project on the
TriStation CD, as shown below:

Intersection
Functions

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

56 Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions

Steps to Follow
The matrix you will create in this section builds upon the simple one you created
in the previous section. The new matrix adds Intersection Functions and specifies
the TON function block from the Triconex library.

▼ These steps help you create a matrix that controls five unit alarms with the
help of the TON (Timer On) function block.
1 In your TriStation project, go to the Project Directory and select
CemExample1.
2 Select the Copy To command and type the name CemExample2 in the To New
Name field.
3 Open the CemExample2 program. This program will specify the TON function
block from the Triconex library to delay turning on the Effect.
4 Before you can specify TON, you need to enable Intersection Functions. To do
this, select the Element Options command from the Element menu and click
the Enable Intersection Functions option. The matrix now includes a drop-
down list of Triconex library functions and function blocks:
The default
Intersection
function is MOVE.

Note In addition to Triconex library elements, drop-down lists in the intersection

cells of a matrix include any user-created functions and function blocks for which
appropriate attributes have been declared. See page 49 and page 50 for details.

5 Specify the TON function block for Cause Row 1 (CO1) and Effect Column 1
(EO1) by selecting TON from the drop-down list in the intersection cell. With

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions 57

this intersection selected, the Variable Detail Table and FBD Network pane
should display this data:

6 The Cause Variable (_C01B) and the Effect Variable (_C01E013) shown above
are local variables created automatically by CEMPLE for this matrix only. In
addition, you need to define a variable name for the PT (time) input to the TON
function. To do this, place the cursor in the appropriate white cell of the Var/
Const column, enter the input name ALRM_DELAY, and press ENTER. This
input name is now displayed in the Variable Detail Table and FBD Network
pane, as shown below:

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

58 Creating a Matrix with Intersection Functions

7 In the FBD Network, double-click the ALRM_DELAY input to bring up the

Properties dialog box. Set the value of the input in the Declarations tab as
shown here:

8 Repeat steps 4 through 6 for the Intersections of the next four Cause Rows and
Effect Columns. When you are finished, the matrix should look like the one
shown at the beginning of this section.
9 Select the Build command from the Element menu. If you have followed the
above instructions correctly, the message bar will say there are no errors and no
warnings. If you do have errors, double-click the error messages to find the error
locations.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions 59

Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions

In a typical CEM, one cause variable is the input to each Cause Row. However, you
may want a CEM to determine the state of the cause variable based on one or more
inputs from the controlled process. CEMPLE supports this need by allowing you
to invoke a function or function block within each Cause Row.
In the example below, the LVLALARM function in the Cause Header sets the
cause variable to true if the tank level gets too high or too low. The HI_LEV and
LOW_LEV input terminals are connected to Cause Row input variables and are the
primary values used by the function block to determine the Cause State. The BYP
terminal is a secondary input that affects Cause State evaluation. In this case, it
prevents the cause from becoming True if the bypass for the level alarm has been
enabled. As a secondary input, it is not shown as an input to the Cause Row.
The following matrix resembles CemExample3 found in the TDCEM.pt2 project
on the TriStation CD. Turn the page for step-by-step instructions.

Cause Header
Functions

Primary
inputs
Cause State
Secondary
variable
input
Function that
determines
Cause State

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

60 Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions

Steps to Follow
The matrix you will create here builds upon the one you created in the previous
section, which included Intersection Functions. The new matrix will add Cause
Header Functions and specify the LVLALARM function you created earlier.

▼ These steps help you create a matrix that controls five unit alarms with the
help of the TON library function block and the user-defined LVLALRM
function, which allows two inputs to each Cause Row.
1 In your TriStation project, go to the Project Directory and select
CemExample2.
2 Select the Copy To command and type the name CemExample3 in the To New
Name field.
3 Open the CemExample3 program.
4 Select the Element Options command from the Element menu and check the
box for Enable Cause Header Functions. The matrix now includes the
Function and Cause columns:

5 For each of the five Cause Rows, you need to select the LVLALARM function
from the drop-down list in the Function column, as shown here:

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions 61

LVLALRM is available for selection in the Function column of the Cause

Header because you declared the appropriate attributes when you created the
function, enabling it for use in a Cause Header with two inputs. See “Creating a
Function” on page 49 for details.

Note In addition to Triconex library elements, the drop-down list in the Function
column of a Cause Header includes any user-created functions and function blocks
for which appropriate attributes have been declared. See page 49 and page 50 for
details.

In LVLALARM, you 6 Each input now contains a second, empty cell where you can specify a second
defined the first two input to the LVLALARM function. In the empty cells for Inputs 1-5, type in the
variables as Cause variable names LEVEL_1_LOW through LEVEL_5_LOW respectively. The
Row inputs (see Variable Detail Table and the FBD Network should now appear as follows,
page 49). assuming that the fifth Cause Row is selected:

Bypass inputs are 7 Notice that the BYP (Bypass) terminal of the LVLALARM function is not
often used when a connected at this time. It is represented by a blank cell in the Var/Const column
unit is undergoing of the Variable Detail Table—the same is true for Cause Rows 1-4 as well. To
maintenance. connect the BYP terminals to variables, type the variable names BYP_LEV_1

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

62 Creating a Matrix with Cause Header Functions

through BYP_LEV_5 in the blank Var/Const cells adjacent to the BYP

terminal for each Cause Row. CEMPLE applies the default Data Type of
BOOL and the default Var Type of Input to each of the new variables, as
shown here for Input 5:

8 Check to ensure that the matrix now looks like the one shown at the beginning
of this section.
9 Select the Build command from the Element menu. If you have followed the
above instructions correctly, the message bar will say there are no errors and no
warnings. If you do have errors, double-click on the error messages to find the
error locations.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions 63

Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions

In a typical CEM, each effect column has a single discrete (BOOL) output that
controls an actuator which initiates a process shutdown. However, you may want a
CEM to evaluate the Effect State and then, based on the Effect State, set multiple
Effect Column outputs of varying data types. CEMPLE supports this need by
allowing you to invoke a function or function block within each Effect Column.
In the example below, the SHUTDOWN function block evaluates an Effect State
(_E03B) generated by the selected Effect Column in order to control two discrete
outputs. The UNIT_3_ALARM output drives an alarm indicator and the
UNIT_3_DOWN output drives an actuator that shuts down UNIT 3.
The matrix shown below resembles CemExample4 found in the TDCEM.pt2
project on the TriStation CD. The next page provides step-by-step instructions for
creating this type of matrix yourself.

Effect Header
Functions

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

64 Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions

Steps to Follow
The matrix you will create here builds upon the one you created in the previous
section, which included Cause Header Functions. The new matrix adds Effect
Header Functions and specifies the SHUTDOWN function block with two outputs,
which you created earlier.

▼ These steps help you create a matrix that controls five unit alarms with the
help of TON, the LVLALRM function, and the user-created SHUTDOWN
function block which provides two output signals.
1 In your TriStation project, go to the Project Directory and select
CemExample3.
2 Select the Copy To command and type the name CemExample4 in the To New
Name field.
3 Open the CemExample4 program.
4 Select the Element Options command from the Element menu and check the
box for Enable Effect Header Functions. The matrix now includes the Effect
and Function columns:

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Creating a Matrix with Effect Header Functions 65

5 For each of the five Effect Columns, you need to select the SHUTDOWN
function block from the drop-down list in the Function column, as shown here:

SHUTDOWN is available for selection in the Function column of the Effect

Header because you declared the appropriate attributes when you created the
function block, enabling it for use in an Effect Header with two outputs. See
“Creating a Function Block” on page 50 for details.

Note In addition to Triconex library elements, the drop-down list in the Function
column of an Effect Header includes any user-created functions and function
blocks for which appropriate attributes have been declared. See page 49 and
page 50 for details.

In SHUTDOWN, 6 Each Effect Column now contains a second, empty cell where you can specify
you defined both a second output from the SHUTDOWN function block. In the empty output
variables as effect cells of Effect Headers 1-5, type in the variable names UNIT_1_DOWN
column outputs through UNIT_5_DOWN respectively. The Variable Detail Table and the FBD
(see page 50). Network should now appear as follows, assuming that the fifth Effect Column
is selected:

7 As you can see above, CEMPLE automatically connected your second output
variable to the STRT_SHUTDOWN terminal of the SHUTDOWN function

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

66 Monitoring an Instance View

block. At the same time, CEMPLE automatically assigned the default Data
Type of BOOL and the default Var Type of Output to the UNIT_5_DOWN
variable, as shown below. CEMPLE also applied these properties to the other
four output variables that you defined.

8 Check to ensure that the matrix now looks like the one shown at the beginning
of this section.
9 Select the Build command from the Element menu. If you have followed the
above instructions correctly, the message bar will say there are no errors and no
warnings. If you do have errors, double-click on the error messages to find the
error locations.

Monitoring an Instance View

▼ To monitor an instance view of a matrix using the CemExample1 program
you wrote in “Creating a Simple Matrix” on page 51:
1 Go to the Trident Configuration editor and create a program instance for
CemExample1 called P1.
2 Use the Connections Wizard to automatically create tag names for the
variables in P1. Select the Unaliased Memory point type for the tag names.
3 Go to the Emulator Control Panel and select the Connect, Download All and
Run commands.
4 Select the P1 instance name from the tree and click the Instance View
command or tool to see a full matrix display.
5 In the Variable Detail Table, click the desired boxes in the Mon (Monitor)
column so that TRUE or FALSE values appear in the adjacent Value column.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Monitoring an Instance View 67

6 Double-click any Cause Variable in the Variable Detail Table to bring up the
Properties dialog box.
Red is the default 7 In the Set Value field, enter the value “TRUE” or “1” and click the Confirm
color for active button—then watch the Cause Row and Effect Column go active and turn red,
areas. as shown below. Note that TRUE also appears in the Value column of the
Variable Detail Table for the LEVEL_1_HI input.

Instance
View

Active Areas
Shown in Red

Monitor Colors
Red is the default color for active areas of a matrix being monitored in an Instance
View, but you can select other colors using the Monitor Colors tab of the Project
Options dialog box. The colors you select apply to all matrixes in your application.
You must make these color selections before downloading your application to the
Trident controller or the Emulator.

Chapter 4 Developing CEM Programs

68 Monitoring an Instance View

Note See the Developer’s Guide for Trident Systems for details about the control
panels and enabling/disabling of variables.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 CHAPTER 5

Advanced Techniques and

Accessory Features

This chapter describes the following advanced techniques for power programming
of complex CEMs:
“Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
“Sharing Cause States & Effect States” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The chapter also describes a few accessory features for added convenience:
“Using the View Manager” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
“Viewing Intermediate FBD & ST Code” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
“Printing Variable Location Lists” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

CEMPLE User’s Guide

70 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks

Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks

A CEM program may invoke either Triconex library functions and function blocks
or those that you design yourself. To help you successfully design functions and
function blocks that can be invoked by CEMs, this section covers:
• Design Guidelines
• Attribute assignments

Design Guidelines
This section assumes you are familiar with the intermediate Function Block
Diagrams generated by CEMPLE which are known as FBD Networks (see “FBD
Network” on page 17 for details). Separate guidelines are given for functions and
function blocks to be invoked by Cause Headers, Intersections, and Effect Headers.

Cause Header Functions and Function Blocks

In a CEM, the Cause State is a function of the input(s) to the Cause Row. In the
simplest type of CEM, the Cause State is set to the value of a single Cause Row
input by a MOVE function:

MOVE
Cause Input Cause State
Function

In some cases, however, the Cause State may need to be a function of multiple
inputs. To support this strategy, CEMPLE allows you to replace the MOVE
function with another function or function block:

Cause Input Cause Cause State

Function
- or -
Secondary Function Secondary
Inputs Block Outputs

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks 71

You can replace the MOVE function with either a Triconex library function or
function block or one that you design yourself. You must follow these guidelines
when designing your own function or function block for invocation by a Cause
Header:
• Enable the function or function block for invocation by a Cause Header
using the Attributes tab of the Element Declarations dialog box (see
“Attribute Assignments” on page 76 for details).
• On the Attributes tab, you may specify up to nine of the cause function or
function block’s topmost input terminals as the primary inputs directly
associated with the Cause State. For example, primary inputs might include
several temperature sensor readings for a boiler. CEMPLE automatically
expands the Cause Row height to show each of your primary inputs at the
beginning of the Cause Row.
• In addition to the primary inputs, you may use secondary inputs that affect
evaluation of the primarily inputs. Secondary inputs are below the primary
inputs on your function or function block. For example, if a function block
has five input terminals, three of which are primary inputs, then the bottom
two input terminals are secondary inputs (see FBD Network below).
• There is exactly one primary output (the topmost) which is automatically
connected to the Cause State Variable by CEMPLE.
• You may also define secondary outputs below the topmost one.
The sample CEM that follows shows a user-created function block in the Cause
Header that evaluates three temperature sensors in order to determine the Cause
State. Secondary inputs provide the high and low temperature limits for normal op-
eration. The primary output is the Cause State and the secondary outputs are the
highest and lowest temperatures seen by the function block. When used in a CEM,
the primary inputs (topmost three terminals) are visible as the inputs to the Cause
Row:
Sample Cause
Row with Three
Primary Inputs

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

72 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks

The remaining inputs and outputs are only visible in the Variable Detail Table and
the FBD Network (shown below):

Sample FBD
Network

CEMPLE automatically connects the primary input(s) to the Cause Row input
variables and connects the primary output to the Cause State variable. You must
manually connect the other inputs and outputs using the Variable Detail Table and
the FBD network.

Intersection Functions and Function Blocks

In a CEM, the Intersection State is a function of the Cause State. In the simplest
type of CEM, the Intersection State is set to the value of the Cause State by the
MOVE function.

MOVE Intersection
Cause Input
Function State

In some cases, however, the Intersection State may need to be a function of

multiple inputs. To support this strategy, CEMPLE allows you to replace the
MOVE function with another function or function block.

Intersection Intersection
Cause State
Function State
- or -
Secondary Function Secondary
Inputs Block Outputs

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks 73

You can replace the MOVE function with either a Triconex library function or
function block or one that you design yourself. You must follow these guidelines
when designing your own function or function block for invocation by an
Intersection:
• Enable the function or function block for invocation by an Intersection
using the Attributes tab of the Element Declarations dialog box (see
“Attribute Assignments” on page 76 for details).
• There is exactly one primary input (always the topmost terminal) and it
must be a BOOL. CEMPLE automatically connects this input to the Cause
State Variable.
• You may also define secondary inputs which affect how the function or
function block evaluates the Cause State in order to determine the
Intersection State. Secondary inputs are always below the primary inputs.
• There is exactly one primary output (the topmost) and it must be a BOOL.
CEMPLE automatically connects this output to the Intersection State
Variable.
• You may also define secondary outputs which are always below the primary
output.
The following example shows the TON function block from a Triconex library
being used to delay the setting of the Intersection State by 300 milliseconds:

Sample Triconex
Library Function
Block

CEMPLE automatically connects the primary input to the Cause State Variable and
connects the primary output to the Intersection State variable. The other inputs and
outputs must be manually connected using the Variable Detail Table or the FBD
Network.

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

74 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks

Effect Header Functions and Function Blocks

In a CEM, the Effect State is a function of all Intersection States in the Effect
Column. It is calculated by ORing (for energize-to-trip CEMs) or ANDing (for de-
energize-to-trip CEMs) the Intersection States together. In the simplest type of
CEM, the Effect Column Output Variable is set to the value of the Effect State by
the MOVE function.

MOVE
Effect State Effect Output
Function

However, in some situations the Effect State might need to drive one or more other
Effect Column output variables. For example, you may want a particular Effect
State to drive several actuators as well as an alarm indicator. To support this
strategy, CEMPLE allows you to invoke a function or function block in the Effect
Header between the Effect State and the Effect Header output(s):

Effect Effect Output

Effect State
Function Variables
- or -
Secondary Function Secondary
Inputs Block Outputs

You can invoke either a Triconex library function or function block in the Effect
Header, or one that you design yourself. You must follow these guidelines when
designing your own function or function block for invocation by an Effect Header:
• Enable the function or function block for invocation by an Effect Header
using the Attributes tab of the Element Declarations dialog box (see
“Attribute Assignments” on page 76 for details).
• The function or function block must have exactly one primary input (the
topmost) which CEMPLE automatically connects to the Effect State
variable.
• In addition to the primary input, you may define secondary inputs that affect
how the output values are determined.
• On the Attributes tab, you may specify up to nine of your function or
function block’s topmost output terminals as the primary outputs that are
directly associated with the Effect State. CEMPLE automatically expands

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks 75

the Effect Column’s width to show each of the primary outputs at the top of
the Effect Column.
• You may also define secondary outputs which are always below the primary
outputs.
The sample CEM that follows shows a user-defined function block in an Effect
Column that drives two actuators and an alarm indicator. Only the primary input
and outputs are used in this example, but secondary inputs and outputs could have
been defined. When used in a CEM, the primary outputs (topmost three terminals)
are visible as the outputs from the Effect Column:

Sample Effect
Column with
Three Primary
Outputs

The remaining inputs and outputs are only visible in the Variable Detail Table and
the FBD Network (shown below):

Sample FBD
Network

CEMPLE automatically connects the primary input to the Effect State variable and
connects the primary output(s) to the Effect Column output variable(s). The other

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

76 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks

inputs and outputs must be manually connected using the Variable Detail Table and
the FBD Network.

Attribute Assignments
When you design the logic for a CEM function or function block, you need to
enable it for invocation by a Cause Header, an Intersection or an Effect Header. To
do this, follow these steps to assign the appropriate attributes:
1 Open the function or function block
2 Select the Declarations command from the Element menu.
3 Select the desired option(s) from the Attributes tab (shown below).
4 Use the Build command on the Element menu.
For information
about the Applica-
tion Type attribute,
see the Developer’s
Guide for Trident
Systems.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Designing CEM Functions & Function Blocks 77

Number of Inputs
For a function or function block, the Attributes dialog box lets you define how
many of its topmost input variables will serve as primary inputs to the Cause Row,
which are directly associated with the Cause State. Secondary inputs may also
exist, such as timers or counter presets—these affect the manner in which the
Cause State is evaluated.

Number of Outputs
For a function or function block, the Attributes dialog box lets you define how
many of its topmost output variables will serve as Effect Column outputs, which
are calculated using the Effect State. Secondary outputs may also exist, such as
variables for elapsed time or current count.

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

78 Sharing Cause States & Effect States

Sharing Cause States & Effect States

Internal variable One of the ways that CEMPLE stores and transmits Cause States, Intersection
names are States and Effect States is to automatically declare its own internal variables. Each
displayed in the internal variable has a Var Type of Local and begins with an underscore—for
FBD Network example, _C01B. Like other variables in TriStation which begin with underscores,
pane. CEMPLE’s internal variables are not directly accessible. However, CEMPLE does
allow you to declare your own variables for sharing the values of internal Cause
State and Effect State variables elsewhere in your logic.
Intersection states When you turn on the options for Cause Header Functions and/or Effect Header
cannot be shared. Functions, CEMPLE displays a Cause column and/or Effect column which appear
to contain blank cells. These cells are in fact used to transmit a Cause State to the
Intersection or to transmit an Effect State to the output variables. It is within these
blank cells that you can declare your own variables for sharing of Cause States or
Effect States, as explained in the sections that follow.

Sharing a Cause Header State

CemExample4 is When you use the Element Options dialog box to turn on the option called Enable
part of TdCEM.pt2 Cause Header Functions, CEMPLE displays a Cause column containing blank
on the TriStation white cells, as shown below in the CemExample4 program:
CD.

In this example, you want to share the Cause State—represented by the internal
variable named _C01B displayed in the FBD Network pane—elsewhere in the
program. To do this, you need to declare a new variable in the blank white cell
adjacent to the LVLARLM terminal. Place the cursor in the blank cell, type the
name CAUSE_STATE, and press ENTER. The new variable name then appears
under _C01B in the FBD Network pane and in the Cause column, as shown
below. This CAUSE_STATE variable is now ready for use elsewhere in the
matrix. To use this variable in another program instance, change its Var Type to
Output using the Properties dialog box.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Sharing Cause States & Effect States 79

Sharing an Effect Header State

CemExample4 is When you use the Element Options dialog box to turn on the option called Enable
part of TdCEM.pt2 Effect Header Functions, CEMPLE displays an Effect column containing blank
on the TriStation white cells, as shown below in the CemExample4 program:
CD.

In this example, you want to share the Effect State—represented by the internal
variable named _E01F1 displayed in the FBD Network pane—elsewhere in the
program. To do this, you need to declare a new variable in the blank white cell
adjacent to the EFFECT terminal. Place the cursor in the blank cell, type the name
SHARED_EFFECT, and press ENTER. The new variable name then appears in the

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

80 Sharing Cause States & Effect States

Effect row and in place of _E01F1 in the FBD Network pane, as shown below.
This variable is now ready for use elsewhere in the matrix or in another program
instance. (Though the internal variable named _E01F1 is no longer displayed in the
FBD Network pane, it continues to operate internally for storage and transmission
of the Effect State.)

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Using the View Manager 81

Using the View Manager

The View Manager dialog box, accessible from the View menu, saves the format
of the current matrix view so that it may be recalled later. The format includes:
• Widths of columns
• Heights of rows
• Hidden rows and columns
• Unhidden rows and columns
The View Manager can be helpful when you have a very large matrix that cannot
be displayed on the screen all at one time.

▼ Follow these basic steps to use the View Manager successfully:

1 Format the view you want to save by using:
• Commands on the View menu (described in “Table of CEMPLE Tools” on
page 27):
– Zoom
– Size/Hide Selected Columns
– Size/Hide Selected Rows
– Size/Hide Comment Column
– Show All Rows/Columns
– Show Effects for Selected Causes
– Show Causes for Selected Effects
– Hide Effects not for Selected Causes
– Hide Causes not for Selected Effects
• Drag and double-click editing techniques described in “Sizing, Hiding &
Unhiding Cells” on page 37
2 Click the Save button, then type a name for the view you will save and click OK.
3 When it is time to recall a particular view, select its name from the View
Manager’s list and click the Load button.

Note The View Manager saves the format of the current matrix layout, but does
not save variable names or other data which may change.

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

82 Viewing Intermediate FBD & ST Code

Management of Newly Added Cells

When you add new cells to a CEM program using the Insert Rows or Insert
Columns command on the Edit menu, the Make visible on all managed views
option lets you show or hide the newly added cells in existing views that you have
defined with the View Manager dialog box.

Viewing Intermediate FBD & ST Code

The Element menu provides three related commands for CEMPLE users:
• Build
• Intermediate FBD Code
• Intermediate ST Code
When you use the Build command to compile a CEM, TriStation automatically
generates an FBD program which you can view in read-only form by selecting the
Intermediate FBD Code command. You can also view the ST source code
underlying the FBD program by selecting the Intermediate ST Code command.
The read-only intermediate code can be used for:
• Debugging purposes
• Understanding how CEMs are evaluated
– For more information, see “Evaluation of CEM Programs” on page 21
• Viewing the OR or AND functions which are used in CEM evaluation but
are not displayed in the FBD Network pane
Use the Print • Printing the networks generated by a CEM
command on the
File menu.
Note The only printable portion of a CEM is the matrix—neither the FBD
Network pane nor the Variable Detail Table can be printed.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Printing Variable Location Lists 83

Printing Variable Location Lists

When you print a CEM, TriStation includes a second sheet which lists the location
of each variable in the matrix, grouped according to Var Type. The variable
location list shown below is the one generated by the CemExample4 sample
program found in the TdCEM.pt2 project on the TriStation CD:

Note Use the Print Preview command on the File menu to view a variable
location list without having to print it.

Chapter 5 Advanced Techniques and Accessory Features

84 Printing Variable Location Lists

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 APPENDIX A

CEM-Specific Error Messages

This appendix lists only the CEM-specific error messages that TriStation may
generate. See the TriStation Help System for explanations of other error messages.

Note In the descriptions below, nnnn is used as a placeholder for any matrix
location; Cnnn is used for any cause; and Ennn is used for any effect.

CE0001 There are no defined intersections for cause Cnnn

Cause: There are no defined intersections for the specified cause.
Solution: Define an intersection for the cause.

CE0002 Intersections defined for undefined cause Cnnn

Cause: Intersections are defined for a cause which has not yet been
defined.
Solution: Define a cause for the already-defined intersections.

CE0003 There are no defined intersections for effect Ennn

Cause: No intersections are defined for the specified effect.
Solution: Define an intersection for the effect.

CE0004 Intersections defined for undefined effect Ennn

Cause: Intersections have been defined for an effect which has not yet
been defined.
Solution: Define an effect for the intersections.

CEMPLE User’s Guide

86

CE0005 Out-of-date or invalid function (block) at nnnn

Cause: There is an out-of-date or invalid function or function block at
location nnnn in the matrix.
Solution: Update the function or function block at location nnnn.

CE0006 The last row will not be deleted. The CEM must have at least one
row at all times.
Cause: Deletion of the only row in the matrix was attempted.
Solution: Ensure that at least one row exists in your matrix at all times.

CE0007 The last column will not be deleted. The CEM must have at least
one column at all times.
Cause: Deletion of the only column in the matrix was attempted.
Solution: Ensure that at least one column exists in your matrix at all times.

CE0008 The row limit of 99 has been exceeded. Please specify no more
than nn rows to insert.
Cause: Adding the designated number of rows will cause the current
matrix to exceed 99 rows.
Solution: Reduce the number of rows being added to ensure that the
current matrix will not exceed 99 rows.

CE0009 The column limit of 99 has been exceeded. Please specify no

more than nn columns to insert.
Cause: Adding the designated number of columns will cause the current
matrix to exceed 99 columns.
Solution: Reduce the number of columns being added to ensure that the
current matrix will not exceed 99 columns.

CE0010 Cause Header functions can be disabled only after user-

specified functions are removed and after either the input or
cause variable is removed when both are defined.
Cause: An attempt was made to disable Cause Header functions either
before removing user-created functions, or before removing the
Input or Cause Variable when both are defined.
Solution: Remove user-created functions, and the Input or Cause Variable
if it is defined. Then disable Cause Header Functions.

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 87

CE0011 Effect Header functions can be disabled only after user-specified

functions are removed and after either the output or effect
variable is removed when both are defined.
Cause: An attempt was made to disable Effect Header functions either
before removing user-created functions, or before removing the
Output or Cause Variable when both are defined.
Solution: Remove user-created functions, and the Output or Cause
Variable if it is defined. Then disable Effect Header functions.

CE0012 Disabling intersection functions will cause all user-defined

functions to be changed to “MOVE” functions and all user-
defined variables to be removed. Proceed to disable intersection
functions?
Cause: An attempt was made to disable Intersection Functions before
removing user-created functions or function blocks and
variables.
Solution: Make sure that you want to change all user-created functions or
function blocks to MOVE functions and remove all user-created
variables. Otherwise answer NO.

CE0013 The active intersection limit of 1000 has been exceeded. No

more intersections may be made active.
Cause: Your matrix has already reached the limit of 1000 active (non-
empty) intersections.
Solution: Decrease the number of intersections that you are actively using,
either by deleting the excessive intersections, or by selecting
<none> from their drop-down lists.

CE0014 The paste operation may not be performed because the following
variables conflict with existing variables: <list of variable names
separated by commas>.
Cause: The cells on the clipboard contain variables that have the same
names as the cells you’ve selected for the paste, but different
data types. You may not change data types with a paste
operation.
Solution: Recheck the data you have copied onto the clipboard. If you
need to change data types, use the Properties dialog box for
each variable.

Appendix A CEM-Specific Error Messages

88

CE0015 The paste may not be performed because selected cells do not
match the paste data.
Cause: The type of cells you selected for the paste is incompatible with
the paste data on the clipboard. For example, you tried to paste a
Cause Row into an Intersection or an Effect Column.
Solution: Make sure that the cells you copy onto the clipboard are the
same type as the cells you select for the paste operation. For
example, if you copy three Cause Rows onto the clipboard, then
select three Cause Rows before using the Paste command.

CE0016 The paste data requires one or more <rows or columns> to be

inserted. Select a cell to identify where <rows or columns>
should be inserted.
Cause: You have not selected the rows or columns where you would like
to paste the data on the clipboard.
Solution: Select appropriate rows or columns that are able to accept the
paste data on the clipboard. Make sure that the cells on the
clipboard are the same type as the cells you select for the paste.

CE0017 The paste may not be performed because paste data function
complexity exceeds that of this document as set in Element
Options.
Cause: The paste data on the clipboard is intended for matrix cells that
have not yet been defined. These cells could be Cause Headers,
Effect Headers or Intersections.
Solution: Use the Element Options command on the Element menu to
specify the Cause Headers, Effect Headers or Intersections that
are needed to accept the paste data on the clipboard.

CE0018 The paste may not be performed because the maximum active
intersection limit of 1000 would be exceeded.
Cause: Pasting the number of intersections on the clipboard would
cause the intersection limit of 1000 to be exceeded.
Solution: Reduce the number of intersections on the clipboard to ensure
that the current matrix will not exceed 1000 intersections.

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 89

CE0019 The paste may not be performed because the maximum row limit
of 99 would be exceeded.
Cause: Pasting the number of rows on the clipboard would cause the
row limit of 99 to be exceeded.
Solution: Reduce the number of rows on the clipboard to ensure that the
current matrix will not exceed 99 rows.

CE0020 The paste may not be performed because the maximum column
limit of 99 would be exceeded.
Cause: Pasting the number of columns on the clipboard would cause the
column limit of 99 to be exceeded.
Solution: Reduce the number of columns on the clipboard to ensure that
the current matrix will not exceed 99 columns.

CE0021 Constants may not be entered in this cell.

Cause: You tried to assign a constant to an output of a function block.
Solution: Use a variable with an appropriate data type instead of a
constant.
If the variable is one of the topmost 2 to 9 outputs of the function
block, then its type must be BOOL, DINT or REAL when the
Var Type is Output—or any data type when the Var Type is
Local.

Appendix A CEM-Specific Error Messages

90

CEMPLE User’s Guide

 Glossary

Application Type The attribute of a program, function or function block that defines its use in a safety
and/or control application. See the Developer’s Guide for Trident Systems for
details.

cause In CEM methodology, a cause is a problem to be solved by the matrix.

Cause Header The part of a Cause Row preceding the Intersection cells which always includes the
Cause and Description columns and may include the Input and Function
columns.

Cause Header A function or function block that may be selected from a drop-down list in the
Function Function column of a Cause Header.

Cause Row The horizontal dimension of a matrix which maps a cause to one or more effects.
Includes the Cause Header, Intersections and Comments.

Cause State The TRUE or FALSE state resulting from evaluation by a Cause Header.

CEM1 A two-dimensional matrix for the development of safety applications, where

causes are represented by rows and effects are represented by columns.

CEM Features The attribute of a function or function block that defines whether the element may
attribute be used in a Cause Header, Intersection or Effect Header.

CEMPLE A language editor in the TriStation 1131 Developer’s Workbench that allows you
to develop CEMs for safety shutdown applications.

CEM program A TriStation program created in the CEM language using the CEMPLE editor.
Also known as a matrix.

de-energize-to- A PLC application that must de-energize (remove power from) a specific device in
trip application order to cause a trip. A CEM uses AND’d intersections to implement a de-
energize-to-trip application.

1.
This abbreviation stands for Cause & Effect Matrix.
92 Glossary

effect In CEM methodology, an effect is an action that must be taken to solve a cause
(problem).

Effect Column The vertical dimension of a matrix which maps one or more causes to an effect.
Includes the Effect Header and Intersections.

Effect Header The part of an Effect Column above the Intersection cells which always includes
the Description and Effect columns and may include the Function and Output
columns.

Effect Header A function or function block that may be selected from a drop-down list in the
function Function row of an Effect Header.

Effect State The TRUE or FALSE state resulting from evaluation by an Effect Header.

energize-to-trip A PLC application that must energize (apply power to) a specific device in order
application to cause a trip. A CEM uses OR’d intersections to implement an energize-to-trip
application.

FBD Network The lower right quadrant of a CEM display that shows the FBD network generated
pane by the selected part of the matrix.

instance view The view of a selected program instance which you can display using the Instance
View command or tool button in the Emulator Control Panel or Trident Control
Panel.

intermediate The FBD program that TriStation automatically generates when it compiles a
FBD code CEM.

intermediate ST The ST source code that underlies the FBD program which TriStation
code automatically generates when compiling a CEM.

internal variable A variable that is automatically defined by CEM and cannot be modified by the
user. Every internal variable begins with the underscore character and is displayed
only in the FBD Network pane.

Intersection A cell in a matrix where a Cause Row intersects an Effect Column. In the simplest
type of matrix, an intersection consists only of the MOVE function. If the Enable
Intersection Functions option is selected, an intersection consists of a Triconex
library or user-created function or function block selected from a drop-down list.

Intersection A function or function block that may be selected from a drop-down list in the
Function Intersection cell of a Cause Row and an Effect Column.
 Glossary 93

library func- Functions and functions blocks in the Standard, Triconex and Trident Libraries that
tions, function TriStation automatically makes available for project development.
blocks

matrix 1. A CEM program.

2. A traditional methodology for ESD applications which associates a problem
(cause) in a process with one or more actions (effects) that must be taken to correct
the problem.
3. A logic network whose configuration is an array of intersections of its input/
output leads, with elements connected at some of these intersections. (IEEE
Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms)

trip A safety-related shutdown of the controlled process, or a portion of the controlled

process.

user-defined Functions or function blocks defined by the user for selection from drop-down lists
functions, in the cells of the Function column in a Cause Header or Effect Header, or in
function blocks Intersection cells.

Variable Detail The lower-left quadrant of a CEM display that lists the inputs and outputs of the
Table FBD network generated by the selected part of the matrix.

variable location A sheet that lists the location of each variable in a matrix, which TriStation
list includes automatically each time a CEM is printed. May be viewed with the Print
Preview command on the File menu.

View Manager A CEM dialog box that saves the current format of a matrix so that it may be
recalled later. May be helpful for very large matrixes that cannot be displayed on
the screen all at one time.
94 Glossary
 Index

A cells
AND’d intersections 7 deleting from matrix 37
annotations 31 hiding and unhiding 39
Application Type 49, 50, 76, 91 manipulating display of 37
attribute assignments 76 selecting in matrix 36
Attributes dialog box 77 selection of multiple 37, 40
Attributes tab 49, 50, 74, 76 CEM
definition 91
CEM Features attribute 49, 50
B
definition 91
boundaries
CEM methodology 6
between cells 38
CEM program
BYP (Bypass) terminal 61
definition 91
bypass inputs 61
CEMPLE
basic functionality 7
C definition 91
cause installation 9
definition 91 list of features 7
Cause and Effect Matrix (CEM) toolbar 27
definition 6 training 8
Cause Header CEM-specific error messages 85
definition 91 colors for monitoring 45, 48
description 34 defaults 67
Cause Header Functions 59, 60 comment macros 28
definition 91 Comments field 35
Cause Header Functions option 78 contacting Triconex
Cause Row fax 14
definition 91 phone 13
description 34 technical support 13
Cause State 70, 71, 78 web site 14
Cause State variable 72 conventions
Cause Variable 57 used in document 10
cell boundaries
double-clicking 38
D
dragging 38
Declarations dialog box 49, 50
96 Index

de-energize-to-trip evaluation
application 21 order of 22
matrix evaluation 7, 47 ExCEM.pt2 sample project 47
default color 67
for monitoring 67 F
default Intersection Function 56 fax number, Triconex 14
default options 48 FBD editor 49, 50
deleting cells 37 FBD Network pane
Description fields 35 description 43
document conventions 10 editing gestures for 43
limitations 44
E function block
editing gestures 36 creating 70
for FBD Network pane 43 function blocks
for Variable Detail Table 40 creating 50
effect design guidelines 70
definition 92 Function column
Effect Column of Cause Header 61
definition 92 of Effect Header 65
description 34 functions
Effect Header creating 49, 70
definition 92 design guidelines 70
description 34
Effect Header Functions H
option 78 hiding and unhiding cells 39
Effect Header functions 64
definition 92
Effect State 74, 78 I
effect state Intersection State 78
sharing value 42 In/Out Var Type 44
Effect State variable 75 installing CEMPLE 9
Effect Variable 57 instance view 45
Element menu 56, 60, 64, 76 definition 92
Element Options command 56, 60, 64 how to monitor 66
Element Options dialog box 21, 78, 79 Instance View command 66
Emulator Control Panel 66 intermediate code
Enable Cause Header Functions option 60 FBD 82
Enable Effect Header Functions option 64, 79 FBD and ST 29
Enable Intersection Functions option 56 ST 82
energize-to-trip intermediate FBD code
application 21 definition 92
matrix evaluation 7, 47 intermediate ST code
error messages 85 definition 92
 Index 97

internal variable 44, 80 pop-up menu 24

definition 42, 92 primary input
Internet address to Effect Header function or function block 74
for Triconex 14 to Intersection 73
Intersection 78 primary inputs 59
definition 92 to Cause Header 71
description of 34 primary output
Intersection Function 55, 56 from Intersection 73
default 56 of Cause Header 71
definition 92 primary outputs
Intersection State 42, 73 associated with Effect State 74
printer setups 32
J process shutdown 63
journal 27
R
L right mouse button
logic sheets 32 menu accessible from 24
LVLALRM function 49, 60, 61, 64 used to select cell in matrix 37

M S
macros 28 Safety and Control attribute 49
main menu commands 25 sample project
matrix on CD 47
definition 93 secondary input 59
how to edit 33 secondary inputs
matrix evaluation to Cause Header 71
types of 21 to Effect Header 74
Mon (Monitor) column secondary outputs
of Variable Detail Table 66 associated with Effect State 75
monitor colors 45, 48 selection buttons
default 67 for cells in matrix 36
Monitor Colors tab 67 session journal 27
setup program 9
sheet templates 32
O shutdown 21, 63
OR’d intersections 7 SHUTDOWN function block 50, 64, 65
order of evaluation 22 simple matrix
creating 51
P sizing cells 39
phone numbers
for Triconex 13 T
polarity terminal polarity 24
of terminals 24
98 Index

terminals
unconnected 41
TON function block 55, 56
tools
for CEMPLE 27
traditional CEM methodology 6
Triconex
fax number 14
phone numbers 13
technical support 13
web site 14
trip 21
definition 93

U
unhiding cells 39

V
VAR_IN_OUT variable type 44
Variable Detail Table 93
definition 40
editing gestures for 40
limitations 40
variable location list 93
printing 83
variable names
changing 41
defining 35
variables
assigning to unconnected terminals 41
changing names 41
View Manager 30, 81, 93
View menu 81

W
web site
for Triconex 14
wires
in FBD network 44