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NATIONAL ANTHEM
Part One
1. Roman Numerals
Geeta : This clock doesn’t have numbers. It has some

symbols instead.
Teacher : Yes, Geeta ! These are Roman numerals. In Europe,
in the old times, Roman capital letters were used to write
numbers. That is why, they were called Roman numerals.
The letter ‘I’ was the symbol used for 1, ‘V’ for 5, and
‘X’ for 10.
In this method, there was no symbol for zero. Also, the value of a symbol did not
change with its place. There are certain rules for writing numbers using the Roman
numerals. Let us see how to write 1 to 20 using these rules and the symbols I, V and X.
Rule 1 : If either of the symbols I or X is written consecutively two or three times, their
sum total is the number they make.
Examples : II = 1 + 1 = 2 XX = 10 + 10 = 20 III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
Rule 2 : The symbols I or X can be repeated consecutively for a maximum of three times.
The numeral V is never repeated consecutively.
Rule 3 : When either I or V is written on the right of the symbol of a bigger number, its
value is added to the value of the bigger number.
Examples : VI = 5 + 1 = 6 XI = 10 + 1 = 11 XV = 10 + 5 = 15
VII = 5 + 2 = 7 XII = 10 + 2 = 12 XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
VIII = 5 + 3 = 8 XIII = 10 + 3 = 13
Rule 4 : When I is written on the left of V or X, then its value is subtracted from the value
of V or X. However, the symbol I is not written more than once before V or X.
Examples : IV = 5 – 1 = 4 , IX = 10 – 1 = 9. But, the number 8 is not written as IIX.
We have to think a little differently to write the numbers 14 and 19.
14 = 10 + 1 + 1+ 1 + 1. However, we do not use the symbol I consecutively more than
3 times. Hence, we shall think of the number 14 as 10 + 4, instead. Then, using the
symbol IV for 4, we write 14 as XIV. Similarly, we shall think of the number 19 as
10 + 9 and write it as XIX.
Thus, to write the numbers from 1 to 20 in Roman numerals, we first distribute a given
number into groups of 10, 5 and 1 and then apply the rules given above.
Thus, 12 = 10 + 1 + 1 = XII, 7 = 5 + 1 + 1 = VII, 18 = 10 + 5 + 3 = XVIII
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Problem Set 1
1. Write all the numbers from 1 to 20 using Roman numerals.
2. Write the following numbers using international numerals.
(1) V (2) VII (3) X (4) XIII (5) XIV (6) XVI (7) XVIII (8) IX
3. Fill in the empty boxes.
Number Three Six Fifteen
Roman numerals VIII XII XIX
4. Write the numbers using Roman numerals.
(1) 9 (2) 2 (3) 17
(4) 4 (5) 11 (6) 18
5. In the table below, each given number is written in international numerals and then
again in Roman numerals. If it is written correctly in Roman numerals, put ‘ ’ in the
box under it. If not, put ‘ ’ and correct it.
International numerals 4 6 8 16 15
Roman numerals IIII VI IIX XVI VVV

Right / Wrong
(If wrong, correct the numeral.)
Something more : L, C, D and M are also used as Roman numerals.
Roman numerals I V X L C D M
Numbers 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Activity : Apart from clocks and watches, where else do we see Roman numerals ?
The decimal system of writing numbers

It is not easy to read or write numbers using Roman numerals. It also makes
calculations difficult. You have learnt to write numbers using the ten digits, 0 to 9. In
that system, the value of a digit depends upon its place in the number. This system of
writing numbers is called the ‘decimal system’.
Mathematicians of ancient India invented the decimal system of writing numbers and
began to use it. Later, this system was accepted in all parts of the world because it was
simple and convenient.

2. Number Work
$You have learnt to read and write numbers in the decimal system using the ten digits
from 0 to 9.
p Revision
Problem Set 2
1. Using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 write ten each of two-, three-, four- and five-digit
numbers. Read the numbers.
2. Fill in the blanks in the table below.
Devanagari International
Number written in words
numerals numerals
(1) २,३५९ 2,359 Two thousand, three hundred and fifty-nine
(2) ३२,७५६ -------------- -----------------------------
(3) ----------- 67,859 -----------------------------
(4) १,०३४ -------------- -----------------------------
(5) ----------- -------------- Twenty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety-five

3. As a part of the ‘Avoid Plastic Project’, Zilla Parishad schools made and provided paper
bags to provision stores and greengrocers. Read the talukawise numbers of the bags and
write the numbers in words.
Kopargaon Shevgaon Karjat Sangamner
12,740 28,095 31,608 10,972
4. How many rupees do they make ?
(1) 20 notes of 1000 rupees, 5 notes of 100 rupees and 14 notes of 10 rupees.
(2) 15 notes of 1000 rupees, 12 notes of 100 rupees, 8 notes of 10 rupees and
5 coins of 1 rupee.
5. Write the biggest and the smallest five-digit numbers that can be made using the digits
4, 5, 0, 3, 7 only once.
6. The names of some places and their populations are given below. Use this information
to answer the questions that follow.
Tala : 40,642 Gaganbawada : 35,777 Bodhwad : 91,256
Moregaon : 87,012 Bhamragad : 35,950 Velhe : 54,497
Ashti : 76,201 Washi : 92,173 Morwada : 85,890
(1) Which place has the greatest population ? What is its population ?
(2) Which place, Morwada or Moregaon, has the greater population ?
(3) Which place has the smallest population ? How much is it ?
p Introducing six-digit numbers
Teacher : How much, do you think, is the price of a four-wheeler ?
Ajay : Maybe about six or seven lakh rupees.
Teacher : Do you know exactly how much one lakh is ?
Ajay : It’s a lot, isn’t it ? More than even ten thousand, right ?
Teacher : Yes, indeed ! Let’s find out just how much. What is 999 + 1 ?
Ajay : One thousand.
Teacher : You have learnt to write 99000, too. Now, if you add 1000 to that, you will get
one hundred thousand. That’s what we call one lakh.
Vijay : 9999 +1 is 10,000 (ten thousand). We had made the ten thousands place for it.
Can we make a place for one lakh too in the same way ?
Teacher : Yes, of course. Carry out the addition 99,999 + 1 and see what you get.
99,999 Here we keep carrying over till we have to make a place for
+ 1 the ‘lakh’ on the left of the ten thousands place. And we write
the last carried over one in that place. The sum we get is read
1,00,000 as ‘one lakh’.
Vijay : Kishakaka bought a second-hand car for two and a half lakh rupees.
Ajay : How much is two and a half lakh ?
Teacher : One lakh is 100 thousand. So, half a lakh is 50 thousand.
Because, half of 100 is 50.
Vijay : That means two and a half lakh is 2 lakh 50 thousand.
Teacher : Now write this number in figures.
Vijay : 2,50,000.
Teacher : We have seen that a hundred thousand is 1 lakh. If we have 1000 notes of 100
rupees, how many rupees would they make?
Vijay : 1000 notes of 100 rupees would make 1 lakh rupees.
p Reading six-digit numbers
(1) 2,35,705 : two lakh thirty-five thousand (2) 8,00,363 : eight lakh three hundred
seven hundred and five and sixty-three
(3) 3,07,899 : three lakh seven thousand (4) 9,00,049 : nine lakh forty-nine
eight hundred and ninety-nine
(5) 5,30,735 : five lakh thirty thousand
seven hundred and thirty five
p Writing six-digit numbers in figures

(1) Eight lakh, nine thousand and forty-three : There are 8 lakhs in this number. There
are no ten thousands, so we write 0 in that place. As there are 9 thousands, we write 9 in
the thousands place. We write 0 in the hundreds place as there are no hundreds. Forty-three
is equal to 4 tens and 3 units, so in the tens and units places we write 4 and 3 respectively.
In figures : 8,09,043.

When writing numbers in figures, write the digit in the highest place first and then, in
each of the next smaller places, write the proper digit from 1 to 9. Write 0, if there is no digit
in that place. For example, if the number eight lakh, nine thousand and forty-three is written
as ‘89043’, it is wrong. It should be written as 8,09,043. Here, we have to write zero in the
ten thousands place.
(2) Four lakh, twenty thousand, five hundred : In this figure, there aren’t any thousands
in the thousands place, so we write 0 in it. Since there are five hundreds, we write 5 in the
hundreds place. There are no tens and units, hence, we write 0 in those places.
In figures : 4,20,500.
Problem Set 3
1. Read the numbers and write them in words.
(1) 7,65,234 (2) 4,73,225 (3) 3,27,001 (4) 8,75,375 (5) 1,50,437
(6) 2,03,174 (7) 6,47,851 (8) 9,00,999 (9) 5,75,010 (10) 4,03,005
2. Read the numbers and write them in figures.
(1) One lakh thirty-five thousand eight (2) Seven lakh twenty-seven thousand
hundred and fifty-five
(3) Four lakh twenty-five thousand three (4) Nine lakh nine thousand ninety-nine
hundred
(5) Seven lakh forty-nine thousand three (6) Eight lakh
hundred and sixty-two
3. Make five six-digit numbers, each time using any of the digits 0 to 9 only once.
p Introducing seven-digit numbers
Teacher : Now we shall learn about seven-digit numbers. Suppose 10 farmers borrow
` 1,00,000 each from a Co-operative Bank. Then, how much is the total loan
given by the bank to them ?
Ajit : We must find out what is ten times 1,00,000. That is, we multiply 1,00,000 by
10. That means we write one zero after the number to be multiplied.
Ajay : 1,00,000 × 10 = 10,00,000
Teacher : This becomes a seven-digit number. We read it as ‘Ten lakh’. We must make one
more place for the 10 lakhs to the left of the lakhs place. In western countries,
the term million is used. One million is equal to ten lakhs.
Thus, ten lakh = 10,00,000.
Just as we read ten thousands and thousands together, we read ten lakhs and lakhs
together. So, we read 18,35,614 as ‘eighteen lakh, thirty-five thousand, six hundred
and fourteen’.
Study the seven-digit numbers given below in figures and in words.
(1) 31,25,745 : thirty-one lakh, twenty-five (2) 91,00,006 : ninety-one lakh and six
thousand, seven hundred and forty-five
(3) 63,00,988 : sixty-three lakh, nine hundred (4) 88,00,400 : eighty-eight lakh, four
and eighty-eight hundred
(5) seventy-two lakh and ninety-five : 72,00,095 (6) seventy lakh, two thousand, three
hundred : 70,02,300
Problem Set 4
1. Read the numbers and write them in words.

(1) 25,79,899 (2) 30,70,506 (3) 45,71,504 (4) 21,09,900
(5) 43,07,854 (6) 50,00,000 (7) 60,00,010 (8) 70,00,100
(9) 80,01,000 (10) 90,10,000 (11) 91,00,000 (12) 99,99,999
2. Given below are the deposits made in the Women’s Co-operative Credit Societies of
some districts. Read those figures.
Pune : ` 94,29,408 Nashik : ` 61,07,187 Nagpur : ` 46,53,570
Ahmadnagar : ` 45,43,159 Aurangabad : ` 37,01,282 Yavatmal : ` 27,72,348
Sindhudurg : ` 58,49,651
p The expanded form of a number and the place value of digits
Teacher : Look at the place value of each of the digits in the number 27,65, 043.
Digit 2 7 6 5 0 4 3
Ten
Place Ten Lakhs Lakhs Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
Thousands
Place
20,00,000 7,00,000 60,000 5,000 0 40 3
Value
Hamid : When we write the place values of the digits as an addition, we get the
expanded form of the number. So, the expanded form of the number 27,65,043
is 20,00,000 + 7,00,000 + 60,000 + 5,000 + 0 + 40 +3.
Teacher : Now tell me the expanded form of 95,04,506.
Soni : 90,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 0 + 4,000 + 500 + 0 + 6.
Teacher : Good ! It can also be written as 90,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 4,000 + 500 + 6.
Now write the number from the expanded form that I give you.
4,00,000 + 90,000 + 200
Asha : Here, we have 4 in the lakhs place, 9 in the ten thousands place and 2 in the
hundreds place. There are no digits in the ten thousands place and in the tens
and units places. Hence, we write 0 in those places. Therefore, the number is
4,90,200.
Teacher : Tell me the place value of the underlined digit in the number 59,30,478.
Soni : The underlined digit is 5. The digit is in the ten lakhs place. Hence, its place
value is 50,00,000 or fifty lakhs.

Problem Set 5
1. Write the place value of the underlined digit.
(1) 78, 95,210 (2) 14, 95,210 (3) 3,52,749 (4) 50,000 (5) 89, 99,988
2. Write the numbers in their expanded form.
(1) 56, 43, 215 (2) 70, 815 (3) 8, 35, 999 (4) 8, 88, 889 (5) 92, 32, 992
3. Write the place name and place value of each digit in the following numbers.
(1) 35, 705 (2) 7, 82, 899 (3) 82, 74, 508
4. The expanded form of the number is given. Write the number.
(1) 60, 000 + 4000 + 600 + 70 + 9 (2) 9, 00, 000 + 20,000 + 7000 + 800 + 5
(3) 20,00,000 + 3,00,000 + 60,000 + 9000 + 500 + 10 + 7
(4) 7,00,000 + 80,000 + 4000 + 500 (5) 80,00,000 + 50,000 + 1000 + 600 + 9
An interesting dice game

Prepare a table with the name of each player, as shown below.
In front of each name, there are boxes to make seven-digit numbers.
The number
Names TL L TTH TH H T U
formed
Ajay 1
Megha 3
Pushkarni 6
Vijay 2
Game 1 : The first player throws the dice and writes that number in any one of the
boxes in front of his/her name. You can write only one number in each
box and once it is written, you cannot change its place. The other players
do the same till all the boxes are filled and each one gets a seven-digit
number. The one with the largest number is the winner.
Game 2 : Use the same table, but you may write the number (you get on throwing
the dice) in any box in front of anyone’s name. The one with the largest
number is the winner.
Game 3 : The rules are the same as for game 2, but the one with the smallest number
is the winner.

p Bigger and smaller numbers
Hamid : How do we determine the smaller or bigger number when we are dealing with
six- or seven-digit numbers ?
Teacher : You have learnt how to do that with five-digit numbers. The number with the
bigger ten thousands digit is the bigger number. If they are the same, we look at
the thousands digits to determine the smaller or bigger number.
Now, can you tell how to compare six- or seven-digit numbers ?
Hamid : Yes, I can. First, we’ll look at the ten lakhs digits. If they are the same, we’ll look
at the digits in the lakhs place. If those are equal, we look at the ten thousands
place to tell the smaller or bigger number and so on. Besides, we might be able
to tell which of the numbers is bigger, just by looking at the number of digits in
each number. Right ?
Teacher : Absolutely ! The number with more digits is the bigger number.
Problem Set 6
1. Write the proper symbol, ‘<’ or ‘>’ in the box.
(1) 5,705 < 15,705 (2) 22,74,705 12,74,705
(3) 35,33,302 35,32,302 (4) 99,999 9,99,999
(5) 4,80,009 4,90,008 (6) 35,80,177 35,88,172
2. Solve the problems given below.

(1) The Swayamsiddha Savings (4) At an exhibition, the Annapoorna
Group made 3,45,000 papads Savings Group sold goods worth
while the Swabhimani Group ` 5,12,345. The Nirman Group
made 2,95,000. Which group made sold goods worth ` 4,12,900. This
more papads ? figure was ` 4,33,000 for the
Srujan Group and ` 5,11,937 for
(2) Children of the Primary School the Savitribai Phule group.
in Ahmadnagar District collected
2,00,000 seeds while those in Pune Which group had the largest sales ?
District collected 3,25,000. Which Which group had the smallest ?
children collected more seeds ? Write the sales figures in
ascending order.
(3) The number of people who took
part in the Republic Day flag-
hoisting ceremony was 2,01,306 in
Pandharpur taluka and 1,97,208 in
Malshiras taluka. In which taluka
did a larger number of people
participate ?

p Introducing crores
99,99,999 is the biggest seven-digit number. On adding the number 1 to it, we get the
smallest eight-digit number, 1,00,00,000. We read this number as ‘one crore’. The new
place created to write this number is called the ‘crores’ place.
From the following examples, you can learn to read eight-digit numbers.
Number Reading
8,45,12,706 Eight crore forty-five lakh twelve thousand seven hundred and six
5,61,63,589 Five crore sixty-one lakh sixty-three thousand five hundred and eighty-
nine
6,09,04,034 Six crore nine lakh four thousand and thirty-four
Something more
On the left of the crores place are the places for ten crores, abja, and ten abja in
that order. The place value of each of these is ten times the value of the one on its right.
According to the Census of the year 2011, the population of our country is 1,21,01,93,422.
We read this as ‘one abja twenty-one crore one lakh ninety-three thousand four hundred
and twenty-two’.
Number of zeroes
Numbers In words
after 1
1 One –
10 Ten 1
100 Hundred 2
1,000 One thousand 3
10,000 Ten thousand 4
1,00,000 Lakh 5
10,00,000 Ten lakh 6
1,00,00,000 Crore 7
10,00,00,000 Ten crore 8
1,00,00,00,000 Abja 9
Crores Ten Lakhs Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

Thousands

3. Addition and Subtraction
p Addition : Revision
Study the following example.
23456
For the first day of a cricket match, 23,456 tickets were sold + 14978
while 14,978 tickets were sold for the second day. How many
tickets were sold in all ? 38434
The total number of tickets sold was 38,434.
Problem Set 7
Add :
(1) 40722 (2) 56427 (3) 64027 (4) 33216
+ + + +
13819 10648 28409 28540
p Addition of six-digit and seven-digit numbers

Last year, you have learnt to add five-digit numbers. Six-and seven-digit numbers can
be added using the same method.
Study the following examples.
Add :
Example (1) 1,43,057 + 4,21,689 Example (2) 26,42,073 + 7,39,478
L TTh Th H T U TL L TTh Th H T U
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 4 3 0 5 7 2 6 4 2 0 7 3
+ +
4 2 1 6 8 9 7 3 9 4 7 8
5 6 4 7 4 6 3 3 8 1 5 5 1
Example (3) 3,12,469 + 758 + 24,092 Example (4) 64 + 409 + 5,13,728
312469 64
+
+ 758 409
+ +
24092 513728
337319 514201
In the examples 3 and 4, the numbers are carried over mentally.

Problem Set 8
Add :
(1) 42,311 + 65,36,624 (2) 3,17,529 + 8,04,613
(3) 12,42,746 + 4,83,748 (4) 24,12,636 + 23,19,058
(5) 2,654 + 71,209 + 5,03,789 (6) 29 + 726 + 51,36,274
(7) 14,02,649 + 524 + 28,13,749 (8) 23,45,678 + 9,87,654
(9) 22 + 6,047 + 3,84,527 (10) 2,345 + 65,432 + 76,54,369
Study the following word problem.

During the polio eradication campaign, 3,17,658 children were given the polio vaccine
in one District and 2,04,969 children in another. Altogether, how many children got the
vaccine ?
317658
+
204969
522627
Altogether, 5,22,627 children got the vaccine.
Problem Set 9
Solve the following problems.

1. In a certain election, 13,47,048 women and 14,29,638 men cast their votes. How
many votes were polled altogether ?
2. What will be the sum of the smallest and the largest six-digit numbers ?
3. If Surekhatai bought a tractor for ` 8,07,957 and a thresher for ` 32,609, how much
money did she spend altogether ?
4. A textile mill produced 17,24,938 metres of cloth last year and 23,47,056 metres this
year. What was the total production for the two years ?
5. If the Government gave ` 34,62,950 worth of computers and ` 3,26,578 worth of TV
sets to the schools, what is the total amount it spent on this equipment ?
p Subtraction : Revision
Study the following example.
Last year , 38,796 students took a certain exam. This year the 47528
number was 47,528. How many more students took the exam – 38796
this year ?
08732
8,732 more students took the exam this year.

Problem Set 10
Subtract :
(1) 64293 (2) 37058 (3) 71540 (4) 50432
– – – –
28547 23469 58628 48647
p Subtraction of six and seven-digit numbers

You have learnt to carry out subtractions of five-digit numbers. Using the same
method, we can do subtractions of numbers with more than five digits.
Subtract :
Example (1) 65,07,843 – 9,25,586 Example (2) 34,61,058 – 27,04,579
14 13 3 4 6 1 0 5 8
–
5 4 10 7 3 13 2 7 0 4 5 7 9
6 5 0 7 8 4 3 0 7 5 6 4 7 9
–
9 2 5 5 8 6 As shown in the above example, learn to
subtract by keeping the borrowed numbers
5 5 8 2 2 5 7 in your mind without writing them down.
Subtraction by another method

Before subtracting one number from another, if we add 10 or 100 to both of them, the
difference remains the same. Let us use this fact.
Example : Subtract : 724 – 376
12 14 As we cannot subtract 6 from 4, we shall add a ten to both the
7 2 4 numbers. For the upper number, we untie one tens. We add those
– ten units to 4 units to get 14 units.
3 7 6
We write the tens added to the lower number below it, in the
1 1
tens place.
3 4 8
We subtract 6 units from 14.
Now, we cannot subtract ( 7 + 1) i.e. 8 tens from 2 tens. So, we add one hundred to
both the numbers. For the upper number, we untie the hundred and add the ten tens to 2
tens. To add the hundred to the lower number, we write it below, in the hundreds place.
12 tens minus 8 tens is 4 tens. And 7 hundreds minus (3 + 1) i.e. 4 hundreds is 3 hundreds.
Hence, the difference is 348.

Example (1) Example (2)
4 0 5 8 2 5 2 5 2 0 2 1 1
– 9 8 7 6 – 2 1 8 9 5 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 9 5 9 4 9 2 3 0 1 2 6 1
Problem Set 11
Subtract :
(1) 8,57,513 – 4,82,256 (2) 13,17,519 – 10,07,423 (3) 68,34,501 – 23,57,823
(4) 45,43,827 – 12,05,938 (5) 70,12,345 – 28,64,547 (6) 38,01,213 – 37,54,648
Study the following word problem.

In 2001, the population of a city was 21,43,567. In 2011, it was 2809878
–
28,09,878. By how much did the population grow ? 2143567
The population grew by 6,66,311. 0666311
Problem Set 12
1. Prathamesh wants to buy a laptop worth 27,450 rupees. He has 22,975 rupees. What is
the amount he still needs to be able to buy the laptop ?
2. A company produced 44,730 scooters in a certain year and 43,150 in the next. How
many more scooters did they produce in the previous year ?
3. In a certain city, the number of men is 16,37,856 and the number of women is
16,52,978. By how many does the number of women exceed the number of men ?
4. An organization decided to collect 25,00,000 rupees for a certain project. They
collected 26,57,340 through donations and other kinds of aid. By how much did they
exceed their target ?
5. Use the numbers 23,849 and 27,056 to make a subtraction problem. Solve the problem.
Mixed examples
Study the following solved examples.
Example (1) 4,13,758 + 2,09,542 – 5,16,304 413758 623300
+ –
209542 516304
4,13,758 + 2,09,542 – 5,16,304 = 1,06,996
623300 106996
Example (2) 345678 – 162054 + 600127 345678 183624

– +
162054 600127
345678 – 162054 + 600127 = 7,83,751
183624 783751

In these examples, both operations, addition and subtraction, have to be done. They are
done in the order in which they are given. In actual cases, we need to consider the specific
problem to decide which operation must be done first.
Example (3) The total amount spent on building a certain house was ` 87,14,530.
Of this amount, ` 24,72,615 were spent on buying the plot of land, ` 50,43,720 on the
construction material and the rest on labour charges. What was the amount spent on
labour ?
Method : 1 Method : 2
8714530 Total amount spent 2472615 Cost of plot

– +
2472615 Cost of plot 5043720 Cost of material
6241915 Cost of material 7 5 1 63 3 5 Cost of plot and
and labour material
6241915 Cost of material and labour 87 1 4 5 3 0 Total amount spent

– –
5043720 Cost of material 75 1 6 3 3 5 Cost of plot and material
1198195 Amount spent on labour 1198195 Amount spent on labour
Let us verify our answer.

2472615 Cost of plot The sum total of all the amounts
+ spent tallies with the given total
5043720 Cost of material
+ cost. It means that our answer is
1198195 Amount spent on labour correct.
8714530 Total cost
Problem Set 13
1. The Forest Department planted 23,078 trees of khair, 19,476 of behada besides trees of
several other kinds. If the Department planted 50,000 trees altogether, how many trees
were neither of khair nor of behada ?
2. A city has a population of 37,04,926. If this includes 11,24,069 men and 10,96,478
women, what is the number of children in the city ?
3. The management of a certain factory had 25,40,600 rupees in the labour welfare fund.
From this fund, 12,37,865 rupees were used for medical expenses, 8,42,317 rupees
were spent on the education of the workers’ children and the remaining was put aside
for a canteen. How much money was put aside for the canteen ?
4. For a three-day cricket match, 13,608 tickets were sold on the first day and 8,955 on
the second day. If, altogether, 36,563 tickets were sold in three days, how many were
sold on the third day ?

4. Multiplication and Division
p Multiplication
Multiplying a given number by a three-digit number
Example (1) There are 754 students in a school. If one child’s uniform costs 368
rupees, what will be the cost of the uniforms for all the children in the school ?
754
×
8
754 6032
×
368 754
6 0 3 2 ------ Multiplying by 8 units ×
+ 60
4 5 2 4 0 ------ Multiplying by 6 tens 45240
+
2 2 6 2 0 0 ------ Multiplying by 3 hundreds
277472 754
×
300
226200
The total cost of the uniforms is ` 2,77, 472.
Here, 754 is the multiplicand, 368 is the multiplier and 2,77,472 is the product.
Note : We could have also found out the total cost of the uniforms by taking 368
754 times and adding it up. However, it takes less time and effort to find the answer by
multiplication.
Example (2) 3429 × 507 = How many ?

3429
× 7
3429 24003
× 3429
507
× 0
2 4 0 0 3 ------ Multiplying by 7 units
+
0 0 0 0 0 ------ Multiplying by 0 tens 00 0 00
+
1 7 1 4 5 0 0 ------ Multiplying by 5 hundreds
1738503 3429
× 500
1714500

Example (3) Write a multiplication word problem using the two numbers 25,634
and 78.
Solve the problem.
A shopkeeper bought 78 TV sets for ` 25,634 each. What is their total cost ?
2 5 6 3 4 ------ Cost of one TV set 25634

× 7 8 ------ Number of TV sets × 8
2 0 5 0 7 2 ------ Multiplying by 8 units 205072
+
1 7 9 4 3 8 0 ------ Multiplying by 7 tens
1 9, 9 9, 4 5 2
25634
× 70
The total cost is ` 19,99,452.
1794380
Make a habit of holding the carried over numbers in your mind.
Problem Set 14
1. Multiply.
(1) 327 × 92 (2) 807 × 126 (3) 567 × 890 (4) 4317 × 824
(5) 6092 × 203 (6) 1177 × 99 (7) 456 × 187 (8) 6543 × 79
(9) 2306 × 832 (10) 6429 × 509 (11) 4,321 × 678 (12) 20,304 × 87
2. As part of the ‘Avoid Plastic’ campaign, each of 745 students made 25 paper bags.
What was the total number of paper bags made ?
3. In a plantation, saplings of 215 medicinal trees have been planted in each of the 132
rows of trees. How many saplings are there in the plantation altogether ?
4. One computer costs 27,540 rupees. How much will 18 such computers cost ?
5. Under the ‘Inspire Awards’ scheme, 5000 rupees per student were granted for the
purchase of science project materials. If 154 students in a certain taluka were covered
under the scheme, find the total amount granted to that taluka.
6. If a certain two-wheeler costs 53,670 rupees, how much will 35 such two-wheelers
cost ?
7. One hour has 3,600 seconds. How many seconds do 365 hours have ?
8. Frame a multiplication word problem with the numbers 5473 and 627 and solve it.
9. Find the product of the biggest three-digit number and the biggest four-digit number.
10. One traveller incurs a cost of 7,650 rupees for a certain journey. What will be the cost
for 26 such travellers ?

p Pairing off objects from two groups in different ways
(1) Ajay wants to travel light. So he took with him three shirts - one red, one green and
one blue and two pairs of trousers - one white and one black. How many different
ways does he have of pairing off a shirt with trousers ?
Writing ‘S’ for shirt and ‘T’ for trousers, the possible different pairs are :
(Red S, Black T), (Green S, Black T), (Blue S, Black T) Altogether 6
(Red S, White T), (Green S, White T), (Blue S, White T) different pairs.
(2) Suresh has three balls of different colours marked A, B and C and three bats marked
P, Q and R. He wishes to take only one bat and one ball to the playground. In how
many ways can he pair off a ball and a bat to take with him ?
A A A B B B C C C
P Q R P Q R P Q R
How many different pairs have been shown here ?

(3) The three friends, Sanju, John and Ali went to the fair. A shop there, had five different
types of hats. Each of the boys had photos taken of himself, wearing every type of
hat, in turn. Find how many photographs were taken in all.
Sanju – Sanju – Sanju – Sanju – Sanju –
John – John – John – John – John –
Ali – Ali – Ali – Ali – Ali –
How many different pairs were formed ? That is, how many photos were taken ?
Take two collections, each containing the given number of objects. Make as many
different pairs as possible, taking one object from each collection every time. Thus,
complete the table below.
Objects in the other

Objects in one collection How many ways to form pairs ?
collection
3 2
5 2
2 4
3 4
What does this table tell us ? >
The number of different pairs formed by pairing off objects from two groups is equal
to the product of the number of objects in the two groups.

p Division
Teacher : You have learnt some things about division. For example, we know that
division means making equal parts of a given number, or, subtracting a
number repeatedly from a given number. What else do you know ?
Shubha : We know that we get two divisions from one multiplication.
From 9 × 4 = 36, we get the divisions 36 ÷ 4 = 9 and 36 ÷ 9 = 4.
Teacher : Very good ! Right now, there’s nothing new to learn about division. Only the
number of digits in the dividend and the divisor will grow. Tell me what is
354 ÷ 6 ?
Sarang : 354 = 300 + 54. 300 divided by six is 50. And 54 ÷ 6 = 9. Hence the quotient
is 50 + 9 = 59.
Teacher : Right ! Now let’s learn, step by step, how to divide a four-digit number by a
one-digit number. So now, divide 4925 by 7 and tell me the quotient and the
remainder.
Shubha : We cannot divide 4 thousands by 7 into whole thousands. Now,
4 Th = 40 H. So let us instead take the 40 hundreds together with 9 hundreds
and divide 49 hundreds. 49 ÷ 7 = 7. So, everyone gets 7 hundreds. Now, we
cannot divide 2T equally among 7 people. So we must write 0 in the tens
place in the quotient. Then on dividing 25 by seven, we get
0826
quotient 3 and the remainder is 4. Thus, the answer is quotient
703, remainder 4. 9) 7439
–
0
Teacher : Very good ! Now divide 7439 by 9.
74
Sarang : It’s difficult to do this mentally. I’ll write it down on paper. –
72
The quotient is 826 and the remainder, 5. 23
–
Teacher : We use the same method to divide a four-digit number by a 18
two-digit number. If necessary, we can prepare the table of the 59
–
divisor before we start. 54
5
Study the solved examples shown below.
Example (1) Example (2)
0170
25 × 1 = 25 0305 32 × 1 = 32
25) 4254
– 25 × 2 = 50 32) 9783 32 × 2 = 64
0 –
0
42 25 × 3 = 75 32 × 3 = 96
– 97
25 –
25 × 4 = 100 96 32 × 4 = 128
175
– 25 × 5 = 125 18 32 × 5 = 160
175 –
00
0004 25 × 6 = 150 32 × 6 = 192
– 183
0000 25 × 7 = 175 –
160
0004
23
Quotient 170, Remainder 4 Quotient 305, Remainder 23
Example (3) Divide. 9842 ÷ 45
0218 We can prepare the 45 times table to do this division.
45) 9842 But when the divisor is a big number, we can solve the example
– by first guessing what the quotient will be. Let us see how to do that.
90
084 We have 0 in the thousands place in the quotient.
–
45 Now, to guess the quotient when dividing 98 by 45, look at the
392 first digits in both - the dividend and the divisor. These are 9 and
–
360 4, respectively.
032 Dividing 9 by 4, we will get 2 in the quotient. Let us see if
2 times 45 can be subtracted from 98. 45 × 2 = 90. 90 < 98. So, we write 2 in the
hundreds place in the quotient.
Next, dividing 84 by 45 we can easily see that as 90 > 84, we have to write 1 in the tens
place in the quotient.
Now, we have to divide 392 by 45. As 3 < 4, let us look at 39, the number formed by the
first 2 digits, to guess the next digit in the quotient.
4 × 9 = 36 and 36 < 39. Let us check if the next digit can be 9. 45 × 9 = 405 and
405 > 392. Therefore, 9 cannot be the next digit in the quotient.
Let us check for 8. 45 × 8 = 360. 360 < 392. So, we write 8 in the units place of the
quotient.
We subtract 8 × 45 from 392 and complete the division.
The quotient is 218 and the remainder, 32.
Example (4) If 35 kilograms of wheat cost 910 rupees,
what is the rate of wheat per kg ? 26
Weight of wheat in kg × rate of wheat per kg = cost of wheat 35) 910
–
70
Hence, 35 × rate per kg = 910
210
Therefore, when we divide 910 by 35, –
210
we will get the per kg rate of wheat. 000
The rate per kilogram of wheat is 26 rupees.
Problem Set 15
1. Solve the following and write the quotient and remainder.
(1) 1284 ÷ 32 (2) 5586 ÷ 87 (3) 1207 ÷ 27
(4) 8543 ÷ 41 (5) 2304 ÷ 43 (6) 56,741 ÷ 26
2. How many hours will it take to travel 336 km at a speed of 48 km per hour ?
3. Girija needed 35 cartons to pack 1400 books. There are an equal number of books in
every carton. How many books did she pack into each carton ?
4. The contribution for a picnic was 65 rupees each. Altogether, 2925 rupees were
collected. How many had paid for the picnic ?
5. Which number, on being multiplied by 56, gives a product of 9688 ?
6. If 48 sheets are required for making one notebook, how many notebooks at the most
will 5880 sheets make and how many sheets will be left over ?
7. What will the quotient be when the smallest five-digit number is divided by the
smallest four-digit number ?
Mixed examples
A farmer brought 140 trays of chilli seedlings. Each tray had 24 seedlings. He planted
all the seedlings in his field, putting 32 in a row. How many rows of chillies did he
plant ? 140
Let us find out the total number of seedlings when × 24
there were 24 seedlings in each of the 140 trays. We shall 560
multiply 140 and 24. +
2800
Total number of seedlings 3,360. 3360 105
To find out how many rows were planted with 32) 3360
–
32 seedlings in each row, we shall divide 3,360 by 32. 32
The quotient is 105. 016
–
00
Therefore, the number of rows is 105.
160
–
Carry out the multiplication of 105 × 32 and verify your answer. 160
000
Problem Set 16
1. From a total of 10,000 rupees, Anna donated 7,000 rupees to a school. The remaining
amount was to be divided equally among six students as the ‘all-round student’ prize.
What was the amount of each prize ?
2. An amount of 260 rupees each was collected from 50 students for a picnic. If
11,450 rupees were spent for the picnic, what is the amount left over ?
3. A shopkeeper bought a sack of 50kg of sugar for 1750 rupees. As the price of sugar
fell, he had to sell it at the rate of 32 rupees per kilo. How much less money did he get
than he had spent ?
4. A shopkeeper bought 7 pressure cookers at the rate of 1870 rupees per cooker. He
sold them all for a total of 14,230 rupees. Did he get less or more money than he had
spent ?
5. Fourteen families in a Society together bought 8 sacks of wheat, each weighing 98
kilos. If they shared all the wheat equally, what was the share of each family ?
6. The capacity of an overhead water tank is 3000 litres. There are 16 families living in
this building. If each family uses 225 litres every day, will the tank filled to capacity
be enough for all the families ? If not, what will the daily shortfall be ?

5. Fractions
p Equivalent fractions
If one bhakari is divided equally between two people, each
1
one will get half a bhakari. The fraction half is written as .
2
Here 1 is the numerator and 2 is the denominator.
One bhakari was divided into four equal parts. Two of the
2
parts were given away. This is shown as . Here, 2 is the
4
numerator and 4, the denominator. This, too, means that half a
bhakari was given.
Six equal parts were made of one melon. They were shared
equally by two people. It means that the part that each one
3 3
got was . Each one actually got half the melon. Thus,
6 6
also shows the fraction ‘one half ’.
1 2 3
In the three examples above, the fraction ‘half’ has been shown by , , respectively.
2 4 6
1 2 3
It means that the value of all three fractions is the same. This is written as = = .
2 4 6
Such fractions of equal value are called equivalent fractions.
Look at the coloured parts of the two equal circles shown

alongside. One circle is divided into 3 equal parts and two
2
of them are coloured. That is, the coloured part is 3 of the
circle.
The other circle of the same size is divided into six equal
4
parts and 4 of them are coloured. That is, of the whole circle is coloured. However, we
6
2 4
see that the coloured parts of the two circles are equal. Therefore, = .
3 6
2 4
Thus, 3 and are equivalent fractions.
6
p Obtaining equivalent fractions
Two of the 5 equal parts in the figure are coloured. The
2
coloured part is of the whole figure.
5
When two lines are drawn across the same figure, it gets
divided into 15 equal parts. So, now, the fraction that
6
shows the coloured part is .
15
2 6
= .
However, the coloured part has not changed. Therefore, we see that
5 15
Teacher : Do you see any special connection between the numerators and denominators
2 6
of the fractions and ?
5 15
Sonu : Three times 2 is 6 and three times 5 is fifteen.
1 2 1 3 2 4
Teacher : We have also seen that = , = and = . In two equivalent
2 4 2 6 3 6
fractions, the numerator of one fraction is as many times the numerator of the
other as the denominator of one is of the denominator of the other.
When the numerator and denominator of a fraction are multiplied by the same
non-zero number, we get a fraction that is equivalent to the given fraction.
Nandu : Can I get an equivalent fraction by dividing the numerator and denominator
by the same number ?
Teacher : Of course ! If the numerator and denominator have a common divisor, then
the fraction obtained on actually dividing them by that divisor is equivalent to
6
the given fraction. The numerator and denominator of the fraction can be
2 15
divided by 3. On doing this division, we get the fraction .
5
6 2
It means that = .
15 5
If the numerator and denominator have a common divisor then the fraction we get on
dividing them by that divisor is equivalent to the given fraction.
6
Teacher : Divide the numerator and denominator of 12 by the same number to find an
equivalent fraction.
Sonu obtained 6 6÷2 3 Minu obtained 6 6÷3 2

=
this fraction 12 12 ÷ 2 = 6 = =
this fraction 12 12 ÷ 3 4
Nandu : 6 and 12 can also be divided by 6. Will that do ?

6 6÷6 1
Teacher : Sure. 12 = 12 ÷ 6 = 2 .
6
Remember that the fractions we get by dividing 12 by 2 or 3 or 6 are all equivalent
6 6 3 2 1
to 12 . That is 12 = 6 = = 2.
4
5
Example (1) Find a fraction with denominator 30 which is equivalent to 6 .
5
= . We must find the right number for the box.
6 30
Here, 5 times the denominator 6 is 30. What is five times the numerator 5 ?
5 5 × 5 25 25 5
= 6 × 5 = 30 . Hence, the fraction 30 with denominator 30 is equivalent to .
6 6

15
Example (2) Find a fraction equivalent to but with denominator 8.
40
15
= . We must find the number for the box.
40 8
40 divided by 5 is 8.
So, we will get the number for the box by dividing 15 by 5. 15 ÷ 5 = 3.
15 3
Therefore, 40 = 8
3 15
Thus, the fraction is equivalent to the fraction 40 .
8
Problem Set 17
1. Write the proper number in the box.
1 3 15 9 18 10
(1) = (2) = (3) = (4) =
2 20 4 11 40 8
14 4 1 4 10
(5) = (6) = (7) = (8) =
26 13 3 6 20 5 25
2. Find an equivalent fraction with 3. Find an equivalent fraction with
denominator 18, for each of the denominator 5, for each of the
following fractions. following fractions.
1 2 4 2 7 5 6 10 12 6 21
, , ,
2 3 6 9 , 9 , 3 15 , 25 , 30 , 10 , 35
4. From the fractions given below, pair off the 5. Find two equivalent fractions for
equivalent fractions. each of the following fractions.
2 5 5 7 14 15 18 10 7 4 3
3 , 7 , 11 , 9 , 18 , 33 , 27 , 14 9 , 5 , 11
p Like fractions and unlike fractions

1 4 6
Fractions such as 7 , 7 , 7 whose denominators are equal, are called ‘like fractions’.
1 4 9
Fractions such as 3 , 8 , 11 which have different denominators are called
‘unlike fractions’.
p Converting unlike fractions into like fractions

5 7
Example (1) Convert and into like fractions.
6 9
Here, we must find a common multiple for the numbers 6 and 9.
Multiples of 6 : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ……..
Multiples of 9 : 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 …..
Here, the number 18 is a multiple of both 6 and 9. So, let us make 18 the denominator of
both fractions.
5 5×3 15 7 7×2 14
6 = = = 9 × 2 = 18
6 × 3 18 9
15 14 5 7
Thus, 18 and 18 are like fractions, respectively equivalent to 6 and 9 .
Here, 18 is a multiple of both 6 and 9. We could also choose numbers like 36 and 54 as
the common denominators.
4 5
Example (2) Convert and 16 into like fractions.
8
As 16 is twice 8, it is easy to make 16 the common denominator.
4 4×2 8 8 5
= 8 × 2 = 16 . Thus, 16 and 16 are the required like fractions.
8
4 3
Example (3) Find a common denominator for and .
7 4
The number 28 is a multiple of both 7 and 4. So, make 28 the common denominator.
4 4 × 4 16 3 3 × 7 21 16 21
= = , = = . Therefore, and are the required like fractions.
7 7 × 4 28 4 4 × 7 28 28 28
Problem Set 18
Convert the given fractions into like fractions.
3 5 3 3 4 3 24 1
(1) 4 , 8 (2) , (3) 5 , 10 (4) 9 , 6
5 7
1 2 5 4 3 1 1 4
(5) 4 , 3 (6) , 5 (7) 8 , 6 (8) ,
6 6 9
p Comparing like fractions
1
Example (1) A strip was divided into 5 equal parts. It means that each part is . The
5
3 1 1 1
coloured part is 5 = + + .
5 5 5
2 1 1
The white part is = + . The coloured part is bigger than
5 5 5
3 2 3 2
the white part. This tells us that is greater than . This is written as > .
5 5 5 5
Example (2) This strip is divided into 8
equal parts. 3 of the parts have one colour and 4
3 4
have another colour. Here, 8 < 8 .
In like fractions, the fraction with the greater numerator is the greater fraction.

p Comparing fractions with equal numerators
You have learnt that the value of fractions with numerator 1 decreases as the
denominator increases.
Even if the numerator is not 1, the same rule applies so long as all the fractions have
a common numerator. For example, look at the figures below. All the strips in the figure
are alike.
2
2 of the 3 equal parts of the strip
3
2
2 of the 4 equal parts of the strip
4
2 of the 5 equal parts of the strip 2

5
2 2 2
The figure shows that 3 > 4 > 5 .
Of two fractions with equal numerators, the fraction with the

greater denominator is the smaller fraction.
p Comparing unlike fractions

3
Teacher : Suppose we have to compare the unlike fractions 5
4
and 7 . Let us take an example to see how this is done.
These two boys are standing on two blocks. How do we
decide who is taller ?
Sonu : But the height of the blocks is not the same. If both
blocks are of the same height, it is easy to tell who is
taller.
Nandu : Now that they are on blocks of equal height, we see
that the boy on the right is taller.
Teacher : The height of the boys can be compared when they
stand at the same height. Similarly, if fractions have
the same denominators, their numerators decide which
fraction is bigger.
Nandu : Got it ! Let’s obtain the same denominators for both
fractions.

Sonu : 5 × 7 can be divided by both 5 and 7. So, 35 can be the common denominator.
3 3 × 7 21 4 4 × 5 20
= = = 7 × 5 = 35
5 5 × 7 35 7
21 20 3 4
> Therefore, 5 > 7
35 35
To compare unlike fractions, we convert them into their equivalent fractions so that their
denominators are the same.
Problem Set 19
Write the proper symbol from < , > , or = in the box.
3 3 3 2 2 10 5 10
(1) 7 (2) 8 8 (3) 11 11 (4) 15 30
7
5 5 4 4 10 10 1 1
(5) 8 9 (6) 7 11 (7) 11 13 (8) 5 9
5 1 5 1 7 14 4 4
(9) 6 8 (10) 12 6 (11) 8 16 (12)
9 9
5 1 2 4 3 5 4 1
(13) 18 9 (14) 3 7 (15) 7 9
(16) 11 5
p Addition of like fractions
3 2
3 Example (1) 7 + 7 = ?
7 Let us divide a strip into 7 equal parts. We shall colour 3 parts
with one colour and 2 parts with another.
3
The part with one colour is 7 , and that with the other colour
2
is .
7
2 5
7 The total coloured part is shown by the fraction .
7
3 2 3+ 2 5
It means that, + = = .
7 7 7 7
3 2 1
Example (2) Add : + + .
8 8 8
The total coloured part is 3 + 2 + 1 = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 .

8 8 8 8 8
When adding like fractions, we add the numerators of the two fractions and
write the denominator as it is.

2 4
Example (3) Add : 6 + 6
2 4 2+4 6 6
+ = = . However, we know that
6 6 6 6 6 means that all 6 of the 6 equal parts
6
are taken. That is, 1 whole figure is taken. Therefore, 6 = 1. Note that :
If the numerator and denominator of a fraction are equal, the fraction is equal to one.
7 10 2 3 2+3 5
That is why, = 1; =1; + = = = 1.
7 10 5 5 5 5
Remember that, if we do not divide a figure into parts, but keep it whole, it can also be
written as 1.
1 2 3
This tells us that 1 = = = and so on.
1 2 3
You also know that if the numerator and denominator of a fraction have a common
divisor, then the fraction obtained by dividing them by that divisor is equivalent to the
given fraction.
5 5÷5 1
= = =1
5 5÷5 1
Problem Set 20
1. Add :
1 3 2 4 7 2 2 7 3 4
(1) + (2) 7 + 7 (3) 12 + 12 (4) 9 + 9 (5) 15 + 15
5 5
2 1 3 2 4 3 4 1 5 3
(6) + + (7) + + + (8) (9) +
7 7 7 10 10 10 9 9 8 8
3 2
2. Mother gave of one guava to Meena and of the guava to Geeta.
8 8
What part of the guava did she give them altogether ?
3 1
3. The girls of Std V cleaned 4 of a field while the boys cleaned 4 . What part of the field
was cleaned altogether ?
p Subtraction of like fractions
A figure is divided into 5 equal parts and 4 of them are
4
coloured. That is, part of the figure is coloured.
5
Now, we remove the colour from one of the coloured
1 4
parts. That is, we subtract 5 from 5 . The remaining
1 3 3 4 1 4 −1 3
coloured part is 5 . Therefore, – = =
5 5 5 5 5 5
When subtracting a fraction from another like fraction, we write the difference between
the numerators in the numerator and the common denominator in the denominator.

7
Example (1) Subtract : – 5
13 13
These two fractions have a common denominator. So, we shall subtract the second
numerator from the first and write the denominator as it is.
7 – 5 7−5 2
= =
13 13 13 13
5 3
Example (2) If Raju got part of a sugarcane and Sanju got part, how much was
12 12
the extra part that Raju got ?
To find out the difference, we must subtract.
2
= 5 − 3 = 2 . Thus, Raju got 12 extra.
5 – 3
12 12 12 12
Problem Set 21
1. Subtract :
5 1 5 3 7 2 8 5
(1) − (2) 8 8
− (3) 9 − 9 (4) 11 − 11
7 7
9 4 7 3 9 2 10 3
(5) − (6) − (7) − (8) −
13 13 10 10 12 12 15 15
7 4
2. of a wall is to be painted. Ramu has painted of it. How much more needs
10 10
to be painted ?
p Addition and subtraction of unlike fractions
2 1
Example (1) Add : +
3 6 2
First let us show the fraction by colouring two of
3
the three equal parts on a strip.
You have learnt to add and to subtract fractions with common denominators. Here, we
1 2
have to add the fraction to the fraction .
6 3
So let us divide each part on this strip into two equal parts.
4 2 1
is a fraction equivalent to . Now, as is to be added
6 3 6
2 4
to i.e. to , we shall colour one more of the six parts on the strip. Now, the
3 6
total coloured part is 5 .
6
4 1 4 +1 5
Therefore, + = = .
6 6 6 6
2 1 5
That is, + = .
3 6 6
1 2 3 1
Example (2) Add : + Example (3) Add : +
2 5 8 16
Here, the smallest common multiple Here, 16 is twice 8. So, we shall change
of the two denominators is 10. So, the denominator of both fractions to 16.
we shall change the denominator
of both fractions to 10.
1 2 1 3× 2 1
= 1× 5 + 2 × 2
3 +
+ + =
2 5 2×5 5× 2 8 16 8 × 2 16
5 4 6 1
= + 10 = 16 + 16
10
5+ 4 9 6 +1 7
= = = 16 = 16
10 10
3 5 4 2
Example (4) Subtract : 4 – 8 Example (5) Subtract : –
5 3
Let us make 8 the common The smallest common multiple of the
denominator of the given fractions. denominators is 15. So, we shall change
the denominator of both fractions to 15.
3 5 3× 2 5 4 2 4×3 2×5
– = – – = −
4 8 4×2 8 5 3 5× 3 3× 5
6 5 12 10
= 8 – 8 = 15 – 15
6−5 12 − 10
= =
8 15
1 2
= 8 = 15
Problem Set 22
1. Add :
1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 3
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) + (5) +
8 4 21 7 5 3 7 2 9 5
2. Subtract :
3 1 3 1 6 2 4 3 2 1
(1) 10 − 20 (2) − (3) − (4) − (5) −
4 2 14 7 6 5 7 4

p A fraction of a collection and a multiple of a fraction
1 1
of a collection of 20 dots of a collection of 20 dots
4 2
1 1
of 20 = 5 of 20 = 10
4 2
20 ÷ 2 = 10
20 ÷ 4 = 5
3
of a collection of 20 dots
4
3 1 1 1
= + +
4 4 4 4
3 1
of 20 is three parts of 20; that is, 15 dots
4 4
20 ÷ 4 = 5, 5 × 3 = 15
1
Twice 5 is 10 times 10
2
1
2 rows of of 10 = 5
2
5 balls each
5 × 2 = 10 1 times 10 = 5
2
Twice 5 is 10
1
Thrice 5 times 15
3
1
Total balls 15 times 15
3
Thrice 5 = 15 1
Hence, 15 × = 5
That is, 5 × 3 = 15 3
15 ÷ 3 = 5
2
times 15
3
2 1
To get times 15 is to find times 15 and take it twice.
3 3

Meena has 5 rupees. Tina has twice as many rupees. That is, Tina has 5 × 2 = 10
1
rupees. Meena has half as many rupees as Tina, that is, 2 of 10, or, 5 rupees.
4
Ramu has to travel a distance of 20 km. If he has travelled of the distance by car,
5
how many kilometres did he travel by car ?
4 4 1
of 20 km is 20 × . So, we take 5 of 20, 4 times.
5 5
1
of 20 = 4. 4 times 4 is 4 × 4 = 16.
5
4
It means that 20 × = 16.
5
Ramu travelled a distance of 16 kilometres by car.
Problem Set 23
1
1. What is of each of the collections given below ?
3
(1) 15 pencils (2) 21 balloons (3) 9 children (4) 18 books
1
2. What is of each of the following ?
5
(1) 20 rupees (2) 30 km (3) 15 litres (4) 25 cm
3. Find the part of each of the following numbers equal to the given fraction.
2 7 3 5
(1) of 30 (2) of 22 (3) 8 of 64 (4) of 65
3 11 13
p Mixed fractions
Half of each of the three circles is coloured. That is,

1
3 parts, each equal to 2 of the circle, are coloured.
1 1 1
1 1 1 3 1
2 2 2 The coloured part is 2 + 2 + 2 , that is, 2 or 1 + 2 .
1 1 1
1 + 2 is written as 1 2 . 1 2 is read as ‘one and one upon two’.
1 1
In the fraction 1 2 , 1 is the integer part and 2 is the fraction part. Hence, such fractions
1 2 4
are called mixed fractions or mixed numbers. 2 , 3 5 , 7 are all mixed fractions.
4 9
Fractions in which the numerator is greater than the denominator are called
improper fractions.
3 5
2 , 3 are improper fractions. We can convert improper fractions into mixed fractions.
3 2 +1 2 1 1 1
For example, 2 = = 2 + 2 = 1+ 2 = 12
2
Activities
1. Colour the Hats.
In the picture alongside :

1
Colour 3 of the hats red.
3
Colour 5 of the hats blue.
How many hats have you coloured red ?
How many hats have you coloured blue ?
How many are still not coloured ?
2. Make a Magic Spinner.

Take a white cardboard disc. As
shown in the figure, divide it into six
equal parts.
Colour the parts red, orange, yellow,
green, blue and violet.
Make a small hole at the centre of the
disc and fix a pointed stick in the hole.
Your magic spinner is ready.
What fraction of the disc is each of the
coloured parts ?
Give the disc a strong tug to make it
turn fast. What colour does it appear to
be now ?

The Clever Poet
There was a king who had

a great love for literature. A
certain poet knew that if the
king read a good poem it made
him very happy. Then the king
would give the poet an award.
Once, the poet composed a
good poem. He thought if he
showed it to the king, he would
win a prize. So, he went to the
king’s palace. But, it was not
easy to meet the king. You had
to pass a number of gates and
guards. The first guard asked
the poet why he wanted to meet
the king. So, the poet told him
the reason. Seeing the chance
of getting a share of the award,
the guard demanded, ‘You must
1
give me of your prize. Only then will ‘Your Majesty, if you wish to know the
10
I let you go in.’ The poet could do nothing reason, the three palace guards must be
but agree. The second guard stopped him called here.’ When the guards came, the
and said, ‘I will let you go in only if you poet explained, ‘Your Majesty, all of them
2 have a share in the 100 lashes that you have
promise me of your prize.’ The third awarded to me. Each of them has fixed his
5
guard, too, was a greedy man. He said, ‘I own share of the prize I get. The first guard
will not let you go, unless you promise me 1
must get of the award, that is, lashes.
1 10 2
of your prize.’ The king’s palace was The second must get , which is
4 5 , and
just a little distance away. Now, the poet
1
the third must get half the award, that is,
told the guard, ‘Why only , I shall give lashes !’ The king could now see how
4
you half the prize !’ The guard was pleased greedy the guards were and how clever the
and let him in. poet was. He saw to it that each guard got
the punishment he deserved. He gave the
The king liked the poem. He asked the poet a prize for his poem. He also gave him
poet, ‘What is the prize you want ?’ ‘I shall an extra 100 gold coins for exposing the
be happy if Your Majesty awards me 100 greed of the guards.
lashes of the whip.’ The king was surprised.
‘Are you out of your mind !’ he exclaimed. What was the clever idea of the poet
‘I have never met anyone so crazy as to ask which the king appreciated so much ?
for a whipping !’

6. Angles
p Revision
This is a right angle. This is an acute angle. This is an obtuse angle.
Look at the clocks given below. Write whether the hands make a right angle, an acute
angle or an obtuse angle in the box below.
p Components of angles, naming an angle A
Teacher : Monu, what does the diagram given here show?

Monu : The diagram shows an angle. Sir, do angles have names ? B C
Teacher : Yes, angles have names. Can you see the lines in the diagram ?
Tell me their names.
Monu : This diagram has two lines, BA and BC.
Teacher : Which is the common point between the two lines ?
Monu : The common point is B.
Teacher : These two lines join together to form an angle. The common point B is called
the ‘vertex’. BA and BC are the ‘arms’ of the angle.
Monu : Then, Sir, what is the name of the angle ?
Teacher : An angle is named by three letters. The letter in the middle represents the
vertex of the angle.
Monu : That means, the name of the angle is ABC. Is that right ?
Teacher : Yes. While naming the angle, we say ‘angle ABC’.
Monu : Sir, instead of ‘angle ABC’, can we say ‘angle CBA’ ?
Teacher : Yes, we can call the angle ‘angle ABC’ or ‘angle CBA’. Both are correct. The
symbol ‘∠’ represents the word ‘angle’. We use this symbol to write ‘angle
ABC’ as ‘∠ABC’.
Problem Set 24
Complete the following table.
Name of the
Diagram Vertex Arms of an angle
angle
P R
‘∠PQR’ or
Q QP and QR
‘∠RQP’
Q
N M
S
T
p The protractor
A protractor is used to measure an angle and also

to draw an angle according to a given measure.
The picture opposite shows a protractor.
A protractor is semi-circular in 30,…180 are marked anticlockwise

shape. or from right to left; the divisions 0,
The semi-circular edge of a 10, 20, 30,…180 are also marked
protractor is divided into 180 equal clockwise, or serially from left to
parts. Each part is ‘one degree’. ‘One right.
degree’ is written as ‘1°’. The centre of the circle of which
The divisions on a protractor, the protractor is a half part, is
i.e., the degrees can be marked in called the centre of the protractor. A
two ways. The divisions 0, 10, 20, diameter of that circle is the baseline
or line of reference of the protractor.

p Measuring angles
A
Observe how to measure ∠ABC given alongside, using a protractor.
B C
1. First, put the centre of the protractor on the

vertex B of the angle. Place the baseline
A of the protractor exactly on arm BC. The
arms of the angle do not reach the divisions
on the protractor.
B C
A
2. At such times, set the protractor aside and
extend the arms of the angle.
Extending the arms of the angle does not
change the measure of the angle.
B C
3. The angle is measured starting from the zero

A
on that side of the vertex on which the arm of
the angle lies. Here, the arm BC is on the right
of the vertex B. Therefore, count the divisions
starting from the 0 on the right. See which mark
falls on arm BA. Read the number on that
B C mark. This number is the measure of the angle.
The measure of ∠ABC is 40°.
We can measure the same ∠ABC by positioning the protractor differently.
A 1. First put the centre point of the protractor on

vertex B of the angle. Align the baseline of the
protractor with arm BA.
2. Find the 0 mark on the side of BA. Count

B the marks starting from the 0 on the side of
C point A. See which mark falls on arm BC.
Read the number at that point.
Observe that here, too, the measure of ∠ABC

is 40°.

See how the angles given below have been measured with the help of a protractor.
R
P N
Q M
Measure of ∠PQR is: 90° Measure of ∠LMN is: 50°
Z
T
X R
Y S
Measure of ∠XYZ is: 105° Measure of ∠RST is: 55°
Problem Set 25
Measure the angles given below and write the measure in the given boxes.
p Drawing an angle of the given measure

Example Draw ∠ABC of measure 70°.
B is the vertex of ∠ABC and BA and BC are its arms.
B C 1. First draw arm BC with a ruler.

2. Since B is the vertex, we must draw a 70° angle at
that point.
Put the centre of the protractor on B. Place the
protractor so that the baseline lies on arm BC.
Count the divisions starting from the 0 near
point C. Mark a point with your pencil at the
B C division that shows 70°. Lift the protractor.
A Draw a line from vertex B through the point marking
the 70° angle. Name the other end of the line A.
∠ABC is an angle of measure 700.
70°
B C
Rahul and Sayali drew ∠PQR of measure 800 as shown below.
Rahul’s angle Sayali’s angle
P P
Q R Q R
Teacher : Have Rahul and Sayali drawn the angles correctly ?

Shalaka : Sir, Rahul’s angle is wrong. Sayali’s angle is correct.
Teacher : Why is Rahul’s angle wrong ?
Rahul : I counted 10, 20, 30…from the left and drew the angle at 80.
Teacher : Rahul measured the angle from the left. Under the baseline on the left of Q,
there is nothing. The arm of the angle is on the right of Q. Therefore, the
point should have been marked 80° counting from the right side, that is, on
the side on which point R lies.
Problem Set 26
Draw and name the following angles with the help of a protractor.
(1) 60° (2) 120° (3) 90° (4) 150° (5) 30° (6) 165° (7) 45°
p Types of angles
Right angle Acute angle R Obtuse angle L
S
T N M
∠RST measures less than ∠LMN measures more than
∠ABC is a right angle. 90°, that is, less than a 90°, that is, more than a
right angle. right angle.
Angles of measure An angle which An angle which measures
90° are called right measures less than a more than a right angle is
angles. right angle is called an called an obtuse angle.
acute angle.
∠RST is an acute angle. ∠LMN is an obtuse angle.

Activity : Making a right angle by folding
(1) Fold a sheet of paper roughly in half.
(2) Make another fold in the paper at any point
on the first fold, as shown in the picture.
(1)
(3) Now unfold the paper. You will find two
lines. The angle between those two lines will
be a right angle.
With the help of a protractor, verify that the
measure of this angle is 90°.
(3)
(2)
p Parallel and perpendicular lines
p Parallel lines
The bars on the window in the picture are

parallel to each other.
The steps on the ladder in the picture are parallel

to each other.
The vertical legs of the ladder are parallel to

each other.
1. Take a rectangular piece of paper.
2. Fold it in such a way that one edge

falls exactly on the opposite edge.
3. Make another fold in the same way.
4. Unfold the paper and trace the lines

made by the folds, with a pencil.
The lines traced with the pencil are parallel to each other.
The lines shown alongside are not of equal length, yet they are parallel
to each other.
Parallel lines do not intersect, that is, they do not cut each other,
no matter how far they are extended on either side.

Take a ruler as shown in the picture.
Using a pencil, draw lines along both
sides of the ruler. Put the ruler aside. The two
lines are parallel to each other.
In this way, we can use several rectangular objects to draw parallel lines.
p Perpendicular lines
We have seen many objects standing straight on the ground.

These objects form a right angle with their shadows.
For example, the angle formed by a pole and its shadow on
the ground is 90° or a right angle. Similarly, adjacent sides of
wooden planks or books also form angles of 90°.
When two lines form an angle of 90° with each other, they are
said to be perpendicular to each other. To show that two lines are
perpendicular, a symbol as shown the figure is drawn between them.
Measure the angle between any two adjacent sides of your notebook.
Since it is a right angle, the two sides are perpendicular to each other.
Look at this picture of a page of a notebook.

The horizontal lines on the paper are parallel to each other. However,
the vertical margin line on the side forms a right angle with the
horizontal lines, therefore, it is perpendicular to the horizontal lines.
Problem Set 27
1. Give two examples of parallel lines you can see in your environment.
2. Give two examples of perpendicular lines you can see in your environment.
3. Look at the pictures given below. Decide whether the lines given in each picture are
parallel or perpendicular to each other and write the answer in the box.
Parallel lines Perpendicular lines

7. Circles
p Radius, chord and diameter
1. The line joining the centre of the circle to any point on the circle is
called a radius of the circle.
M
P In the diagram, P is the centre of the circle while M is a point on the
circle. PM is a radius of the circle.
A circle has many radii. They are all of the same length.
N
2. A line joining any two points on a circle is called a chord.
M
In the diagram, M and N are two points on the circle.
Line MN is a chord of the circle.
3. A chord passing through the centre of the circle is called a diameter.

A B
P In the diagram, chord AB passes through the centre P. Therefore,
chord AB is also a diameter of the circle.
A circle has many chords and diameters.
The centre of the circle below is O. There are other points and lines given in the
diagram. Find the radii, chords and diameters in the diagram and write their names in
the box provided.
S
Radius
N
O
Diameter
P Chord
T
p Drawing a circle
We use a compass to draw a circle. One arm of

the compass has a metal point while the other arm
has a place to fix a pencil. A pencil of a suitable
length is fixed to the compass.

p How to draw a circle using a compass
First fix the pencil to the compass. Align the metal tip of the compass with
the pencil point as shown in the picture on the right.
Take a convenient distance between the pencil point

and the metal tip.
Take any point on a piece of paper.
Hold the metal tip steady on the chosen point and turn
the pencil point around it on the sheet of paper. The shape
created by the pencil point will be a circle.
The point at which the metal tip of the compass is

held is the centre of the circle. In this diagram, C is the
centre of the circle. C
To draw a circle of a given radius, a distance equal to the radius is

kept between the pencil point and the metal tip of the compass. In the
accompanying diagram, this distance is 3 cm. Therefore, the radius of
the circle drawn using this distance is 3 cm.
Problem Set 28
1. Draw circles with the radii given below.
(1) 2 cm (2) 4 cm (3) 3 cm
2. Draw a circle of any radius. Show one diameter, one radius and one chord on that
circle.
p Relationship between radius and diameter

Study the circle given alongside. Think over the following questions.
Which are the radii in the circle ?
A B How many radii make up diameter AB ?
O
If the length of one radius is 3 cm, what is the length of the
diameter ?
How long is the diameter as compared to the radius ?
The diameter of a circle is twice the length of its radius.

If another diameter CD is drawn on the same circle, will its length be the same as that
of AB ?
All the diameters of a circle are of the same length.
Test 1 : Measure the diameters and radii of the circles given below with a ruler and verify
the relationship between their lengths.
Diagram
Radius 1 cm
Diameter 2 cm
Test 2 :
1. Draw a circle on a piece of paper and cut it out.
A B
P
2. Name the centre of the circle P.
3. Draw the diameter of the circle and name it AB. Note that
PA and PB are radii of the circle.
4. Fold the circular paper along AB as shown in the picture.
5. Fold the paper at P in such a way that point B will fall

on point A. Radius PB falls exactly on radius PA. In other
words, they coincide.
From this, we can see that every radius of a circle is half the length of its diameter.
Problem Set 29
1. If the radius of a circle is 5 cm, what will its diameter be ?

2. If the diameter of a circle is 6 cm, what will its radius be ?

3. Complete the following table by filling in the blanks.
Radius 4 cm 9 cm
Diameter 16 cm 22 cm
p The interior and the exterior of a circle

We play ‘Land and Sea’ inside a circle on the playground. In this game, the children
inside the circle are in the ‘sea’, while the children outside the circle are on ‘land’.
In the picture alongside, K, L, M and N are points on a
K
circle with centre T.
A B
P
Q
The coloured area inside the circle in the picture is the
N interior of the circle. P, Q, R and T are points in the interior of
L
R T the circle.
C D
M A, B, C and D are points in the exterior of the circle.
Problem Set 30
In the table below, write the names of the points in the interior and exterior of the circle
and those on the circle.
Points in the interior of Points in the exterior of Points on the

Diagram
the circle the circle circle
P
W M
Y
R
N T
X
Z
p The circumference of a circle

Take a bowl with a circular edge.
Wind a string once around the bowl and make a full circle
around it.
Unwind this circle and straighten it out as shown.
Measure the straightened part with a ruler. The length of
that part is the circumference of the circle or of the bowl.
The circumference of the

circle is 12 cm 3 mm.

p An arc of a circle
Shown alongside is a plastic bangle.

If the bangle breaks at points A and B, it
will split into two parts as shown in the
picture.
Each of these parts is an arc of a

circle.
P Q On the given circle, there are two points P and Q. These

two points have divided the circle into two parts. Each of
these parts is an arc of the circle.
This means that P and Q have created two arcs. P and Q

R are the end points of both arcs.
From the name ‘arc PQ’, we cannot say which of the two arcs we are speaking of. So,
an additional point is taken on each arc. This point is used to give each arc a three-letter
name. In the figure, there are two arcs, arc PSQ and arc PRQ.
Problem Set 31
M
1. In the figure given alongside, points S, L, M and N are on the L
circle. Answer the questions with the help of the diagram.
(1) Write the names of the arcs with end-points S and M. S
N
(2) Write the names of the arcs with the end-points L and N.
A B
2. Write the names of arcs that points A, B, C and D

in the given circle give rise to. D
C
Q
P R
3. Give the names of the arcs that are made by points P, Q, R,

S and T in the figure.
T
S
4. Measure and note down the circumference of different circular objects.

(It is convenient to use a measuring tape for this purpose.)

Part Two
8. Multiples and Factors
Dada : I have 12 pedhas. I have to put them in equal groups so that no pedha is left
over. How many pedhas must I put in each group ?
Sanju : Putting into groups means dividing. None left over means that the remainder will
be 0.
Anju : 12 is divisible by 2, so we can make groups of two.
Manju : 12 is divisible by 3, so we can make groups of 3.
Sagar : We can also make groups of four.
Anita : Can we make groups of five?
Manju : No, because 12 is not divisible by 5.
Anju : We can divide 12 by six, so groups of six can be made.
Manju : We cannot make groups of 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 because we cannot divide 12 by any
of these numbers.
Sanju : We could make one group of twelve and give it to one person. Or, we could give
12 people 1 pedha each.
Dada : Very good. 12 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12, which means the
remainder is 0. These numbers are called divisors or factors of 12.
Similarly, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 are factors of 16.
Problem Set 32
Write the factors of the following numbers.
(1) 8 (2) 5 (3) 14 (4) 10 (5) 7 (6) 22 (7) 25 (8) 32 (9) 33
p Multiples
Dada : You know what a divisor and a dividend is. Do you know what a multiple is ?
Anju : I don’t know what a multiple is, but I think it must be related to multiplication.
Dada : Right ! Let me give you an example. You can solve 20 ÷ 5, can’t you ?
Anju : Yes. When we divide the dividend 20 by the divisor 5, the quotient is 4 and the
remainder is 0.
Dada : When the division of a dividend leaves no remainder, the dividend is said to be a
multiple of the divisor. In such a case, the dividend is the product of the divisor
and the quotient. Here, 20 is a multiple of 5, but 21 is not.
Now tell me, can we divide 84 chalksticks into groups of six ?
Suraj : Let me divide by 6. 84 can be divided exactly by 6 and the quotient is 14. Thus, we
can make 14 groups of 6. So, 84 is the multiple of 6 and 6 is a factor of 84.
Dada : If the number of chalksticks is 6, 12, 18, 36 or 84, then we can make exact groups
of 6 with none left over. It means that 6, 12, 18, 36 and 84 are multiples of 6, or
that they are exactly divisible by 6. To see whether the number of chalksticks is
a multiple of 6, divide that number by 6. If the remainder is 0, the number is a
multiple of 6.
Each number in the 3 times table is exactly divisible by 3 or is a multiple of 3.
Similarly, the numbers in the 7 times table are multiples of 7. Numbers in the 9
times table are multiples of 9.
We use this idea all the time. Let me ask you a few questions so as to make it clear.
I have a 200 ml measure. Will I be able to measure out 1 litre of milk with it ?
Suraj : I litre is 1000 ml. 1000 = 200 × 5, which means that 1000 is a multiple of
200. So we can measure out 1 litre of milk with the 200 millilitre measure.
5 measures of 200 ml make 1 litre.
Dada : Can we measure out one and a half litres of milk with the 200 ml measure ?
Anju : One and a half litres is 1500 ml. 1500 is not divisible by 200. So, it is not a multiple
of 200. So the 200 ml measure cannot be used to measure out one and a half litres
of milk.
Dada : I have 400 grams of chana. I have to make pouches of 60 grams each. Is that
possible, if I don’t want any left overs ?
Anju : No. 400 is not a multiple of 60.
Dada : How much more chana will I need to make those pouches of 60 grams each ?
Anju : We will have to find the multiple of 60 that comes directly after 400.
60 × 6 = 360, 60 × 7 = 420. So, we need 20 grams more of chana.
p Tests for divisibility

Study the 2 times table and see which numbers appear in the units place. Similarly,
divide 52, 74, 80, 96 and 98 by 2 to see if they are exactly divisible by 2. What rule do we
get for determining whether a number is a multiple of 2 ?
Now study the 5 and 10 times tables.
See what rules you get for finding multiples of 5 and 10,
that is, numbers divisible by 5 and 10.
Test for divisibility by 2 : If there is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 in the units place, the number is

a multiple of 2, or is exactly divisible by 2.
Test for divisibility by 5 : Any number with 5 or 0 in the units place is a multiple
of 5 or, is divisible by 5.
Test for divisibility by 10 : Any number that has 0 in the units place is a multiple of
10.

Problem Set 33
1. (1) Write five three-digit numbers that are multiples of 2.
(2) Write five three-digit numbers that are multiples of 5.
(3) Write five three-digit numbers that are multiples of 10.
2. Write 5 numbers that are multiples of 2 as well as of 3.
3. A ribbon is 3 metres long. Can we cut it into 50 cm pieces and have nothing left over ?
Write the reason why or why not.
4. A ribbon is 3 metres long. I need 8 pieces of ribbon each 40 cm long. How many
centimetres shorter is the ribbon than the length I need ?
5. If the number given in the table is divisible by the given divisor, put ✓ in the box. If it is
not divisible by the divisor, put in the box.
Divisor Divisor
2 5 10 2 5 10
Number Number
15 55
30 63
34 70
46 84
p Prime and composite numbers

Some numbers are given in the tables below. Write all of their factors.
Numbers Factors Numbers Factors
2 1, 2 11
3 1, 3 12
4 1, 2, 4 16
5 19
6 25
Dada : What do you notice on studying the table ?

Ajay : The number 1 is a factor of every number. Some numbers have only 1 and the
number itself as factors. For example, the only factors of 3 are 1 and 3. Similarly,
the factors of 2 are only 1 and 2 and the factors of 19 are only 1 and 19. Some
numbers have more than two factors.

Dada : Numbers like 2, 3, 19 which have only two factors are called prime numbers.
A number which has only two factors, 1 and the number itself, is called a prime number.
Ajay : What do we call numbers like 4, 6 and 16 which have more than two factors ?
Dada : Numbers like 4, 6 and 16 are called composite numbers.
A number which has more than two factors is called a composite number.
Dada : Think carefully and tell me whether 1 is a prime or composite number.

Ajay : The number 1 has only one factor, 1 itself, so I can’t answer your question.
Dada : You’re right. 1 is considered neither a prime number nor a composite number.
1 is a number which is neither prime nor composite.
Problem Set 34
1. Write all the prime numbers between 1 and 20.
2. Write all the composite numbers between 21 and 50.
3. Circle the prime numbers in the list given below.
22, 37, 43, 48, 53, 60, 91, 57, 59, 77, 79, 97, 100
4. Which of the prime numbers are even numbers ?
p Co-prime numbers
Dada : Tell me all the factors of 12 and 18.
Anju : I’ll tell the factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
Manju : I’ll give the factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
Dada : Now find the common factors of 12 and 18.
Anju : Common factors ?
Dada : 1, 2, 3 and 6 are in both groups, which means that they are common factors.
Now tell me the factors of 10 and 21.
Sanju : Factors of 10 : 1, 2, 5, 10.
Manju : Factors of 21: 1, 3, 7, 21.
Dada : Which of the factors in these two groups are common?
Sanju : 1 is the only common factor.
Dada : Numbers which have only 1 as a common factor are called co-prime numbers,
so 10 and 21 are co-prime numbers. The common factors of 12 and 18 are 1, 2,
3 and 6; which means that the common factors are more than one. Therefore, 12
and 18 are not co-prime numbers. Now tell me whether 8 and 10 are co-prime
numbers.
Manju : The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4 and 8 and the factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10. These
numbers have two factors, 1 and 2, in common, so 8 and 10 are not co-prime
numbers.
Problem Set 35
Determine whether the pairs of numbers given below are co-prime numbers.
(1) 22, 24 (2) 14, 21 (3) 10, 33 (4) 11, 30
(5) 5, 7 (6) 15, 16 (7) 50, 52 (8) 17, 18
Activity 1 : Write numbers from 1 to 60.
Draw a blue circle around multiples of 2.
Draw a red circle around multiples of 4.
Do all numbers with a blue circle also have a red circle around them ?
Do all the numbers with a red circle have a blue circle around them?
Are all multiples of 2 also multiples of 4 ?
Are all multiples of 4 also multiples of 2 ?.
Activity 2 : Write numbers from 1 to 60.

Draw a triangle around multiples of 2.
Draw a circle around multiples of 3.
Now find numbers divisible by 6. Can you find a property that they
share ?
p Eratosthenes’ method of finding prime numbers

Eratosthenes was a 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91
mathematician who lived in
Greece about 250 BC. He 2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92
discovered a method to find 3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 83 93
prime numbers. It is called
Eratosthenes’ Sieve. Let us 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94
see how to find prime numbers 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
between 1 and 100 with this
method. 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96
m 1 is neither a prime nor a 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97

composite number. Put a 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98
square around it
9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99
m 2 is a prime number, so put a
circle around it. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
m Next, strike out all the
multiples of 2. This tells us that of these 100 numbers more than half numbers are not
prime numbers.

m The first number after 2 not yet struck off is 3. So, 3 is a prime number.
m Draw a circle around 3. Strike out all the multiples of 3.
m The next number after 3 not struck off yet is 5. So, 5 is a prime number.
m Draw a circle around 5. Put a line through all the multiples of 5.
m The next number after 5 without a line through it is 7. So, 7 is a prime number.
m Draw a circle around 7. Put a line through all the multiples of 7.
In this way, every number between 1 and 100 will have either a circle or a line through
it. The circled numbers are prime numbers. The numbers with a line through them are
composite numbers.
p One more method to find prime numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 See how numbers from 1 to 36 have

been arranged in six columns in the table
7 8 9 10 11 12 alongside.
13 14 15 16 17 18
Continue in the same way and write
19 20 21 22 23 24 numbers up to 102 in these six columns.
25 26 27 28 29 30 You will see that, in the columns for 2, 3,

4, and 6, all the numbers are composite
31 32 33 34 35 36
numbers except for the prime numbers
- - - - - - 2 and 3. This means that all the remaining
prime numbers will be in the columns for
- - - - - - 1 and 5. Now isn’t it easier to find them ?
So, go ahead, find the prime numbers !
Something more
Prime numbers with a difference of two are called twin prime numbers.
Some twin prime number pairs are 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 29 and 31 and 71 and 73.
5347421 and 5347423 are also a pair of twin prime numbers.
There are eight pairs of twin prime numbers between 1 and 100. Find them.
Euclid the mathematician lived in Greece about 300 BC. He proved that if prime
numbers, 2, 3, 5, 7, ......., are written in serial order, the list will never end, meaning that
the number of prime numbers is infinite.

9. Decimal Fractions
Soumitra : Sir, today I saw MRP ` 24.50 printed on a box of medicine.

What does it mean ?
Teacher : MRP means maximum retail price - the seller can sell that
medicine for a maximum of 24 rupees and 50 paise.
Rekha : But how does ‘` 24.50’ mean ‘twenty-four rupees fifty paise’?
Teacher : ‘24.50’ has been written in decimal form. To understand the
answer to your question, you will first have to learn about
decimal fractions and the way they are written.
p Decimal fractions
A fraction whose denominator is 10, 100 or 1000 or any other ten times multiple of 10
5 68 285
is called a decimal fraction. For example, 10 , , . These fractions are written in
100 100
the numerator and denominator form.
It is convenient to write these fractions in another way. To use this new method, let
us look at our usual method of writing numbers. In this method, we make new places for
tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. The place value of each of these is 10 times that of
the previous place. For example, one ten equals 10 units, one hundred equals10 tens and
so on.
Now let us think in the opposite direction. If we divide one hundred into 10 equal parts,
each part is one ten. The tens place is to the right of the hundred. One ten is divided into
ten parts. Each part is one unit. The units place is to the right of the tens place.
1
Similarly, if one unit is divided into ten equal parts, each part becomes . For this, a
1 10
place is made to the right of the units place. means ‘one-tenth’. This place is called the
10
tenths place or the first decimal place.
p The decimal point
The decimal place is created for writing a fraction. When writing numbers, a dot (.) is
written after the last digit of the whole part of a number to indicate the end of that part.
5
This symbol is called a decimal point. The decimal point is used to write 8 as 8.5. This
10
is read as ‘eight point five’.
3 ’
‘20 is written as ‘20.3’ .
10
7
‘Seven tenths’ can be written as ‘ ’ or ‘0.7’.
10
7
‘ ’ is the usual way of writing the number and ‘0.7’ is the decimal way.
10
Problem Set 36
Write the following mixed fractions in decimal form and read them aloud.
9 4 3 8 7
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 5 10 (4) (5)
10 10 10 10
p Hundredths
1 1
If 10 is divided into 10 equal parts, each part becomes 100 or one hundredth.
1
Therefore, note that 1 tenth =10 hundredths, or 0.1=0.10. By multiplying 100 by 10 we
10 1
get = . Therefore, it is possible to create a hundredths place next to the tenths place.
100 10
14
After creating a hundredths place we can write as 0.14.
100
14 10 + 4 10 4 1 4 14
= = + 100 = 10 + 100 meaning that when writing in decimal
100 100 100 100
form, 1 is written in the tenths place and 4 is written in the hundredths place. This fraction
57
is written as 0.14 and is read as ‘zero point one four’. Similarly, 6 100 is written as 6.57
71
and 50 100 is written as 50.71.
3
While writing in decimal form, we must remember that there is no number
100
3
in the tenths place and so, we put 0 in that place, which means that is written
100
as 0.03.
Study how the decimal fractions in the table below are written and read.
Decimal fractions Decimal fractions

Fractions Tens Units Tenths Hundredths
in figures in words
5
7 7 5 7.5 Seven point five
10
5
7 7 0 5 7.05 Seven point zero five
100
82
0 8 2 0.82 Zero point eight two
100
6 Twenty-five point
25 2 5 0 6 25.06
100 zero six
Problem Set 37
Write the following mixed fractions in decimal form and read them aloud.
1 1 53 78 5 5 2 20
(1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 4 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
10 100 100 100 100 10 10 100
p Place value of the digits in decimal fractions
We can determine the place value of the digits in decimal fractions in the same way
that we determine the place values of digits in whole numbers.
Example (1) In 73.82, the place value of 7 is 7 × 10 = 70, and of 3, it is 3 × 1 = 3.
1 8
Similarly, the place value of 8 is 8 × = = 0.8 and
10 10
1 2
the place value of 2 is 2 × = = 0.02
100 100
Example (2) Place values of the digits in 210.86.
Digits 2 1 0 8 6
Place Hundreds Tens Units Tenths Hundredths
Place 2 × 100 1 × 10 0 1 1
value = 200 = 10 0 8× 6 × 100 = 0.06
10 = 0.8
Problem Set 38
Read the decimal fraction and write down the place value of each digit.
(1) 6.13 (2) 48.84 (3) 72.05 (4) 3.4 (5) 0.59
p Use of decimal fractions
Sir : Now we will see how 24.50 equals 24 rupees and 50 paise. How many rupees is
one paisa ?
Sumit : 100 paise make one rupee, therefore, 1 paisa is one hundredth of a rupee or
0.01 rupee.
Sir : And 50 paise are ?
Sumit : 50 hundredths of a rupee, or 0.50 rupees, so 24.50 rupees is 24 rupees
and 50 paise.
Sir : When a large unit of a certain quantity is divided into 10 or 100 parts to make
smaller units, it is more convenient to write them in decimal form. As we just
saw, 100 paise = 1 rupee. Similarly, 100 cm = 1 metre, so 75 cm = 0.75 m.
10 mm = 1 cm, so 1 mm = 0.1cm. 3 mm are 0.3 cm. 6.3 cm are 6 cm and 3 mm.
Now study the following table.
100 paise = 1 rupee 100 cm = 1 m
1 1
1 paisa = rupee = 0.01 rupee 1 cm = m = 0.01 m
100 100
50 25
50 paise = rupee = 0.50 rupee 25 cm = m = 0.25 m
100 100
75 60
75 paise = rupee = 0.75 rupee 60 cm = m = 0.60 m = 0.6 m
100 100

1 rupee = 100 paise 1m = 100 cm
5 rupees = 500 paise 8m = 800 cm
0.50 rupee = 0.5 rupee = 50 paise 0.3 m = 30 cm
0.07 rupee = 7 paise 0.40 m = 40 cm
4.5 rupees = 4 rupees 50 paise 2.65 m = 2 m 65 cm
17.65 rupees = 17 rupees 65 paise 14.9 m = 14 m 90 cm
Problem Set 39
1. Write how many rupees and how many paise.
(1) ` 58.43 (2) ` 9.30 (3) ` 2.30 (4) ` 2.3
2. Write how many rupees in decimal form.
(1) 6 rupees 25 paise (2) 15 rupees 70 paise (3) 8 rupees 5 paise
(4) 22 rupees 4 paise (5) 720 paise
3. Write how many metres and how many centimetres.
(1) 58.75 m (2) 9.30 m (3) 0.30 m (4) 0.3 m
(5) 1.62 m (6) 91.4 m (7) 7.02 m (8) 0.09 m
4. Write how many metres in decimal form.
(1) 1 m 50 cm (2) 50 m 40 cm (3) 50 m 4 cm (4) 734 cm
(5) 10 cm (6) 2 cm
5. Write how many centimetres and how many millimetres.
(1) 6.9 cm (2) 20.4 cm (3) 0.8 cm (4) 0.5 cm
6. Write how many centimetres in decimal form.
(1) 7 cm 1 mm (2) 16 mm (3) 144 mm (4) 8 mm
p Writing half, quarter, three-quarters and one and a quarter in decimal form
1
‘Half’ is usually written as 2 . To convert this fraction into decimal form, the
1
denominator of 2 must be converted into an equivalent fraction with denominator 10.
1 1× 5 5 1 5
= = so the decimal form of will be or 0.5
2 2 × 5 10 2 10
1 1× 5 5 1 1 × 50 50
Just as 2 = = = 0.5, note that = = = 0.50
2 × 5 10 2 2 × 50 100
Therefore, ‘half’ is written as ‘0.5’ or 0.50’. ‘Quarter’ and ‘three quarters’ are written
1 3
in fractions as and respectively. Let us convert them into decimal fractions. 10 is not
4 4 3
1
divisible by 4. Therefore, the denominators of and cannot be made into fractions
4 4
with multiples of 10. However, 4 × 25 = 100, so the denominator can be 100.
1 1× 25 25 3 3 × 25 75
A quarter = = = = 0.25 and Three quarters = = = = 0.75
4 4 × 25 100 4 4 × 25 100
1 1
One and a quarter = 1 = 1.25 One and a half = 1 = 1.50 = 1.5
4 2
3 1
One and three quarters = 1 = 1.75 Seventeen and a half = 17 = 17.50 = 17.5
4 2
Problem Set 40
Write the following fractions as decimal fractions.
(1) Two and a half (2) Two and a quarter (3) Two and three quarters
(4) Ten and a half (5) Fourteen and three quarters (6) Sixteen and a quarter
(7) Twenty-eight and a half
p Adding decimal fractions
Sir : If the cost of one pencil is two and a half rupees and the cost of a pen is four and
half rupees, what is the total cost ?
Sumit : Two and a half rupees means two rupees and one half rupee. Similarly, four and
a half rupees means four rupees and one half rupee. 4 rupees and 2 rupees make
6 rupees and two half rupees make one rupee, so both objects together cost 6+1=7
rupees.
Sir : Correct ! Now, see how this is done using decimals. 1
The sum of the 0’s in the hundredths place is 0. 2.50
+
5 5 5+5 10 1 4.50
0.5 + 0.5 is the same as + = = = =1
10 10 10 10 1
7.00
This 1 is carried over to the units place. There is nothing in the tenths place, so we put a
zero there. In the units place, 2 + 4 = 6 plus the carried over 1 makes 7.
So 2.50 rupees and 4.50 rupees add up to 7 rupees.
We use the decimal system to write whole numbers. We extend the same method to write
fractions; therefore, we can add in the same way as we add whole numbers.
I will now show some more additions. Watch carefully.
(1) + 3.7 (2) + 6.8 (3) 16.9
+
12.2 5.5 7.5
15.9 12.3 24.4
Sumit : There is no carried over number in the first sum, but there are carried over numbers
in the second and third sums.
Rekha : While adding whole numbers, we add units first. Similarly, here, tenths are
added first. In the second example, the sum of the tenths place is 13. 13 tenths
are 10 tenths + 3 tenths = 1 unit + 3 tenths.
Sumit : That is why, in the sum, 3 stayed in the tenths place and 1 was carried over to
the units place. 6 + 5 plus 1 carried over makes 12.
Sir : Your observations are absolutely correct. We write digits one below the other
according to their place values while adding whole numbers. We do the same
thing here. Remember that while writing down an addition problem and the
total, the decimal points should always be written one below the other.
Study the following additions. (Note that: 10 tenths = 1 unit. 10 hundredths = 1 tenth)
Example (1) Add : 7.09 + 54.93
First, add the digits in the 100ths place. 9 + 3 = 12.
1 1 1 The 1 from the sum 12 in the hundredths place is carried
7 . 0 9 over to the tenths place and 2 is written in the hundredths
+ place. Adding 1 + 9 gives 10 tenths or 1 unit. This 1 is carried
5 4 . 9 3
over to the units place. 0 is left in the tenths place. Then, the
6 2 . 0 2 addition is completed in the usual way.
Example (2) Add : 45.83 + 167.4

45.83 We arrange the numbers so that the places and
+
167.4 decimal points come one below the other.
4 4 ×10 40
1 1 1 = = Therefore, to make the denominators
10 10 ×10 100
4 5 . 8 3
+ of the fractions equal, 167.4 is written as 167.40 and
1 6 7 . 4 0 then the fractions are added.
2 1 3 . 2 3
As usual, the digits with the smallest place values are added
first and then those with bigger place values are added serially.
Example (3) 10.46 Rupees Example (4) 48.80 m Example (5) 7.5 cm
+ + 2.57 m + 14.2 cm
35.92 Rupees
+ 9.6 cm
46.38 Rupees 51.37 m.
31.3 cm
Problem Set 41
1. Convert the following into decimal fractions and add them.
(1) ‘One and a half metre’ and ‘two and a half metres’
(2) ‘Four and three quarter rupees’ and ‘seven and a quarter rupees’
(3) ‘Six and a half metres’ and ‘three and three quarter metres’.
2. (1) 23.4 + 87.9 (2) 35.74 + 816.6 (3) 6.95 + 74.88 (4) 41.03 + 9.98
3. (1) 51.4 cm + 68.5 cm (2) 94.7 m + 1738.45 m (3) ` 5158.75 + ` 841.25
p Subtraction of decimal fractions
Study the subtraction of decimal fractions given below.
15.41 8 hundredths cannot be subtracted
– T U Tenths Hun- from 1 hundredth, so 1 tenth (or
8.58 dredths
14 13 10 hundredths) from 4 tenths are
6.83
borrowed. The borrowed 10 hundredths
0 4 3 11
and the original one hundredth make
1 5 . 4 1 11 hundredths. 11 hundredths minus 8
– hundredths are 3 hundredths. They are
8 . 5 8
written in the hundredths place under
0 6 . 8 3 the line. The rest of the subtraction is
carried out using the same method.
Problem Set 42
1. Subtract the following :
(1) 25.74 – 13.42 (2) 206.35 – 168.22 (3) 63.4 – 31.8 (4) 63.43 – 31.8
(5) 63.4 – 31.83 (6) 8.23 – 5.45 (7) 18.23 – 9.45 (8) 78.03 – 41.65
2. Vrinda was 1.48 m tall. After a year, her height became 1.53 m. How many
centimetres did her height increase in a year ?
Something more
p Decimals used for measurement
We need to measure distance, mass (weight) and volume every day. We use suitable
units for these measurements. Kilometre, metre and centimetre for distance; litre,
millilitre for volume and kilogram and gram for mass are the units that are used most of
the time.
All these units are decimal units. In this method, gram, metre and litre are taken as the
basic units for mass, distance and volume respectively. Units larger than these increase
1
10 times at every step and smaller units become of the previous unit at each step.
10
Look at the table of these units given below.
The basic
Kilo (Th) Hecto (H) Deca Deci Centi Milli
Quantity unit of
(Thousand) (Hundred) (Ten) (Tenth) (Hundredth) (Thousandth)
measurement
1 1 1 1 1
1 kilometre 1 decimetre 1 centimetre 1 millimetre
Distance hectometre decametre metre 101 100
1 1000
1
= 1000 m = m = m = m
= 100 m = 10 m
10 100 1000
Mass gram
Volume litre
The origin of the terms kilo, hecto… milli is in the Greek or Latin language. Their
English equivalents are given in brackets along with the terms.

10. Measuring Time
p Revision
Problem Set 43
1. Write the time shown in each clock in the box given below it.
2. Draw the hands of the clock to show the time given in the box.
Four thirty Quarter past nine Quarter to five 20 minutes past 11
3. If a bus that leaves Nashik at 5 o’clock in the morning reaches Pune that same day at
ten thirty in the morning, how long does the journey take ?
4. A play that was to start at nine fifteen at night was delayed by half an hour because of
a power outage. What time did the play start ?
5. If a train leaves Mumbai at ten fifteen at night and reaches Nagpur at one forty the
next afternoon, how long does the journey take ?
p Learning about seconds

This clock is showing 5 minutes past 3. We know this because of the
position of the hour and minute hands. There is another hand in the picture
called the second hand. This hand moves swiftly. The second is a very
small unit used to measure time less than a minute.
The face of a clock is a circle divided into 60 equal parts. When the
second hand moves one part, it takes one second. When it completes one round of the clock
face, it moves across all 60 parts. This takes 60 seconds. In the same time, the minute hand
moves one place, which means that one minute is over.
It means that, 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds.
1 minute = 60 seconds
The clock in the picture above shows 5 minutes and 50 seconds past 3.
20 minutes and 15 minutes and
10 seconds past 7 40 seconds past 10
Seconds are used on various occasions such as measuring temperature with a

thermometer, measuring heartbeats or timing a race.
p Ante meridiem and post meridiem
Shripati was sitting at home at night, tired. There were guests at home. They asked,
“You must have worked very hard in the fields today. How long were you working ?”
Shripati said, “I was in the field from six o’clock to eight o’clock.”
Someone asked, “You’re this tired even though you were in the field for only two
hours ?”
Shripati said, “No, no, I was in the field from 6 in the morning till 8 at night ! Now
tell me how many hours I spent in the field.”
The guests had not understood what Shripati said at first. To avoid such mistakes,
it has been internationally agreed that as the clock strikes 12 midnight, one day ends
and the next day begins. From that moment on, the clock shows the time for the next
Noon/Midday day. When one hour passes after 12 midnight, it is
1’o’clock. After that, it is 2, 3, 4, …, 12 o’clock in
serial order. After 12 noon, again it is 1, 2, 3, …,
12 o’clock in serial order. The time before 12 noon
is stated as ante meridiem or am. The time after 12
Morning Afternoon noon is stated as post meridiem or pm.
This method of measuring time is called the
12 hour clock.
Shripati was in the field from 6 am to 8 pm or for 14 hours.
p The 24 hour clock
The 24 hour clock is used to avoid this division of the day into ante meridiem and
post meridiem. This method is used in timetables for trains, planes, buses and long
distance boat journeys. In this method, instead of starting again from 1, 2, 3 after 12
noon, we continue with 13, 14, 15,…,24. In a 24 hour digital watch, time is shown only
in the form of numbers. It does not have hands. In such a clock, 20 minutes past 6 in the
morning is shown as ‘6:20’ and 20 minutes past 6 in the evening is shown as ‘18:20’.
23:59 means 59 minutes after 23 and one minute later, 24 hours will be complete.
The digital clock will show this time as 00:00 at midnight and the day will change. At
that time, a 12 hour clock shows 12 midnight.

Study the following table to see how different times of the day are shown in the
12 hour and 24 hour clocks.
12 hour clock 24 hour clock 12 hour clock 24 hour clock
0:05 am 00:05 12:05 pm 12:05
5 minutes past 12 midnight 5 minutes past 12 noon
1:20 am 01:20 1:20 pm 13:20
20 minutes past 1 during night time 20 minutes past 1 in the afternoon
6:55 am 06:55 6:55 pm 18:55
55 minutes past 6 in the morning 55 minutes past 6 in the evening
10:15 am 10:15 10:15 pm 22:15
15 minutes past 10 in the morning 15 minutes past 10 in the evening
12:00 12:00 12:00 00:00

means 24:00
12 noon 12 midnight
The timetables of some trains going from Badnera to Nagpur are given below. Observe
the use of the 24 hour clock in the timetable.
Name of the train Train number Departure time Arrival time

Howrah Mail 12809 07:45 11:05
Shalimar Express 18024 09:45 13:10
Mumbai Mail 21028 13:05 17:20
Malda Town Express 13426 23:10 01:55

Problem Set 44
1. The time below is given by the 12 hour clock. Write the same by the 24 hour clock.
30 minutes past 10 in the morning 10 minutes past 8 in the morning

20 minutes past 1 in the afternoon 40 minutes past 5 in the evening
2. Match the following.

12 hour clock 24 hour clock
9:10 am 23:10
2:10 pm 7:25
5:25 pm 14:10
11:10 pm 9:10
7:25 am 17:25
p Examples of time measurement

Example (1) If Abdul started working on the computer at 11 in the morning and
finished his work at 3:30 in the afternoon, how long did he work ?
Method 1 : From 11 in the morning Method 2 : According to the 24 hour

to 12 noon, it is 1 hour. From 12 noon clock, 11’o’clock in the morning is 11:00
to 3:30 in the afternoon, it is 3 hours and 3:30 in the afternoon is 15:30.
and 30 minutes. Therefore, the total Hr Min
time is 4 hours and 30 minutes.
15 30
–
11 00
4 30
Abdul worked for a total of 4 hours and thirty minutes, or four and a half hours.
Example (2) Add : Example (3) Subtract :

4 hours 30 min + 2 hours 45 min 5 hr 30 min – 2 hr 45 min
Hr Min Hr Min 45 minutes cannot be

subtracted from 30
4 30 4 60 + 30 minutes. Therefore, we
+
2 45 5 30 borrow 1 hour and convert
6 75 75 min – it into 60 minutes for the
2 45
7 15 = 1 hour 15 min subtraction.
2 45

Example (4) Amruta travelled by bus for 3 hours 40 minutes and by motorcycle for
1 hour 45 minutes. How long did she spend travelling ?
Hr Min
3 40 Travel time by bus (60 + 25) minutes are 85 minutes,
+
1 45 Travel time by motorcycle that is, 1 hour and 25 minutes.
4 85 Let us add this 1 hour to 4 hours.
5 25 Total travel time
Therefore, Amruta travelled for a total of 5 hours and 25 minutes.
Problem Set 45
1. Add the following :
(1) 2 hours 30 minutes + 4 hours 55 minutes
(3) 3 hours 45 minutes + 1 hour 35 minutes
2. Subtract the following :
(1) 3 hours 10 minutes – 2 hours 40 minutes
(3) 4 hours 25 minutes – 1 hour 55 minutes
3. A government office opens at 7 in the morning and closes at 3 in the afternoon. How
long is this office open ?
4. A movie starts at 45 minutes past 3 in the afternoon and finishes two and a half hours
later. At what time does the movie end ?
5. Sakharam was ploughing the field from 8 in the morning. At 12:30 in the afternoon he
stopped and started for home. He reached home at 1:30. How long was he ploughing
the field ? How long did it take him to reach home from the field ?
6. Rambhau started the water pump at ten thirty at night and put it off the same night at
a quarter to twelve. How long was the water pump on ?
7. Geeta taught in the classroom for 2 hours and 25 minutes in the morning and 1 hour
and 45 minutes in the afternoon. How long was she teaching in all ?
8. If a bank is open for business from 10 in the morning to 4:30 in the evening, how long
is it open ?
9. If a shop is open from 9:30 am to 10 pm, how long is it open ?
10. If the Maharashtra Express leaving from Kolhapur at 15:30 arrives at Gondia the next
day at 20:15, how long is the journey from Kolhapur to Gondia ?
11. Problems on Measurement
We use the units metre, gram and litre every day to measure length, mass and capacity
respectively. While shopping, we use the units rupees and paise. We use units like days,
hours and minutes to measure time. Let us see how to carry out basic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using these units of measurement.
Example (1) Add. Example (2) Subtract.
37 km 250 m + 15 km 950 m 7 l 150 ml – 2 l 500 ml
km m l ml
11 6 1150
37 250 250 + 950 = 1200
+ 7 150 We cannot subtract
15 950 1200 m –
2 500 500 ml from 150 ml.
= 1 km + 200 m
53 200 Convert 1 l into 1000 ml.
4 650
53 km 200 m
4 l 650 ml
Problem Set 46
1. Add :
(1) ` 9, 50 paise + ` 14, 60 paise (2) 6 cm 5 mm + 7 cm 9 mm
(3) 22 m 50 cm + 25 m 75 cm (4) 15 km 740 m + 13 km 950 m
(5) 25 kg 650 g + 29 kg 770 g (6) 19 l 840 ml + 25 l 250 ml
2. Subtract :
(1) ` 19, 50 paise - ` 12, 60 paise (2) 24 cm 2 mm - 3 cm 8 mm
(3) 20 m 30 cm - 17 m 60 cm (4) 40 km 255 m - 17 km 960 m
(5) 35 kg 150 g - 26 kg 470 g (6) 46 l 200 ml - 38 l 750 ml
p Word problems
Example (1) If a shopkeeper has 150 kg 500 g kg gm

of rice and sells 75 kg 750 g, how much rice will 149 1500
be left ?
150 500
–
75 750
74 kg 750 g of rice is left.
74 750
Example (2) A can of milk has 20 l 450 ml of l ml
milk. Another can has 18 l 800 ml. How much milk
1
is there in the two cans altogether ?
20 450
The total quantity of milk is 39 l 250 ml. + 18 800
39 250
Example (3) At a speed of 90 km per hour, what distance will a train cover
in two and a half hours ?
The speed of the train is 90 kmph. That is, it travels 90 km in one hour. It travels 90
more km in the second hour.
In the next half an hour, 90 ÷ 2 = 45 km
The total distance travelled is 90 + 90 + 45 = 225 km.
Example (4) If one dress requires 3 m 25 cm of cloth, how much do 4 dresses need ?
Manju’s 3 m 25 cm for the 1st dress Kunal’s method :

method: + m cm
3 m 25 cm for the 2nd dress
+ 3 m 25 cm 3 25
for the 3rd dress × 4
+ 3 m 25 cm for the 4th dress
12 100
12 m 100 cm
12 m 100 cm = 13 m
1 m is 100 cm, therefore 12 + 1 = 13 m
Example (5) If a wire that is 9 m 50 cm long is cut into pieces of 5 cm each,

how many pieces will be made ? 190
9 m 50 cm = (900 + 50) cm 5 ) 950
–
To find out how many pieces of 5 cm can be 5
made from a wire 950 cm long, let us use division. 45
–
45
190 pieces will be made.
000
–
0
0
Example (6) A play started at 30 minutes past 6 in the evening and
finished two and three quarter hours later. What time did the play get over ?
Hr Min
6 30 75 min = 60 min + 15 min
+ = 1 hr + 15 min
2 45
8 75 8 hr + 1 hr 15 min = 9 hr 15 min
The play got over at 15 minutes past 9 at night.

Note : The units for length, mass and capacity are written in decimal form. This makes
it easy to carry out addition and subtraction of length, mass and capacity.
Units of measuring time are not in decimal form. It is a little more difficult to carry out
additions and subtractions of those quantities.
Problem Set 47
1. For his birthday, Ajay gave 20 l 9. If one shirt needs 2 m 50 cm of cloth,

450 ml of milk to the children in an how much cloth do we need for
Ashramshala and 28 l 800 ml to the 5 shirts ?
children in an orphanage. How much 10. If a car travels 60 km in an hour, how
milk did Ajay donate ? far will it travel in
2. Under the Rural Cleanliness Mission, (1) 2 hours ?
college students cleaned 1 km 750 (2) 15 minutes ?
m of a village road that is 2 km 575 (3) half an hour ?
m long. How much remained to be
(4) three and a half hours ?
cleaned?
11. If one gold bangle is made from
3. Babhulgaon used 21,250 litres of
12 grams 250 milligrams of gold, how
treated waste water in the fields. much gold will be needed to make
Samvatsar used 31,350 litres of similar 8 such bangles ? (1000 mg = 1 g)
water. How much treated waste water
was used in all ? 12. How many pouches of 20 g cloves
each can be made from 1 kg 240 g of
4. If half a litre of milk costs 22 rupees, cloves ?
how much will 7 litres cost ?
13. Seema’s mother bought 2 m 70 cm of
5. If the speed of a motorcycle is 40 km cloth for a kurta and 2 m 40 cm for a
per hour, how far will it travel in an shirt. How much cloth did she buy in
hour and a quarter ? all ?
6. If a man walks at a speed of 4 kmph, 14. A water tank holds 125 l of water. If
how long will it take him to walk 97 l 500 ml of the water is used, how
3 km ? much water remains in the tank ?
7. If a rickshaw travels at a speed of 15. Harminder bought 57 kg 500 g of
30 kmph, how far will it travel in wheat from one shop and 36 kg
three quarters of an hour ? 800 g of wheat from another shop.
How much wheat did he buy
8. During Cleanliness Week, children
altogether ?
cleaned the public park in their town.
They collected three quarter kilograms 16. Renu took part in a 100 m race. She
of plastic bags and five and a half tripped and fell after running 80 m
kilograms of other garbage. How 50 cm. How much distance did she
much garbage did they collect in all ? have left to run ?

17. A sack had 40 kg 300 grams of 19. Suresh bought 3 kg 250 g of tomatoes,
vegetables. There were 17 kg 700 g 2 kg 500 g of peas and 1 kg 750 g of
potatoes, 13 kg 400 g cabbage and cauliflower. How much was the total
the rest were onions. What was the weight of the vegetables he bought ?
weight of the onions ?
20. Jalgaon, Bhusawal, Akola, Amravati
18. One day, Gurminder Singh walked and Nagpur lie serially on a certain
3 km 750 m and Parminder Singh route. The distances between Akola
walked 2 km 825 m. Who walked and these other places are given below.
farther and by how much ? Use them to make word problems and
solve the problems.
Amravati - 95 km, Bhusawal - 154 km,
Nagpur - 249 km, Jalgaon - 181 km
21. Complete the following table and prepare the total bill.
Foodstuff Weight (kg) Rate ( ` per kg) Cost

Sugar 2.5 32
Rice 4.0 35
Chana Dal 1.5 60
Toor Dal 3.0 70
Wheat 7.0 21
Oil 1.5 110
Total
Activity
You have 1 kg of potatoes. Find out which other ingredients you will need to make
potato vadas and approximately how much of each ingredient you will need. Also
find out approximately how much each ingredient will cost and how many vadas
you will be able to make.
Fix a 1 m long stick in an open field. Measure the shadow of the stick at 9:00 in the
morning, at 12:00 noon, at 3:00 in the afternoon and at 5:00 in the evening. Observe
at which time of the day the shadow is shortest and at what time, it is longest.
Measure the length of a pen refill.

12. Perimeter and Area
p Perimeter : Revision
Closed figures have a perimeter. You know that the sum of the lengths of all the sides
of a figure is called its perimeter.
Fill in the empty boxes in the following problems.
1. A D The lengths of the adjacent sides of rectangle ABCD are
4 cm
given.
The perimeter of rectangle ABCD is cm.
B C
5 cm Remember, the lengths of the opposite sides of a
rectangle are equal.
2. The length of the adjacent sides of a rectangle are 10 cm and 7 cm. The perimeter of
the rectangle is cm.
S R
3. The length of a side of square PQRS is 5 cm.
The perimeter of square PQRS is cm.
P Q
5 cm
A
4. In triangle ABC, the length of side AB is 4 cm, the length of
4 cm 6 cm
BC is 8 cm and the length of CA is 6 cm. The perimeter of
B C triangle ABC is cm.
8 cm
Problem Set 48
1. Write the perimeter of each figure in the box given below it.
7 cm 10 cm
8m
m
cm
8
6c
8
16 cm
14 cm
18 m 18 m
8c
m
6c
m
10 cm
20 cm
12 m

2. If a square of side 1 cm is cut out of
the corner of a larger square with side
3 cm (see the figure), what will be the
perimeter of the remaining shape ?
p Formula for the perimeter of a rectangle
length Perimeter = length + breadth + length + breadth

Opposite sides of a rectangle are of the same length.
breadth
breadth
So, the perimeter of a rectangle
= twice the length + twice the breadth
length = 2 × length + 2 × breadth
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × length + 2 × breadth
Example : The length of the rectangle below is 7 cm and its breadth, 3 cm.
Let us find its perimeter.
P S Perimeter of rectangle PQRS = 2 × length + 2 × breadth
3 cm = 2×7+ 2×3
Q R = 14 + 6
7 cm
= 20
Therefore, the perimeter of the rectangle is 20 cm.
p Formula for the perimeter of a square
The lengths of all the sides of a square are equal. Therefore, the
perimeter of a square = four times the length of one of its sides.
Perimeter of a square = 4 × the length of one side
Example : The length of one side of a square is 6 cm. Find its perimeter.
The perimeter of a square is four times the length of one side. 6 cm
Perimeter of a square = 4 × length of one side
=4×6
= 24
Therefore, the perimeter of the square is 24 cm.

p Word problems
Example (1) The length of a rectangular park is 100 m, while its width is 80 m.
What is its perimeter ?
Perimeter of the rectangle = 2 × length + 2 × breadth
= 2 × 100 + 2 × 80
= 200 + 160
= 360
The perimeter of the rectangular park is 360 m.
Example (2) How much wire will be needed to put a triple fence around a square plot
with side 30 m ? What will be the total cost of the wire at ` 70 per metre ?
To put a single fence around the square plot, we need to find its perimeter.
Perimeter of a square = 4 × length of one side = 4 × 30 = 120
The perimeter of the square plot is 120 metres. Since the fence is to be a triple fence,
we must triple the perimeter.
120 × 3 = 360 m of wire will be needed.
Now let us find out how much the wire will cost. One metre of wire costs ` 70.
Therefore, the cost of 360 m of wire will be 360 × 70 = 25, 200.
The total cost of wire for putting a triple fence around the plot will be ` 25, 200.
Problem Set 49
1. How much wire will be needed to 6. The length of a rectangular plot of

make a rectangle 7 cm long and 4 cm land is 50 m and its width is 30 m.
wide ? A triple fence has to be put along its
2. If the length of a rectangle is 20 m edges. If the wire costs 60 rupees per
and its width is 12 m, what is its metre, what will be the total cost of the
perimeter ? wire needed for the fence ?
3. Each side of a square is 9 m long. Find 7. A game requires its players to run
its perimeter. around a square playground. Each
side of the playground is 20 m long.
4. If we take 4 rounds around a field that One player took 5 rounds around the
is 160 m long and 90 m wide, what is playground. How many metres did he
the distance we walk in kilometres ? run altogether ?
5. Sanju completes 12 rounds around 8. Four rounds of wire fence have to be
a square park every day. If one put around a field. If the field is 60 m
side of the park is 120 m, find out in long and 40 m wide, how much wire
kilometres and metres the distance that will be needed ?
Sanju covers daily.
9. The sides of a triangle are 24.7cm,
20.4 cm and 10.5 cm respectively.
What is the perimeter of the triangle ?
10. Look at the figures on the sheet of graph paper. Measure their sides with the help of the
lines on the graph paper. Write the perimeter of each in the right box.
(1) Perimeter of
A D rectangle ABCD
= cm
P Q
(2) Perimeter of
rectangle EFGH
= cm
B C S R
(3) Perimeter of
S T square PQRS
E F
= cm
(4) Perimeter of
H G rectangle STUV
V U = cm
p Area : Revision
D C E H
S R
F G
A B
I L
M N
S R
P Q J K
Of the figures given above, figure ABCD has six squares of 1 cm each inside it. It
means that its area is 6 sq cm.

In the same way, count the squares in each figure and write its area.
(1) Area of MNRS = sq cm (2) Area of EFGH = sq cm
(3) Area of PQRS = sq cm (4) Area of IJKL = sq cm
Atul : Sir, why is the unit for area written as sq cm ? We measure the sides in
centimetres.
Teacher : Centimetre is a standard unit of length. In order to measure area, we need
a standard unit of area. For this, a square with a side 1 cm is taken as the
standard unit. The area of this square is 1 square centimetre. That is why this
unit is written as sq cm, in short.
To measure large areas like fields, parks and playgrounds, a square with side
1 m, that is, an area of 1 sq m, is taken as the standard unit.
To measure the areas of talukas or districts, a square with side 1 km, or 1 sq km
is the standard unit used.
p Formula for the area of a rectangle
A D (1) In the rectangle ABCD given alongside,
1 cm divisions were marked off on each
side. The points on opposite sides were
3 cm joined as shown in the figure. The length
of the sides of each square thus created
is 1 cm. Therefore, the area of each square is
B C
5 cm 1 sq cm.
In ABCD, 3 rows with 5 squares each have been created.
The number of squares in rectangle ABCD is 3 × 5 = 15.
Therefore, the area of rectangle ABCD is 15 sq cm.
Here, the length of the figure is 5 cm and its breadth is 3 cm.
Note that the product of 3 and 5 is 15.
(2) In the rectangle with sides 4 cm and 2 cm, make squares of 1
sq cm each as shown above. Count the number of squares.
Note that here too, the number of squares formed are the same
as the product of the length and width of the rectangle.
Therefore, The area of a rectangle = length × breadth
p Formula for the area of a square
S
(1) Look at the square given alongside. The side of the square is
M
3 cm long. 9 squares of 1 cm each are formed within this square.
Therefore, the area of this square is 9 sq cm.
Here, there are 3 rows with 3 squares each, i.e.,
there are 3 × 3 = 9 squares.
N R
3 cm
The length of each side of the square is 3 cm.
The product of two sides of the square is 3 × 3 = 9.
(2) Measure the area of a square with side 5 cm, in the same way.
The answer will be 25 sq cm.
Note that 5 × 5 = 25
Therefore, The area of a square = length of a side × length of a side
It is not necessary to divide a square or rectangle into small squares every time you
calculate their area. The advantage of a formula is that you can calculate the area simply
by substituting the appropriate values.
p Word problems
Example (1) What is the area of a rectangle of length 20 cm and width 15 cm ?
Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
= 20 × 15 = 300.
Therefore, the area of the rectangle is 300 sq cm.
Example (2) A wall that is 4 m long and 3 m wide has to be painted. If the labour charges
are ` 25 per sq m, what is the cost of labour for painting this wall ?
First let us calculate the area of the wall to be painted.
Area of the wall = length of the wall × breadth of the wall = 4 × 3 = 12
Thus, the area of the wall is 12 sq m.
Labour cost of 1 sq m is 25 rupees.
So the labour cost for 12 sq m will be = 12 × 25 = 300
The cost of labour for painting the wall will be 300 rupees.
Example (3) What will be the area of a square with sides 15 cm ?

Area of a square = length of side × length of side
= 15 × 15 = 225
The area of the square is 225 sq cm.
Example (4) One side of a square room is 4 m. If the cost of labour for laying 1 sq m of
the floor is 35 rupees, what will be the total cost of labour ?
First we must find the area of the square room.
Area of the square room = length of side × length of side = 4 × 4 = 16
Therefore, the area of the square room is 16 sq m.
The labour cost of laying 1 sq m of flooring is 35 rupees.
Therefore, the cost of laying 16 sq m of flooring is 16 × 35 = 560 rupees.

Problem Set 50
1. The length of the side of each square is given below. Find its area.
(1) 12 metres (2) 6 cm (3) 25 metres (4) 18 cm
2. If the cost of 1 sq m of a plot of land is 900 rupees, find the total cost of a plot of land
that is 25 m long and 20 m broad.
3. The side of a square is 4 cm. The length of a rectangle is 8 cm and its width is 2 cm.
Find the perimeter and area of both figures.
4. What will be the labour cost of laying the floor of an assembly hall that is 16 m long
and 12 m wide if the cost of laying 1 sq m is 80 rupees ?
5. The picture alongside shows some squares. Find out how many
squares with the same measures will fit in the empty space in
the figure.
6. Divide the figure given alongside into four parts in such a way
that the area and shape of each part is the same. Colour the
parts with different colours.
Fair and square

As shown in the figure alongside, a square plot of land
owned by the government contains four houses and a well
right in the centre. The government has to divide the houses
and the land between four poor persons according to the
following conditions.
(1) Each person must get only one house.
(2) The shape and area of the land must be the same.
(3) Each person must be able to use the well without trespassing
on any one else’s land.
Show the appropriate divisions in four different colours.
Activity
Using a graph paper, find out the area of different rectangles and squares.

13. Three Dimensional Objects and Nets
p Two dimensional drawings of three dimensional objects

Tai pointed to an object on a slightly high table and asked.
Tai : What is that ?
Sharad : That’s a card which has a nice picture of laddoos.
Tai : Since you’re looking at it from the front, it appears to be
a card. Let me turn it around a little and put it on the floor.
Sheela : I thought it was just a nice picture on a card. But the picture is
actually pasted on a box.
Tai : At first, you only saw the front surface. Now, when you look from above and
from a different angle, you can see three different surfaces and you can also see
that it is actually a three dimensional box.
Sharad : What does three dimensional mean ?
Tai : Three dimensional objects are objects whose length, width and height can be
seen, felt or measured. Books, glasses and tables are some three dimensional
objects. Objects which have only length and breadth and no thickness or negligible
thickness can be called two dimensional objects. Sheets of paper, pictures on
paper and shadows are some examples of two dimensional figures.
Sheela : Actually, objects are three dimensional. Their pictures on paper are two
dimensional.
Sharad : That is why, some pictures seem flat. But some pictures are drawn in such a way
that we can sense the depth or thickness of the objects.
Tai : Let me show you a chart. It shows how three dimensional objects appear when
seen from the front, from the side and from above. Study it carefully.
The object as seen -

Object
from the front from one side from above
Elephant
Cupboard

Looking at hills in the distance, we can see how tall and broad they are. But, we
cannot tell how much area they occupy on the ground. One has to go up and above them
in a helicopter to see how much area they occupy on land. But then, from there we cannot
see how high they are. Therefore, to show the area over which a hill is spread and also
how high it is in its different parts, two figures like those below are drawn.
In figure 1, we see hills as from a distance. The lines show their approximate heights.
Figure 2 shows the extent of land they occupy as seen from above and the curved lines
show their different heights in different parts. For example, the line that shows 800 m
indicates a height of about 800 m.
800 m
600 m
400 m
200 m
In Geography, such diagrams are used to show mountains on maps.
Problem Set 51
1. The first column shows a structure made of blocks. The other columns show different
views of the structure in two dimensions. Say whether each view is from the front, from
a side or from above.
Block formations View of formations
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Draw three pictures of each of these three dimensional objects - a table, a chair and
a water-bottle as viewed from the front, from a side and from above.
p Nets
Last year we saw that cutting some edges of a box and laying it out flat gives us the
net from which it was made.
The two dimensional shape from which a three dimensional object can be made by
folding is called the ‘net’ of that object.
(1) By folding the cardboard shown below, along the lines shown in it, we get a three
dimensional object (box). In this shape, all surfaces are square.
An object of this shape is called a cube.
(2) The net of another cardboard box is shown in the figure below. By folding
along the lines in this net and joining the edges to each other, we can see that a three
dimensional box is formed. The surfaces of this box are rectangular in shape.
An object of this shape is called a cuboid.
Activity : Draw the nets shown below on card sheet. Cut out the shapes and find out the
shapes of the boxes they form.
(1) (2)

p A five-square net (Pentomino)
In the figure alongside, five squares of the same size are placed
together with their sides joined.
Such an arrangement of five squares is called a ‘five-square net’

or a ‘pentomino’.
By folding along the edges of such a five-square net,

an open box is formed.
Activity : Some five-square nets are given below. Draw these nets on a card sheet.
Make open boxes from these nets.
Try to find out other five-square nets that can be used to make open boxes.
A riddle
The net of a cube-shaped dice is given alongside.

If a dice is made of this net, which of the following
shapes will it definitely not resemble ?
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

14. Pictographs
The table below gives some bowling figures related to a cricket match.
Bowler Overs Runs given Wickets taken
Chandrakant 18 4
Ramakant 20 –
Ahmed 12 2
Scale: 1 picture = 1 over (6 balls)

Answer the following questions by referring to the table above.
(1) About how many bowlers does the (2) Who gave away the most runs ?
table give information ?
(3) How many overs did Chandrakant (4) How many wickets did Ramakant take ?
bowl ?
(5) How many balls did Ahmed bowl ? (6) How many runs did Chandrakant give ?
(7) How many overs were bowled (8) Who gave away the least runs per over ?
altogether ?
Thus, we can see that a lot of information can be obtained from the pictures in this table.
Such tables which represent information using pictures or icons are called pictographs or
pictograms.
p Pictorial representation of numerical data

Example (1) During a survey, the numbers of students living in different types of
houses were listed as shown below.
Type of house Number of students
Bungalow 4
Apartment 20
Row House 8
Let us make a pictograph based on this. For the cricket data, cricket balls were used.
What icon shall we use for students ? Surely, a smiley will be just right.
Should we draw 20 faces for 20 children ?
That is not necessary. It is easier to use an appropriate scale for the numbers in the
information or data. For example, here all three numbers in the given data are divisible
by 4. So, using one picture for 4 students, the students living in bungalows will be shown
by 1 picture, those in apartments by 5, and those in row houses, by 2 pictures. After
drawing the pictures, our pictograph will look like this :
Type of house Number of students
Bungalow
Apartment
Row House
Scale : 1 picture = 4 students

The aim of pictographs is to make numerical information easier to understand. Note
that all the numbers given here are also divisible by 2. So, we could use a scale of
2 students per picture. In that case, the number of pictures will increase. As a result, it will
not be as easy to understand the given numerical information.
To make a pictograph, we must -
m Study the numerical information given.
m Find out the factors of all the numbers to be represented.
m Choose an appropriate scale.
m Choose an appropriate symbol.
m Make the right columns for the pictograph.
m Below the pictograph, write the scale used.
Example (2) Information collected from 150 students about their parents’ occupations
is given below. Make a pictograph based on it.
Number of
Occupations of students’ parents
students
Farming 60
Private Job 20
Government Job 30
Other 40

All the given numbers can be divided by 2, 5 and 10. ‘ 1 picture for 10 students’ will be
a convenient scale. So, we will draw 6 pictures for 60 students, 2 for 20, 3 for 30 and 4 for
40 students.
Keeping in mind the type of information, this picture will be appropriate.
Our pictograph will look like the one given below.
Occupations of
Number of students
students’ parents
Farming
Private Job
Government Job
Other
Scale: 1 picture = 10 students
Problem Set 52
1. Stocks of various types of grains stored in a warehouse are as given below. Make a
pictograph based on the information given.
Grain Sacks
Rice 40
Wheat 56
Bajra 8
Jowar 32

2. Information about the various types of vehicles in Wadgaon is given below. Make a
pictograph for this data.
Types of vehicles Number
Bicycles 84
Automatic two-wheelers 60
Four-wheelers (cars / jeeps) 24
Heavy vehicles (truck, bus, etc.) 12
Tractors 24
3. The numbers of the various books kept in a cupboard in the school library are given
below. Make a pictograph showing the information given.
Type of book Number
Science 28
Sports 14
Poetry 21
Literature 35
History 7
Activity
Collect information based on the points given below and make a pictograph for each.
(1) Which crops are grown on the farms owned by students in your class ?
(Vegetables, grains, pulses, fruits, etc.)
(2) Which storybooks do your classmates like ? (fairytales, stories about kings
and queens, historical stories, stories about saints, picture stories, etc.)
(3) What do your classmates want to be when they grow up ? (doctor, teacher,
farmer, engineer, officer, etc.)

15. Patterns
Tai : How nice ! The dots for your rangoli are all at equal distances
from each other. Do you see the maths hidden in these dots ?
Surekha : Maths in the dots? I did not see that. • • • •
• • • •
Shabnam : I know what you mean, Tai. The dots are arranged
in the form of a square. • • • •
Tai : You’re absolutely right! Now tell me, how many dots are there ? • • • •
Surekha : 4 dots in each row, and 4 rows. Therefore, there are 4 × 4 = 16 dots.
Tai : Good ! This means we can arrange 16 dots in a square. Which other numbers
of dots can we arrange in a square ?
Shabnam : To make a square, each horizontal and vertical row needs to have an equal
number of dots.
Surekha : That means 2 × 2 = 4; 3 × 3 = 9; if we take a number obtained by multiplying
another number by itself, we can put the dots in a square arrangement.
Tai : Exactly ! 4, 9, 16, 25 or 36 are the numbers of dots that we can put in a square
arrangement. These numbers are called square numbers. Is 100 a square
number ?
Surekha : Ten tens are 100. This means that 100 is a square number.
Tai : Correct ! And 40 ?
Shabnam : Let me think. 6 × 6 = 36; 7 × 7 = 49 and 40 comes between 36 and 49. This
means that there is no number that can be multiplied by itself to make 40.
Therefore, 40 is not a square number.
Tai : Let me tell you one more fun thing about numbers. First, add numbers from
1 to 6 like this : 1 + 2; 1 + 2 + 3.
Surekha : 1 + 2 = 3, 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21.
Tai : Let me draw dots equal to the numbers 3, 6, 10, 15 and 21 like this :
•
•
• •
• • •
• • •
• • • • •
• • • •
(1+2) (1+2 + 3) (1+2 + 3+4)
Shabnam : I’ve got it, Tai ! These arrangements of dots form triangles.

Tai : Right ! And, can you see anything special about the triangles ?
Surekha : All three sides of the triangles are equal.
Tai : Right, again ! Now tell me, can we draw 15 dots in such an arrangement ?
Shabnam : Yes, Tai. I can make a rangoli of 15 dots
shaped like a triangle with equal sides. •
Tai : Ok ! Now make one with 21 dots. • •
• • •
Surekha : We just have to add 6 dots to the arrangement !
• • • •
Tai : So, aren’t numbers like 3, 6, 10, 15 and 21 fun ? • • • • •
What will you call such numbers ?
Shabnam : Triangular numbers !
Tai : Correct. These numbers are actually called triangular numbers. We can find
square and triangular numbers all around us. For example, in stacked bowls
or pipes or on a chess board and so on.
Problem Set 53
1. Find the square numbers from the list given below.
5, 9, 12, 16, 50, 60, 64, 72, 80, 81
2. Which are the triangular numbers in the given list ?
3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 42
3. Name a number which is square as well as triangular.
4. If 4 is the first square number, which is the tenth one ?
5. If 3 is the first triangular number, which is the tenth one ?
Think about it.
(1) How will you decide if a given number is a square number ?
(2) How will you decide if a given number is a triangular number ?
(3) How many square numbers do you think there are ?
(4) How many triangular numbers do you think there are ?
Activity
Make a collection of pictures in which you can see square or triangular numbers.

p Patterns in floor tiles
The tiles in each picture below form a specific pattern. Observe that there is no gap or
open ground between two tiles.
2 cm 2 cm
On a large piece of card sheet, draw several
shapes like the one shown alongside. Colour half of
4 cm 4 cm them. Cut them all out and separate them.
2 cm
6 cm
One pattern made of these shapes is shown alongside.

Make some other patterns of your own.
Cut out many pieces of each of the shapes

shown alongside. Join them in a pattern like
floor tiles.
Note the pattern and complete the design.
Make your own shapes and use them to make patterns for sari and shawl borders, etc.

16. Preparation for Algebra
Vidula : Sir, my brother said he was studying Algebra. What is Algebra ?

Sir : To put it simply, algebra consists of the use of numbers and letters
to state and solve problems.
Ravi : Does that mean addition and subtraction of letters? How do we do that ?
Sir : To prepare for that, let’s first learn a few things using numbers.
p Equality
Whenever we add, subtract, multiply or divide two numbers, the answer we get is
always another number. For example, when we add 5 and 3, we get the number 8. We
write this as ‘5 + 3 = 8’. Similarly, 13 – 6 = 7, 12 ÷ 4 = 3, 9 × 1 = 9.
Now let us think about this in another way.
Suppose that by performing a mathematical operation on two numbers, we have
obtained the number 12. Let us find pairs of such numbers. They could be (6 + 6), (15 – 3),
(6 × 2), (24 ÷ 2), etc.
When we want to say ‘a number obtained by adding six and six’, it is easier to express
it by using brackets like this : (6 + 6)
(15 – 3) means ‘a number obtained by subtracting 3 from 15’.
(6 × 2) means ‘a number obtained by multiplying 6 by 2’.
(24 ÷ 2) means ‘a number obtained by dividing 24 by 2’.
Arrangements like (6 + 6), (15 – 3), (6 × 2), (24 ÷ 2) are called expressions. The value
of each of these expressions is 12, which means all these expressions are equal to each
other.
We can also write this as (6 + 6) = (15 – 3), (6 + 6) = (24 ÷ 2), (6 × 2) = (15 – 3).
An expression such as (6 + 6) = (15 – 3) or (6 + 6) = (24 ÷ 2) is called an ‘equality’.
5 + 3 = 8 , 9 × 1 = 9 are also equalities.
Problem Set 54
1. Using brackets, write three pairs of numbers whose sum is 13. Use them to write three
equalities.
2. Find four pairs of numbers, one for each of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division that make the number 18. Write the equalities for each of them.
p Inequality
The values of 7 + 5 and 7 × 5 are 12 and 35 respectively. It means that they are not
equal. To represent ‘not equal’, the symbol ‘≠’ is used.
To show that (7 + 5) and (7 × 5) are not equal, we write (7 + 5) ≠ (7 × 5) in short.
This kind of representation is called an ‘inequality’.

(9 – 5) ≠ (15 ÷ 3) means that the expressions (9 – 5) and (15 ÷ 3) are not equal.
If two expressions are not equal, one of them is greater or smaller than the other.
To show greater or lesser values, we use the symbols ‘<’ and ‘>’. Therefore, these symbols
can also be used to show inequalities.
The value of (9 – 5) is 4 and the value of (15 ÷ 3) is 5. 4 < 5, so the relation between
(9 – 5) and (15 ÷ 3) can be shown as (9 – 5) < (15 ÷ 3) or (15 ÷ 3) > (9 – 5).
Fill in the boxes between the expressions with <, = or > as required.
(1) (9 + 8) (30 ÷ 2) (2) (16 × 3) (4 × 12)
9 + 8 = 17, 30 ÷ 2 = 15 16 × 3 = 48, 4 × 12 = 48, 48 = 48
17 > 15 Therefore (16 × 3) = (4 × 12)
Therefore (9 + 8) > (30 ÷ 2)
(3) (16 – 5) (2 × 7)
16 – 5 = 11, 2 × 7 = 14,
11 < 14
Therefore (16 – 5) < (2 × 7)
Write a number in the box that will make this statement correct.
(1) (7 × 2) = ( – 6)
The value of the expression 7 × 2 is 14, so the number in the box has to be one that
gives 14 when 6 is subtracted from it. Subtracting 6 from 20 gives us 14.
Therefore (7 × 2) = ( 20 – 6 )
(2) (24 ÷ 3) < (5 + )

The value of the expression 24 ÷ 3 is 8, so the number in the box has to be such that
when it is added to 5, the sum is greater than 8.
Now, 5 + 1 = 6, 5 + 2 = 7, 5 + 3 = 8. So the number in the box has to be greater than 3.
Therefore, writing any number like 4, 5, 6 ... onwards will do. It means that this problem
has several answers. (24 ÷ 3) < (5 + 4 ) is one among many answers. Even if that is
true, writing only one answer will be enough to complete this statement.
Problem Set 55
1. Say whether right or wrong.

(1) (23 + 4) = (4 + 23) (2) (9 + 4) > 12 (3) (9 + 4) < 12 (4) 138 > 138

25
(5) 138 < 138 (6) 138 = 138 (7) (4 × 7) = 30 – 2 (8) >5
5
(9) (5 × 8) = (8 × 5) (10) (16 + 0) = 0 (11) (16 + 0) = 16 (12) (9 + 4) = 12
2. Fill in the blanks with the right symbol from <, > or =.
(1) (45 ÷ 9) (9 – 4) (2) (6 + 1) (3 × 2) (3) (12 × 2) (25 + 10)
3. Fill in the blanks in the expressions with the proper numbers.
(1) (1 × 7) = ( × 1) (2) (5 × 4) > (7 × ) (3) (48 ÷ 3) < ( × 5)
(4) (0 + 1) > (5 × ) (5) (35 ÷ 7) = ( + ) (6) (6 – ) < (2 + 3)
p Using letters
Symbols are frequently used in mathematical writing. The use of symbols makes the
writing very short. For example, using symbols, ‘Division of 75 by 15 gives us 5’ can be
written in short as ‘75 ÷ 15 = 5’. It is also easier to grasp.
Letters can be used like symbols to make our writing short and simple.
While adding, subtracting or carrying out other operations on numbers, you must have
discovered many properties of the operations.
For example, what properties do you see in sums like (9 + 4), (4 + 9) ?
The sum of any two numbers and the sum obtained by reversing the order of the two
numbers is the same.
Now see how much easier and faster it is to write this property using letters.
Let us use a and b to represent any two numbers. Their sum will be ‘a + b’.
Changing the order of those numbers will make the addition ‘b + a’. Therefore, the rule
will be : ‘For all values of a and b, (a + b) = (b + a).’
Let us see two more examples.
Multiplying any number by 1 gives the number itself. In short, a × 1 = a.
Given two unequal numbers, the division of the first by the second is not the same as
the division of the second by the first.
In short, if a and b are two different numbers, then (a ÷b) ≠ (b ÷a).
Take the value of a as 8 and b as 4 and verify the property yourself.
Problem Set 56
1. Use a letter for ‘any number’ and write the following properties in short.
(1) The sum of any number and zero is the number itself.
(2) The product of any two numbers and the product obtained after changing the order
of those numbers is the same.
(3) The product of any number and zero is zero.
2. Write the following properties in words :
(1) m – 0 = m (2) n ÷ 1 = n
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36.

Geeta : This clock doesn’t have numbers. It has some

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Roman numerals IIII VI IIX XVI VVV

Something more : L, C, D and M are also used as Roman numerals.

Numbers 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

The decimal system of writing numbers

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(1) २,३५९ 2,359 Two thousand, three hundred and fifty-nine

(2) ३२,७५६ -------------- -----------------------------

(3) ----------- 67,859 -----------------------------

(4) १,०३४ -------------- -----------------------------

(5) ----------- -------------- Twenty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety-five

p Reading six-digit numbers

p Writing six-digit numbers in figures

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1. Read the numbers and write them in words.

p The expanded form of a number and the place value of digits

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An interesting dice game

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2. Solve the problems given below.

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Crores Ten Lakhs Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

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p Addition of six-digit and seven-digit numbers

Example (3) 3,12,469 + 758 + 24,092 Example (4) 64 + 409 + 5,13,728

In the examples 3 and 4, the numbers are carried over mentally.

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Study the following word problem.

Altogether, 5,22,627 children got the vaccine.

Solve the following problems.

Study the following example.

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p Subtraction of six and seven-digit numbers

Subtraction by another method

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Study the following word problem.

Example (2) 345678 – 162054 + 600127 345678 183624

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8714530 Total amount spent 2472615 Cost of plot

6241915 Cost of material and labour 87 1 4 5 3 0 Total amount spent

Let us verify our answer.

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Example (2) 3429 × 507 = How many ?

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2 5 6 3 4 ------ Cost of one TV set 25634

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How many different pairs have been shown here ?

Sanju – Sanju – Sanju – Sanju – Sanju –

John – John – John – John – John –

Ali – Ali – Ali – Ali – Ali –

Objects in the other

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Look at the coloured parts of the two equal circles shown

Sonu obtained 6 6÷2 3 Minu obtained 6 6÷3 2

Nandu : 6 and 12 can also be divided by 6. Will that do ?

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