DHOPLUHE E@ OG@FOGH_

@B^]@_H]GHL@_

@_OP@LH HOHEÇBGOK ^]KD@_GKFHL

E@ HEBGFG_U]HOGßF

“^LHF E@ BH]A@UGFJ E@ LH @B^]@_H UK]UHYH‒

GFU@J]HFU@_9
  - HJP]UK ]KE]ÂJP@Y, WHF OH]LK_
- @DP_ TÈ_XP@Y, OH]B@F ]K_H
  - DH_HMG OH^PØHW, G_HM@L
  - Lß^@Y FG@T@_, @]GOA 
  - BH]BKL@IK OHB^K_, YKFHLW
  - K]UG_ UKTH], ^@E]K
  - ^H]@E@_ LGYH]B@, I@HF OH]LK_
  - UGFOK OKOH, JHFECG H]BHFEK
  - TÈ_XP@Y OHB^K_, WHF@U

  - THLL@IK_ M]HTK, LGY@UC

EKO@FU@9
-Bgr`lly _kfgh Hjuglhr _èfoc`z

@S^@]G@FOGH OP]]GOPLH]9
-Bhra`tgfj @strhtçjgok

Lgbh ‟ ^`rù
(=>=>
 

GFEGO@
8. Gfdk
Gfdkrb
rbho
hogÿ
gÿff jj`f
`f`r
`rhl
hl e` lh `b
`bpr
pr`s
`shh..............
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8.8. Fkbmr`9..............
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8.=. ]hzÿf skoghl9
8.?.
.?. Hot
otgv
gvge
gehe
he ^rgf
^rgfog
ogph
phl9
l9..............
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...... 5

8.5. Pmgohogÿf9..............
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8.0. Bgsgÿf9..............
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8.4. Tgsgÿf9.............
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8.
8.:.
:. ]`
]`su
sub`
b`ff ee`` lh
lh gfv
gfv`s
`stg
tgjh
jhog
ogÿf
ÿf e` b`
b`ro
rohe
hek.
k...........................................................................0
=. ]`sub`f @
@ii`outgvk..............
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?. Eg
Eghj
hjfÿ
fÿst
stgo
gokk ee`` _gtu
_gtuho
hogÿ
gÿff..............
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?.
?.8.
8. Hf
Hfhl
hlgs
gsgs
gs e`l
e`l @
@ft
ftkr
krfk
fk J`
J`f`
f`rh
rhll..............
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?.8.8
.8.8.. @ft
ftkkrfk
rfk ^k
^klg
lgttgok
gok L`
L`jjhl
?.8
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.=.. @ftkrfk @okfkbgok.............
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?.8.?
.8.?.. @ft
ftkkrfk
rfk _k
_kog
ogkk Ou
Oullturh
turhll.............
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?.
?.8.
8.5.
5. @ftk
@ftkrf
rfkk U
U`o
`ofk
fklk
lkjg
jgok
ok y H
Hbm
bmg`
g`ft
fthl
hl.............
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?.=
.=.. Hfèlgsgs e`
e`l __``otkr .............................
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?.=
.=.8
.8.. Mhrr`rhs e` `ftrheh..............
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?.=.=. Okbprhekr`s..............
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?.=.?. ^rkv``ekr`s.............
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?.=
.=.5
.5.. ^rkeuotks sus
sustgtutks.............
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?.=.0. Okbp`tgekr`s
?.?. HFHLG_G_ GF
GFU
U@]FK..............
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?.?.8. Krjhfgzhogÿf..............
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?.
?.?.
?.=.
=. Olgb
Olgbhh y oult
oultur
urhh krj
krjhf
hfgz
gzho
hogk
gkfh
fhll...............
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?.5. Hfèlgsgs DDK

KEH..............
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5. KM
KMI@
I@UG
UGTK
TK__ E
E@L
@L ^L
^LHF
HF E@ BH
BH]A
]A@U
@UGF
GFJ
J.............
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5.
5.8.
8. Km
Kmi`
i`tg
tgvk
vkss e` ]`ft
]`fthm
hmgl
glge
gehe
he.............
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5.=.
.=. Kmi`
i`tg
tgvk
vkss e` vklu
klub`
b`ff...............
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5.?.
.?. Kmi`
i`tg
tgvk
vkss e` @
@st
sthm
hmgl
glge
gehe
he...............
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0. @_U]
@_U]HU
HU@J
@JGH
GH__ E
E@
@BBH]
H]A@
A@UG
UGFJ
FJ

pèj. =
 

0.8
.8.. Fgv`l @strhtçjgok..............
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0.=. Fgv`l K
Kpp`rhtgvk.............
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4. ^]KJ
^]KJ]H
]HBH
BH__ E@ HOO
OOGK
GKF
F..............
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:. ^]
^]@_
@_P^
P^P@
P@_U
_UK_
K_ E
E@
@ GGFJ
FJ]@
]@_K
_K__ W JH
JH_U
_UK_
K_..............
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3. OKFU]KL...............
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7. OKFOLP_GKF@_.............
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8>. ]@OKB@FEHOGKF@_...............
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88. ]@D@]@FOGH_ MGMLGKJ]HDÂOH_..................................................................................53

HF@SK_...............
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pèj. ?
 

^LHF E@ BH]A@UGFJ E@ LH @B^]@_H UK]UHYH

8. Gfdk
Gfdkrbh
rbhogÿ
ogÿf
f j`f`r
j`f`rhl
hl e`
e` llhh `b
`bpr`s
pr`shh
8.8.
8.8. Fkbmr`99 
Fkbmr`
UK]UHYH
8.=. ]hz
]hzÿf
ÿf sko
skoghl
ghl99
_@]J@WOK _HO
8.?. Hotgvgehe
Hotgvgehe ^rgfog
^rgfogphl9
phl9
T`fths e` tkrths e` hlth ohlgehe, phrh Ukrthzh lh olhv` prgfogphl `s lh ht`fogÿf y lh ohlgehe
e`l prkeuotk. @f lh hotuhlgehe lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh `stè e`stgfheh h okbp`tgr ` gfv`rtgr okf lh
dgfhlgehe e` `bpr`fe`r. ^kr ktrk lhek, `sth e`thllhehb`ft` plhfgdgoheh okf `l`b`ftks
 mèsgoks qu` p`rbgt` mrgfehr jhrhftâhs h lks okfsubgekr`s. phrh b`ikrhr su ohlgehe y
`sp`oghlgzho
`sp`oghlgzhogÿf,
gÿf, `lhmkr
`lhmkrÿÿ plhf`s
plhf`s,, plhsbh
plhsbhfek
fek ufh bgs
bgsgÿf,
gÿf, `f eekfe`
kfe` skog
skogks
ks e` lh ``bpr`sh
bpr`sh
okb`fthrkf qu` cky `f eâh vg`f`f trhmhihfek `f lh bke`rfgzhogÿf e` su prkeuotk Qlk qu`
qu`r`bks `s mrgfehr h fu`strks olg`ft`s, prkeuotks e` hltâsgbh ohlgehe, hsgbgsbk skrpr`fe`r 
h `llks okf prkeuotks p`rskfhlgzheks phrh qu` s` sg`fthf shtgsd`ocks okf fu`strk trhmhikR,
Ukrt
Ukrthz
hzhh `s ufh `b
`bpr
pr`sh
`sh qu`
qu` `lhm
`lhmkrh
krh pr
prkeu
keuot
otks
ks e` plhf
plhfgd
gdgo
gohog
hogÿf
ÿf y bh
bht`
t`rgh
rgh prg
prgbh
bh e`
`xo`l`ft` ohlgehe, mrgfehfek hs`skrhbg`ftk y ehfek r`okb`fehogÿf `f lh okbprh e`
 prkeuotks, pkr `l okfkogbg`ftk e` lhs f`o`sgehe`s e` sus olg`ft`s, shtgsdhog`fek sus
f`o`sgehe`s, h trhvçs e` lh ohphogthogÿf okfsthft` e`l p`rskfhl y lh b`ikrh eghrgh.
8.5. Pmg
Pmgohog
ohogÿf9
ÿf9

H_KOGHOGßF E@ TGTG@FEH BY M. LU =0. HU@.

8.0.
8.0. Bgsg
Bgsgÿf
ÿf99

_`jùf ^cglgp Aktl`r y Jhry Hrbstrkfj (Bhra`tgfj, =>>5) okbk “uf gbpkrthft` `l`b`ftk
e` lh pl
plhf
hfgd
gdgo
gohog
hogÿf
ÿf `st
`strht
rhtçj
çjgo
goh.
h.‒‒ (p.53
(p.53).
). Lh Bgsg
Bgsgÿf
ÿf E`
E`so
sorg
rgm`
m` `l rkl
rkl qu`
qu` e`s`b
e`s`bp`ø
p`øhh
hotuhlb`ft` lh krjhfgzhogÿf phrh `l lkjrk e` su vgsgÿf, `s lh rhzÿf e` s`r e` lh `bpr`sh.

Lh bgsgÿf e` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh `s9 _krpr`fe`r h fu`strks olg`ft`s okf prkeuotks e` hlth
ohlgehe, pkr su `lhmkrhogÿf y egs`øk, lkjrhfek dge`lgzhr fu`strh bhroh.

pèj. 5
 

8.4.
8.4. Tgsg
Tgsgÿf
ÿf99
^hrh _gbÿf Eklhf, _hlvhekr Jhroâh y Mkffy ]gocl`y (=>>4)9 “lh vgsgÿf f`o`sgth s`r lk
sudgog`ft`b`ft` hbmgogksh phrh prkvkohr `l `ftusghsbk, sudgog`ft`b`ft` okbpr`fsgvh phrh
s`r ho`ptheh pkr tkeks, sudgog`ft`b`ft` okfsgst`ft` phrh s`r `ft`fegeh y sudgog`ft`b`ft`
r`hlgsth phrh hs`jurhr h lks hoogkfgsths qu` su gfv`rsgÿf s`rè r`fthml`:.‒ (p.:5).

Hl =>=0, Ukrthzh s`rè ufh bhroh r`okfkogeh pkr mrgfehr prkeuotks e` mu`fh ohlgehe, trhtk
buy hbhml` y hjrhehml` hbmg`ft` e` trhmhik.

8.:. ]`sub`f
]`sub`f e` lh gfv`stgj
gfv`stgjhogÿf
hogÿf e` b`ro
b`rohek.
hek.

Lh pr`s`ft` gfv`stgjhogÿf tg`f` pkr kmi`tgvk okfko`r lh vghmglgehe e` lh pu`sth `f bhroch e`

ufh phst`l`râh y tkrt`l`rgh qu` kdr`o` tkrths shluehml`s, mhiks `f ohlkrâhs, jrhshs y hzùohr `f
`l egstrgtk e` Ht`- lgbh, hsâ okbk thbmgçf s` okfthrè okf ufh hplgohogÿf bÿvgl `f ekfe` fk

sÿlk pker
sÿlk pkerèf
èf hequgrg
hequgrgrr lks prke
prkeuot
uotks,
ks, sgf
sgfkk qu` thb
thbmgç
mgçff pke
pkerèf
rèf `fo
`fokft
kftrhr
rhr gfd
gfdkrb
krbhog
hogÿf
ÿf
futrgogkfhl
futrgogkfhl e` lh vhrg`e
vhrg`ehe
he e` tkrths qu` kdr`o`b
kdr`o`bks,
ks, phrh hsâ bès p`rskfhs pu`ehf egsdruthr 
e` fu`strk prkeuotk sgf t`f`r qu` pr`kouphrs` thftk e` lk qu` okfsub`f. Hsgbgsbk, Lk qu`
s` musoh `s or`hr ufh b`ikr hlt`rfhtgvh phrh egsdruthr tkrths sgf oulph fg r`bkregbg`ftk, `
gfo`ftgvhr h lhs p`rskfhs e` Ht` h pr`kouphrs` bès pkr su shlue, `stglk e` vgeh y pkr lks
hlgb`ftks qu` okfsub`f. ^hrh `llk, s` hfhlgzhrè gfdkrbhogÿf e` lh pkmlhogÿf (cèmgtks
hlgb`ftgog
hlgb`ftgogks,
ks, `stglk e` vgeh, `to.), phrh pke`r e`t`rbgfhr
e`t`rbgfhr `l jrhek e` ho`pth
ho`pthogÿf
ogÿf qu` t`ferè
fu`strk prkeuotk y hsâ egs`øhr `strht`jghs qu` hyue`f h pksgogkfhr lh bhroh.

=. ]`
]`su
sub`
b`f
f@ @i`
i`ou
outg
tgvk
vk
@f `l pr`s`ft` trhmhik e` gfv`stgjhogÿf, s` e`ogegÿ cho`r uf plhf e` bhra`tgfj y v`r ufh
b`ikrh gft`jrhl e` lks prko`sks `f lh `bpr`sh _@]J@WOK _HO (Ukrthzh), phrh lk ouhl,
tkbhfek `f ou`fth lks okfkogbg`ftks hequgrgeks h lk lhrjk e` lh ohrr`rh e` hebgfgstrhogÿf,
s` plhft`hrkf r`hlgzhr uf `stuegk okf `l dgf e` `stueghr h lks okfsubgekr`s y h lks
okbp`tgekr`s y hsâ okftrgmugr okf `l or`ogbg`ftk y e`shrrkllk e` lh `bpr`sh.
Hotuhlb`ft` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh v`fe` tkrths, `s pkr `llk qu` s` r`hlgzhrè ufh hbplghogÿf
dâsgoh qu` ll`vhrè h ufh `xphfsgÿf `f lh ohrt`rh e` prkeuotks qu` s` kdr`o`. Okb`fzhfek
okf ufh e`sorgpogÿf e` lks fu`vks prkeuotks okbk tkrths y phst`lgtks `f bgfghturh.
Hsgbgsbk, s` v`fe`rèf pkstr`s e` `stglk dgfk, okf druths r`hl`s y s`l`oogkfhehs. _`
pèj. 0
 

dhmrgohrèf phst`l`s y prgfogphlb`ft` tkrths, `f `st` ùltgbk prkeuotk `s ekfe` musohr`bks

egd`r`foghrfks e` lh okbp`t`fogh b`eghft` lh okfsthft` mùsqu`eh e` b`ikrhs y fu`vhs
r`o`ths. _` e`m` b`fogkfhr qu` tkeks lks prkeuotks qu` kdr`o`bks s`rèf e` hlth ohlgehe, yh
s`h `f `l shmkr, okbk `f lh pr`s`fthogÿf ` gfolusk lh ht`fogÿf.
Lh gfeustrgh `f lh qu` okbp`tgr`bks `s ufh qu` `xgst` e`se` cho` buocks høks, s` pkerâh
okfsg
okfsge`
e`rhr
rhr olèsg
olèsgoh,
oh, `s gbpk
gbpkrt
rthf
hft`
t` r`o
r`ohl
hloh
ohrr `st
`stkk yh qu`
qu` fk `s pr`o
pr`ogs
gshb
hb`f
`ft`
t` b`
b`eg
eghft
hft``
gffkvhogkf`s sùp`r okbpl`ihs qu` s` okbpgt`, sgfk pkr ktrks dhotkr`s. @f `sth gfeustrgh `s
buy gbpkrthft` lh bhroh y lh ohlgehe e`l prkeuotk, `stk `s buy r`l`vhft` `f ufh prgb`rh
gfst
gfsthf
hfog
oghh phr
phrhh qu` lhs
lhs p`r
p`rskf
skfhs
hs s` htr`v
htr`vhf
hf h okbp
okbprh
rhrr `l prk
prkeu
euot
otkk y s` okfvg
okfvg`rt
`rthf
hf
`v`ftuh
`v`ftuhlb
lb`ft`
`ft` `f olg`ft
olg`ft`s
`s okf
okfdgh
dghml`
ml`s.
s. @s gbp
gbpkrt
krthft
hft`` `f fu`
fu`strk
strk gfd
gfdkrb
krb`` chml
chmlhr
hr skmr
skmr``
fu`strh `bpr`sh, hoè `s ekfe` fho` fu`strh kpkrtufgehe bès du`rt` qu` e`shrrkllhr`bks,
 pkr lk qu` fk s` phrtgrè e` o`rk, `stk hyueh e` ufh dkrbh h r`euogr `l rg`sjk hl qu` fks
`sthbks `fdr`fthfek. Lk dufehb`fthl `s qu` yh t`f`bks olg`ft`s, Fu`strh b`th `s v`fe`r 

lks fu`vks prkeuotks h lks olg`f

olg`ft`s
t`s yh ohutgvks e` lh `bpr`sh, s` musoh `stk phrh fk jhsthr 
thftks r`oursks `f lh mùsqu`eh e` fu`vks olg`ft`s.
^kr ktrk lhek, jrhoghs h lhs fu`vhs t`ofklkjâhs e` pufth lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh `stè gffkvhfek
`f lh ht`fog
ht`fogÿf
ÿf p`rskfhlgzh
p`rskfhlgzheh
eh hl olg`f
olg`ft`
t` phrh hsâ shm`r sus pr`d`r`f
pr`d`r`foghs
oghs y justks, sg`fek `sth
lh dkrbh `f lh qu` s` shtgsdho` hl olg`ft` e` ufh bhf`rh bès rèpgeh y okfor`th hl r`o`pthr 
sus p`egeks, lks ouhl`s okbk yh shm`bks s` lks pkerè `d`otuhr h trhvçs e` lâf`h t`l`dÿfgoh k
`f lh Z`m, h trhvçs e`l sgtgk e` lh `bpr`sh, y thbmgçf hprkv`ochrè `l olg`ft` yh qu` l`
sgjfgdgohrâh uf hckrrk e` tg`bpk. Lh bgsgÿf e` ^hst`l`râh Ukrthzh `s s`r ufh `bpr`sh okf
hltks vhlkr`s bkrhl`s ekfe` lk prgfogphl `s `ftr`jhr hl okfsubgekr dgfhl uf prkeuotk `f
bht`rg
bht`rghh jhs
jhstrk
trkfÿb
fÿbgoh
goh pr`phrhe
pr`phrhekk okf lks bès dgfks
dgfks gfj
gfjr`e
r`eg`f
g`ft`s
t`s,, shfk
shfks,
s, futrgt
futrgtgvk
gvkss y
hp`t`ogml`s qu` shtgsdhjh lks phlhehr`s bès `xgj`ft`s.
@l jrupk `bpr`shrghl `sthrè okfdkrbhek pkr prkd`sgkfhl`s qu` chyhf t`fgek ufh hbplgh
`xp`rg`fogh `f ohrjks sgbglhr`s phrh gbpulshr `l b`ikr e`s`fvklvgbg`ftk y oubplgr okf lks
kmi`tgvks trhzheks. Pfh jrhf v`fthih e`l s`rvgogk `s pke`r gft`rhotuhr okf lks olg`ft`s h
trhvçs e` fu`strks ohfhl`s e` okbufgohogÿf (lâf`h t`l`dÿfgoh y w`m sgt`), b`eghft` lks
ouhl`s kmt`f`bks ufh r`trkhlgb`fthogÿf olg`ft`-`bpr`sh buy vhlgksh, pu`s fks hyueh h
okfko`r e` lhs pr`d`r`foghs e` sus phlhehr`s1 yh qu` lh jhstrkfkbâh phst`l`rh `s buy
`xt`fsh y lh gbhjgfhogÿf e` lh olg`ft`lh buock bès.

pèj. 4
 

Lh ^hst`l`râh Ukrthzh okfsge`rh okbk olg`ft`s h ckbmr`s y bui`r`s e` ouhlqug`r `ehe, e`

lks `strhtks skoghl`s b`egk-hltk y hltk qu` l`s hp`t`zoh uf mu`f phst`l okf uf `xqugsgtk
shmkr ohs`rk1 t`fg`fek okbk fgock e` b`rohek h lks `bpl`heks qu` pkr sus kmlgjhogkf`s
lhmkrhl`s fk pks``f e` tg`bpk phrh ho`rohrs` chsth `l lkohl e` lh ^hst`l`râh y t`ferèf h
egspksgogÿf lh lâf`h t`l`dÿfgoh y lh pèjgfh w`m e` lh `bpr`sh y ehrl`s uf mu`f _`rvgogk
E`lgv`ry.
?. Eghjf
Eghjfÿs
ÿstg
tgok
ok e
e`` _g
_gtuh
tuhog
ogÿf
ÿf
?.8. Hfhlgsgs
Hfhlgsgs e`l @
@ftkrfk
ftkrfk J
J`f`rhl
`f`rhl
?.8.8.
?.8.8. @ftk
@ftkrfk
rfk ^kl
^klgtg
gtgok
ok L`jhl
L`jhl

Lhs hutkrgehe`s fhogkfhl`s skf r`spkfshml`s e` prkt`j`r lh shlue pùmlgoh r`euog`fek lks
rg`sjks e` okftrh`r `fd`rb`ehe`s trhfsbgtgehs pkr lks hlgb`ftks y e` `euohr ` gfdkrbhr h
lks okfsubgekr`s y h lh gfeustrgh hlgb`fthrgh e` tkeks lks hsp`otks r`lhtgvks h lh gfkougehe

e` lks hlgb`ftks1 sgf `bmhrjk, h fgv`l fhogkfhl fk tkehs lhs `bpr`shs `f `sth gfeustrgh
oubpl`f okf mrgfehr uf prkeuotk e` ohlgehe y lh bhykrâh e` v`o`s hotùhf e` bhf`rh bès
r`hotgvh qu` pr`v`ftgvh. @s `ftkfo`s ouhfek `l jkmg`rfk s` v` `f lh f`o`sgehe e` gftrkeuogr 
l`y`s y fkrbhs `f lhs ouhl`s s` pu`ehf r`julhr lhs prèotgohs phrh lh prkeuoogÿf y
okb`roghlgzhogÿf e` `stks prkeuotks hlgb`ftgogks, hsâ okbk su `ftkrfk prkeuotgvk.

@fdkoèfekfks `f lh lâf`h e` phst`l`râh y tkrt`l`rgh, t`f`bks lhs sgjug`ft`s l`y`s y fkrbhs

hplgohml`s9
h) L`y F¾ ==435=
435=,, L`
L`yy J`
J`f`rh
f`rhll e` _hlue
_hlue
 m) L`y F¹ =70:8, Oÿegjk e` prkt`oogÿf y e`d`f
e`d`fsh sh e`l okfsubgekr.
o) E`or`t
E`or`tkk L`jgsl
L`jgslhtgvk
htgvk F¾ 8>4= qu
qu`` hpru`mh llhh L`y e` Gf
Gfkougeh
kougehee e` lks Hl
Hlgb`ft
gb`ftks.
ks.
e) E`
E`or
or`t
`tkk _upr
_upr`b
`bkk F¾ >?5-
>?5-=>
=>>3
>3-H
-HJ
J qu`
qu` hp
hpru
ru`m
`mhh `l ]`jl
]`jlhb
hb`f
`ftk
tk e` lh L`y
L`y e`
Gfkougehe e` lks Hlgb`ftks.
`) E`or
E`or`tk
`tk _upr`b
_upr`bkk F¹ >8=-
>8=-=>>4
=>>4-_H,
-_H, qu` hpr
hpru`m
u`mhh `l ]`j
]`jlhb
lhb`ft
`ftkk e` lh L`y F¾ =3?85,
L`y qu` egspkf` lh dkrtgdgohogÿf e` chrgfhs okf bgorkfutrg`ft`s. 0:
d) E`or
E`or`tk
`tk _upr`b
_upr`bkk F¹ >>?-=>>0-_
>>?-=>>0-_H,
H, qu` hpru
hpru`mh
`mh `l ]`j
]`jlhb
lhb`ft
`ftkk e` lh L`y F¾ =:7?
=:7?=,
=,
L`y qu` prkcâm` `l usk e` lh susthfo
susthfogh
gh quâbgoh mrkbhtk e` pkthsgk `f lh `lhmkrhog
`lhmkrhogÿf
ÿf

e`l phf y ktrks prkeuotks hlgb`ftgogks e`stgfheks hl okfsubk cubhfk.

pèj. :
 

j) E`or`t
E`or`tkk _upr`bk >>>:-73-_H
>:-73-_H qqu`
u` hpru`m
hpru`mhh `l ]`jl
]`jlhb`ft
hb`ftkk skmr` Tgjg
Tgjglhfog
lhfoghh y Okftrk
Okftrkll
_hfgthrgk e` Hlgb`ftks y M`mgehs.
c) ]`skluo
]`skluogÿf
gÿf Bgfgst`rg
Bgfgst`rghl
hl F¾ 557-=>
557-=>>4/BGF
>4/BGF_H
_H qu` hpru`
hpru`mh
mh lh Fkrbh _h
_hfgthr
fgthrgh
gh phrh lh
hplgohogÿf e`l _gst`bh CHOO^ `f lh dhmrgohogÿf e` hlgb`ftks y m`mgehs.

?.8.
?.8.=.
=. @f
@ftkr
tkrfk
fk @okf
@okfkb
kbgo
gokk
Yhrur (=>>7) skstg`f` qu` `l `ftkrfk `okfÿbgok `s “uf okfiuftk e` prko`sks b`tkeklÿjgoks
qu` p`rbgt`f r`hlgzhr uf hfèlgsgs e`l `ftkrfk y `vhluhr `l gbphotk qu` `l ohbmgk `f sus
`ft`s j`f`rh.‒(p.8?).@s e`ogr, `s `l hfèlgsgs e` lhs r`lhogkf`s qu` r`julhf su egfèbgoh
gft
gft`rfh
`rfh y lh r`l
r`lhog
hogÿf
ÿf e` gbp
gbphot
hotkk qu` kohs
kohsgkf
gkfhh `l fùol`k
fùol`k e` lh `bpr`
`bpr`sh
sh qu` `stè sg`fe
sg`fekk
`vhluheh.

_gf
_gf `b
`bmh
mhrjk
rjk lh `b
`bpr
pr`sh
`sh Ukrt
Ukrthz
hzhh pu`e
pu`e`` v`rs`
v`rs` hd`o
hd`oth
thek
ek pkr
pkr lh mhih
mhih e`l
e`l or`
or`og
ogbg
bg`ft
`ftkk
`okfÿbgok qu` s` vg`f` ehfek `f `l ^`rù, h p`shr e` `sth mhih pkro`ftuhl, `l or`ogbg`ftk `f
lh gfeustrgh phst`l`rh
phst`l`rh `s prkb`t`ekr, `stk e`mgek h uf `ftkrfk gft`rfhogkfh
gft`rfhogkfhll bès dhvkrhml`
 pkr `l pr`stgjgk or`og`ft`
or `og`ft` e` lh okogfh p`ruhfh y `l okfsubk bhsgvk e` prkeuotks fhturhl`s,
hsâ okbk `l `sdu`rzk `okfÿbgok e` lh gfv`rsgÿf prgvheh.

_` shm` s`jùf lh Hskoghogÿf

Hskoghogÿf e` Mhfoks, qu` chmrè ufh pr`vgsg
pr`vgsgÿf
ÿf pksgtgvh
pksgtgvh `f `l fgv`l e`
orçegtks `f `l ^`rù, `l ouhl or`o`rè 8?% `st` høk, `sp`oghlb`ft` `f prçsthbks `bpr`shrghl`s
lk ouhl fks pkerâh m`f`dgoghr
m`f`dgoghr buock. ^hrh `llk chy qu` t`f`r `f ou`fth `l tgpk e` ohbmgk y
su t`fe`fogh phrh hsâ e`t`rbgfhr `f quç tgpk e` bkf`eh fks okfv`ferâh r`hlgzhr lks

 prçsthbks. @f ouhftk h fu`strks olg`ft`s, `s gbpkrthft` t`f`r `f ou`fth su sgst`bh e` pphjk,

hjk,
 phrh hsâ krjhfgzhr fu`strks sgst`bhs e` phjks, prkv``ekr`s, hsâ okbk thbmgçf, `l phjk e`
ktrhs kmlgjhogkf`s.
?.8.?.
?.8.?. @ftk
@ftkrfk
rfk _ko
_kogk
gk Oul
Oulturh
turhll

@l `stglk e` vgeh e` lh pkmlhogÿf e` Ht`, hotuhlb`ft`, gfdluy` sgjfgdgohtgvhb`ft` `f lh

`bpr`sh, yh qu` ch hub`fthek `l fgv`l e` pr`kouphogÿf e` lhs p`rskfhs pkr t`f`r ufh mu`fh
hlgb`fthogÿf. @stk fks `xgj` mrgfehr prkeuotks e` hlth ohlgehe, sg`bpr` bhf`ihfek okf
subk ougehek `l prko`sk e` `lhmkrhogÿf e` fu`strks prkeuotks. Cky `f eâh chy ufh bhykr 
 pr`kouphogÿf pkr `l ougehek e` lh shlue y lks mu`fks cèmgtks hlgb`ftgogks, phrh `stk
pèj. 3
 

Ukrthzh, mrgfehrè ufh lâf`h e` prkeuotks shluehml`s y ufh hplgohogÿf bÿvgl htrhotgvh qu`
 p`rbgth hequgrgr lks prkeuotks, okfthmglgzhr lhs ohlkrâhs y v`r `l vhlkr futrgogkfhl e` oheh
ufk e` fu`strks prkeuotks, okf `l dgf e` ll`jhr h bès olg`ft`s y shtgsdho`r sus `xgj`foghs.
?.8.5.
?.8.5. @ftk
@ftkrfk
rfk U`ofk
U`ofklkj
lkjgok
gok y Hbmg
Hbmg`fth
`fthll
@ftkrfk t`ofklÿjgok9
Jrhoghs h lh `vkluogÿf e` lks hvhfo`s t`ofklÿjgoks, lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh `stè `vkluogkfhfek
`f lks ùltgbks tg`bpks, lk ouhl fks ch p`rbgtgek lkjrhr b`ikrhs `f ouhftk lh kptgbgzhogÿf
e` tg`bpk, prkeuoogÿf y pr`s`rvhogÿf e` lks prkeuotks. @stk fks p`rbgt` kdr`o`r prkeuotks
e` b`ikr ohlgehe. @xgst`f ufh jrhf vhrg`ehe e` bèqugfhs okf egd`r`ft`s ohrhot`râstgohs,
ge`hl`s phrh lh `lhmkrhogÿf e` prkeuotks e` phst`l`râh y hdgf`s . (Glustrhogÿf9 =, ?, 5)

@ftkrfk hbmg`fthl9
^kr p`rt`f`o`r hl rumrk e` s`rvgogk e` okbgeh, lk prgfogphl `s oubplgr okf tkehs lhs fkrbhs
shfgthrghs `sthml`ogehs qu` fks p`rbgthf hs`jurhr lh ohlgehe ` gfkougehe e` lks hlgb`ftks.
@s e` vgvgth
thll gb
gbpkr
pkrth
thfog
foghh t`f`
t`f`rr `f ou`f
ou`fth
th lhs
lhs prgf
prgfog
ogphl
phl`s
`s kp`rh
kp`rhog
ogkf
kf`s
`s e` lgbp
lgbpg`
g`zh
zh y
e`sgfd`oogÿf e` lks gfsubks h utglgzhr, okf `l dgf e` `vgthr lh okfthbgfhogÿf oruzheh, hsâ
okbk thbmgçf, e` lhs gfsthlhogkf`s y ut`fsglgks usheks phrh `vgthr plhjhs, bhlks klkr`s y
ouhlqug`r ktrh du`ft` e` okfthbgfhogÿf. Fu`strh `bpr`sh fk pr`s`fth `bgsgkf`s e` rg`sjk
e` okfthbgfhogÿf phrh `l b`egk hbmg`ft` fg phrh lhs p`rskfhs, yh qu` lhs lks trhmhihekr`s
okfthrèf okf tkeh lh gfeub`fthrgh qu` l` p`rbgth trhmhihr okf uf tkthl cgjg`f` `f lh
 pr`phrhogÿf e` lks hlgb`ftks.

?.=. Hfèlgsgs
Hfèlgsgs e`l _`otkr
?.=.
?.=.8.
8. Mh
Mhrr
rr`rh
`rhss e` `ftrh
`ftrheh
eh
Ihçf (=>8?) e`dgf` h lhs mhrr`rhs e` `ftrheh okbk “tkeks lks kmstèoulks qu` gbpge`f k
e`shlg`fthf lh `ftrheh e` fu`vhs `bpr`shs `f uf s`otkr e` hotgvgehe.‒(p.803).@s e`ogr, s`
`ftg`fe`
`ftg`fe` pkr mhrr`rhs e` `ftrheh h tkeks hqu`llhs
hqu`llhs v`fthihs qu` tg`f`
tg`f`ff tkeks lks v`fe`ekr`s
`sthml`ogeks skmr` lks pkt`foghl`s `ftrhft`s, `sths pu`e`f s`r hlths qu` gfolusk lh dgihogÿf e`
lks pr`ogks e` bkfkpklgk fk hb`fhzh lh `ftrheh e` fu`vhs `bpr`shs `f `l b`rohek.

pèj. 7
 

^kr `llk s` hfhlgzÿ

hfhlgzÿ qu` lh `bpr`
`bpr`sh
sh Ukrth
Ukrthzh
zh ou`fth okf uf mu`f pksgo
pksgogkf
gkfhbg
hbg`ft
`ftkk e`
b`rohek pkr `fe` fk lk hd`othrâh `l gfjr`sk e` hljùf prkeuotk sgbglhr, he`bès lks pr`ogks
skf hoo`sgml`s y okf `l tg`bpk yh tg`f` h sus olg`ft`s dge`lgzheks.
?.
?.=.
=.=.
=. Ok
Okbp
bprh
rhek
ekr`
r`ss
  B`rohek pkt`foghl
Lÿp`z (=>>7) skstg`f` qu` `l b`rohek pkt`foghl `s “@l fùb`rk bèxgbk e` okbprhekr`s hl
qu` s` pu`e` egrgjgr lh kd`rth okb`roghl y qu` `stè egspkfgml` phrh tkehs lhs `bpr`shs e` uf
s`otkr eurhft` uf tg`bpk e`t`rbgfhek.‒(p.=?).@s e`ogr, qu` `s uf okfiuftk e` okbprhekr`s
qu` musohf uf e`t`rbgfhek prkeuotk y qu` phrh `stk `s f`o`shrgk qu` s` hfhlgo` lh
okbp`t`fogh, h dgf e` qu` lhs `bpr`shs egrgihf uf prkeuotk geÿf`k h su pùmlgok kmi`tgvk.

_` ch `stgbhek qu` `l tkthl e`l b`rohek pkt`foghl `s e` 077,874 p`rskfhs, ogdrh kmt`fgeh
e` s`l`oogkfhr e`l tkthl e` lh pkmlhogÿf e`l egstrgtk e` HU@ - lgbh, qu` s` `fou`ftr`f lhs
 p`rskfhs e` tkrhs lhs `ehe`s.

  Cèmgtks e` okfsubk
M`rgoht (=>>4) e`dgf` h lks cèmgtks e` okfsubk okbk uf “okfiuftk e` vhlkr`s, r`lhtks,
r`pr`s`fthogkf`s cèmgtks y or``foghs hskoghehs hl c`ock bgsbk e`l okfsubk‒ (p.?8?).@s
e`ogr, qu` lks cèmgtks e` okfsubk s` r`dg`r`f hl okbpkrthbg`ftk e`l okfsubgekr r`sp`otk h
lks lujhr`s e` okbprh, e`splhzhbg`ftks, tgpks e` lujhr`s vgsgtheks, okf ufh dr`ou`fogh e`
okbprh e` lks prkeuotks, hsâ okbk lks rhzkf`s e` `l`oogÿf qu` skf utglgzhek y lhs hotgtue`s
y kpgfgkf`s qu` su`l` t`f`r hl bkb`ftk e` lh `l`oogÿf e` uf prkeuotk .hotuhlb`ft` s` chf
vu`ltk t`fe`fogh yh qu` e` `sh bhf`rh s` okfko` lh f`o`sgehe y e`s`k e`l okfsubgekr, `f
lh phst`l`râh Ukrthzh fks c`bks pr`kouphek
pr`kouphek pkr
 pkr `xhbgfhr lks cèmgtks e` okbprh t`fjh `f
ou`fth lks dhotkr`s dâsgoks y b`fthl`s qu` okfdkrbhf hl olg`ft` okbk thl, yh qu` hl `xhbgfhr 
lks cèmgt
cèmgtks
ks e` tus olg`ft`s pkerè okfstrugr
okfstrugr uf plhf e` bhra`tgfj qu` hprkv`oc`
hprkv`oc` lks cèmgtks
e` okbprh e` tu olg`ft` kmi`tgvk
kmi`tgvk y e` `sh bhf`rh pu`eh j`f`rhr bès v`fths.

pèj. 8>
 

  Fu`strks olg`ft`s okbprhf ufh tkrth yh s`h pkr e`s`k

e `s`k chbmr`, hmurrgbg`ftk, he`bès
thbmgçf tkbhf lh e`ogsgÿf pkr su `ehe jçf`rk, fgv`l e` `euohogÿf e` dhbglgh `stk
okfstgtuy` h gfdlu`foghs gft`rfhs.
 @f ouhftk h lhs gfdlu`foghs
gfdlu`foghs `xt`rfhs, `stè du`rh e` lhs f`o`sgehe`s,
f`o`sgehe`s, hquâ `f Ukrthzh,
s` v` r`dl`ihek lh v`fth
v`fth e` lks phst`l`s `f o`l`mrgehe`s okbk oubpl`høks, mhutgzks,
k okbprhf pkr r`okb`fehogkf`s, pumlgogehe e` lhs r`e`s skoghl`s, prkbkogkf`s.

  Ktrks ehtks e` lks olg`ft`s qu` `xgst`f

E`ftrk e` `st` puftk okfko

okfko`bks
`bks `l fgv`l e` okbpkrthbg`ft
okbpkrthbg`ftkk e` oheh okfsub
okfsubgekr,
gekr,
`sthek ogvgl y skogk `okfÿbgok.
?.
?.=.
=.?.
?. ^r
^rkv
kv``
``ek
ekr`
r`ss
 Fu`strks prgfogphl`s prkv``ekr`s egr`otks s`rèf tg`fehs qu` kdr`o`f prkeuotks pkr bhykr 
okbk skf9
_HF D@]FHFEK
@sth `bpr`sh mrgfeh lh b`ikr Chrgfh
e`l ^`rù phrh lh `lhmkrhogÿf e` fu`strks
 prkeuotks.

OGBB_H
@bpr
@bpr`s
`shh qu`
qu` mrg
mrgfeh
feh bèq
èqug
ugfh
fhss e`
r`
r`drg
drgj`
j`rho
rhogÿ
gÿff qu`
qu` s`rèf
s`rèf ush
usheh
ehss phr
phrhh
bhft`f`r `f mu`f `sthek lks phst`l`s.
BHFIH] L@GU@
Mrgfeh bhfihr e` buy mu`fh ohlgehe.

pèj. 88
 

BPLUGOHIH_
@sth `bpr`sh
`bpr`sh prkpkrog
prkpkrogkfh
kfh tkek
tkek lk qu`
skf `bphqu`s y ohrtkf`s qu`
okftrgmuy`f ougehf `l b`egkhbmg`ft`

_` musohrèf prkv``ekr`s qu` mrgfe`f gfsubks dr`soks y h pr`ogks okbp`tgtgvks. @xgst` ufh
jrhff ohft
jrh ohftge
gehe
he e` okb`
okb`ro
rogh
ghft
ft`s
`s `f `l b`
b`ro
rohek
hek o`ft
o`ftrh
rhll qu` kdr
kdr`o
`o`f
`f gfsub
gfsubks
ks okf
okf lhs
lhs
ohrhot`râstgohs qu` musohbks, pkr lk qu` s` t`ferè `f ou`fth lh t`bpkrheh e` lhs druths
dr`sohs, yh qu` `stks vhrâhf s`jùf lh oguehe y lh `sthogÿf.
?.=.
?.=.5.
5. ^r
^rke
keuot
uotks
ks sustgt
sustgtutk
utkss
]gv`
]gv`rh
rh y Jh
Jhro
rogl
gllè
lèff (=>>:
(=>>:)) hdg
hdgrb
rbhh qu`
qu` lks
lks prk
prkeu
euot
otks
ks sust
sustgt
gtut
utks
ks “sk
“skff hqu`
hqu`ll
llks
ks qu`
e`s`bp`øhf lh bgsbh dufogÿ
e`s`bp`øhf dufogÿff phrh `l bgsbk jrupk e` okfsubg
okfsubgekr`s
ekr`s p`rk s` mhshf `f ufh
t`ofklkjâh
t`ofklkjâh egd`r`ft`.‒(p.=55
egd`r`ft`.‒(p.=55).@s
).@s e`ogr qu` skf hqu`ll
hqu`llks
ks mg`f`s qu` pu`e`f s`r okfsubg
okfsubgeks
eks
`f lujhr e` ktrks y qu` sgtùh lks lâbgt`s e` lks pr`ogks qu` lhs `bpr`shs pu`e`f skpkrthr 
he`bès e`t`rbgfh sus utglgehe`s pkt`foghl`s.
Lh hb`fhzh
hb`fhzh e` prkeuotks
prkeuotks sust
sustgtks
gtks `f llhh `bpr`sh U
Ukrthzh
krthzh ``ss hlth yh qu
qu`` `xgst` uufh
fh jrhf
vhrg`ehe e` prkeuotks sustgtutks qu` pu`e`f r`bplhzhr hl prkeuotk qu` kdr`o` lh `bpr`sh
`ftr` lhs ouhl`s
ouhl`s `xgst`
`xgst`ff vhrghs phst`l`
phst`l`râhs,
râhs, phfhe`
phfhe`râhs,
râhs, ohdçs y r`sthurhft
r`sthurhft`s
`s qu` kdr`o`f
 pkstr`s. ^kr `llk ouhlqug`r prkeuotk qu` hotuç okbk hljk phrh okb`r e`spuçs e` uf plhtk

 prgfogphl phrh tkbhr, k hljk eeulo`

ulo` `s uf sustgtutk e` tkrths. @ftr` lks prgfogphl`s sustgtutks
lh `bpr`sh s` tg`f` lks sgjug`ft`s9

pèj. 8=
 

 
  OH^POCGFK   C@LHEK_ @F_HLHEH_ E@ D]PUH_

  ^ GYYH_
^G _HFEZGOC_ @B^HFHEH_

@l okfsubgekr pu`e` `l`jgr `ftr` lhs egstgfths hlt`rfhtgvhs e` prkeuotks sustgtutks, yh s`h
qu` kdr`zohf lk bgsbk k qu` shtgsdhjhf sus f`o`sgehe`s phrh sus d`ochs `sp`oghl`s k
r`ufgkf`s. ^kr `llk `s f`o`shrgk qu` s` hfhlgo` he`ouhehb`ft` lh okbp`t`fogh pu`s `sth
 p`rbgtgrè e`t`rbgfhr prkeuotks geÿf`ks qu` ktrhs krjhfgzhogkf`s fk t`fjhf.

?.=.0.
?.=.0. Ok
Okbp
bp`t
`tge
gekr
kr`s
`s
@strht`jghs qu` utglgzh lh okbp`t`fogh9
  ^h
^hrr
rryy (=>8
(=>85)
5) skst
skstg`
g`f`
f` qu`
qu` “L
“Lhh ok
okbp
bp`t
`t`f
`fog
oghh `s uf jr
jrup
upkk r`lh
r`lhog
ogkf
kfhe
hekk e`
okfkogbg`ftks, chmglgehe`s y hotgtue`s (A_H) qu` hd`othf `f su bhykr phrt` h uf
trhmhik (rkl`s k r`spkfshmglgehe`s) k qu` s` okrr`lhogkfhf okf lh hotuhogÿf `f `l
trhmhik,
trhmhik, `l ouhl pu`e` s`r b`ege
b`egekk dr`ft` h lks `stèfehr`s
`stèfehr`s okrr`othb`
okrr`othb`ft`
ft` ho`ptheks y
 pu`e`f s`r p`rd`oogkfheks pkr b`egk e` hoogkf`s dkrbhtgvhs y e` e`shrrkllk.(…)

pèj. 8?
 

Pfk e` lks prko`sks y thr`hs bès gbpkrthft`s e` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh `s `l hfhlgzhr 

su okbp`t`fogh. @l kmi`tgvk `s `ft`fe`r lh pksgogÿf okbp`tgtgvh e` lh bhroh k
 prkeuotks `f okbphrhogÿf okf lks okbp`tgekr`s.

 GFFKTHOGßF9 sg`bpr` musoh lh gffkvhogÿf phrh egd`r`foghrs`.


OHLGEH
OHLG EHE9E9 @l fgv`
fgv`ll e` oh
ohlg
lgeh
ehee s` r`dg
r`dg`r
`r`` h lh ohph
ohphog
ogeh
ehee e` shtg
shtgsd
sdho
ho`r
`r lhs
lhs
`xp`othtgvhs e`l okfsubgekr.
 THLK] HØHEGEK9 `l prkeuotk qu` kdr`o`r tg`f` hljufh ohrhot`râstgoh hegogkfhl
qu` okbpl`b`ft` su dufogÿf mèsgoh.
 EG_@ØK9 @l egs`øk `s lh ohrhot`râstgoh bès egdâogl e` okpghr y lks okfsubgekr`s
`stèf egspu`stks h phjhr uf skmr`pr`ogk pkr uf prkeuotk htrhotgvk y egd`r`ft`.
 ^]@OGK HLUK. @l pr`ogk `stè hskoghek h okfsge`rhogkf`s okbk ohlgehe, vhlkr k
`sthtus skoghl

  T`fthihs okbp`tgtgvhs e` lh okbp`t`fogh

_`jùf Bgoch`l ^krt`r, (=>88). “lh v`fthih okbp`tgtgvh fho` dufehb`fthlb`ft` e`l
vhlkr qu` ufh `bpr`sh `s ohphz e` or`hr phrh sus okbprhekr`s
@f mhs` h lks hfèlgsgs `d`otuheks e` fu`strh okbp`t`fogh s` e`spr`fe` qu` sus
okfsubgekr`s musohf kptgbgzhr sus tg`bpks, pkr lk qu` musohf lujhr`s e` okbprh
`sthml`ogeks `f zkfhs r`sge`foghl`s, `s e`ogr, `f su trhy`otk ohsh-kdgogfh y iuftk h
ktrks lkohl`s okb`roghl`s, pkr lk qu` lh umgohogÿf s` vu`lv` uf dkok o`ftrhl h lh ckrh

e` `sthml`o`r `l lkohl e` v`fth

  _`rvgogks hegogkfhl`s qu` kdr`o` lh okbp`t`fogh9

  Ohdç.
 ^hf.
 ^hst`l`s.
 Mkohegtks.
 Ockoklht`s.
 _èfewgoc.

pèj. 85
 

  Lkohl ekfe` dufogkfhf lh okbp`t`fogh9

UK]U@LGF
Hv. B`trkpklgthfh Bz _ 8= Lks Hfj`l`s
_`otkr D, HU@ TGUH]U@, Lgbh 80>88

BH]O@LLH
Gft`rgkr 8 Lhs Hlkferhs, _hfth Hfh 840,

^H_U@L@]GH
OHLE@]KF

Hv. ^hrhohs 03>, Ht` 80>==

^H_U@L@]GH ^G@]K_

Iks
ksçç Oh
Ohrl
rlks
ks Bh
Bhrg
rgèt
èt`j
`jug
ug Lk
Lkt`
t` >4
>4,, Ht
Ht``
80578

UK]UH_ JHMW
Hv. E` Lhs Hrt`s _ur 887, _hf Mkrih
80>?4

  ^umlgogehe y prkbkogÿf e` lh okbp`t`fogh

pèj. 80
 

OKB^@U@FOGH ^PMLGOGEHE W ^]KBKOGKF

UK]U@LGF

  BH]O@LLH

  ^H_U@L@]GH
OHLE@]KF

UK]UH_ JHMW

pèj. 84
 

?.?. HFHLG_G_
HFHLG_G_ GFU@]
GFU@]FK
FK
?.?.
?.?.8.
8. Kr
Krjh
jhfg
fgzh
zhog
ogÿf
ÿf
_`jùf K]U@], LHZL@] & CHOABHF (87:0) “Lhs krjhfgzhogkf`s `stèf okbpu`sths
e` gfegvgeuks k jrupks `f vgsths h okfs`jugr og`rtks dgf`s y kmi`tgvks, pkr b`egk e`
dufogkf`s egd`r`foghehs qu` s` prkourh qu` `stçf rhogkfhlb`ft` okkregfhehs y egrgjgehs y
okf ufh og`rth okftgfugehe h trhvçs e`l tg`bpk‒ (glustrhogÿf 0)

pèj. 8:
 

EG]@OUK]GK

J@]@FU@
J@F@]HL

È]@H E@ È]@H È]@H È]@H E@ È]@H E@ È]@H E@

K^@]HOGKF@_ OKB@]OGHL HEBGFG_U]HUGTH DGFHFYH_ OKFU]KL E@ HMH_U@OGBG@FUK

EG_@ØK_ BHFU@FGB ]@OP]_K_

G@FUK T@FUH_ CPBHFK_ OKFUHMGLGEHE OKB^]H_ EG_U]GMPOGßF HLBÈO@F

DPFOGKF@_9
J`r`ft` j`f`rhl
 Ukbh lhs prgfogphl`s e`ogsgkf`s `f lh `bpr`sh, r`hlgzh `l r`oluthbg`ftk e`l p`rskfhl y
v`rgdgoh qu` tkehs lhs èr`hs `stçf trhmhihfek e` bhf`rh okrr`oth y `stèf oubplg`fek lhs
b`ths prkpu`sths. Uhbmgçf tg`f` sus egd`r`ft`s dufogkf`s e`9 plhfgdgohr, krjhfgzhr, egrgjgr,
okftrklhr, okkregfhr `l trhmhik e` lh `bpr`sh, he`bès e` okftrhthr hl p`rskfhl he`ouhek
eurhft` lh ikrfheh e` trhmhik.

Èr`h e` kp`rhogkf`s
Okfeuogr y r`hlgzhr lhs kp`rhogkf`s e` `lhmkrhogÿf e` prkeuotks e` phst`l`râh y tkrt`l`rgh,
okfsgju
okfsgjug`f
g`fek
ek lks kmi
kmi`tg
`tgvks
vks e` prke
prkeuoo
uoogÿf
gÿf y ohl
ohlgeh
gehee `st
`sthml
hml`og
`ogeks,
eks, r`sp`th
r`sp`thfek
fek `f tke
tkekk
 bkb`ftk lh fkrbhtgvh vgj`ft` tçofgok shfgthrgh, hbmg`fthl y e` s`jurgehe ` cgjg`f` `f `l
trhmhik e` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh.

 ]`hlgzhr y egrgjgr lhs kp`rhogkf`s e` lh `l

`lhmkrhogÿf
hmkrhogÿf e` bhshs .
 Okfd`oo
Okfd`oogkf
gkfhr
hr y k okf
okfeuog
euogrr lhs `lh
`lhmkrh
mkrhogk
ogkf`s
f`s okb
okbpl`
pl`b`f
b`fthr
thrghs
ghs,, okbpksg
okbpksgogÿ
ogÿf,
f,
e`okrhogÿf y `fvhshek e` lks prkeuotks e` phst`l`râh.
 Hplgohr lh fkrbhtgvh e` s`jurgehe, cgjg`f` y prkt`oogÿf hl b`egk hbmg`ft` `f lh
gfeustrgh phst`l`rh.

  Èr`h okb`roghl

 T@FUH_9 @l èr`h e` v`fths `s `l qu` s` `fohrjh e` lh egstrgmuogÿf y v`fth e` lks

 prkeuotks y ehr s`jugbg`ftk eâh h eâh e` lhs egd`r`ft`s ruths e` v`fe`ekr`s phrh
jhrhftgzhr lh okm`rturh tkthl y hmhst`ogbg`ftk h lks lkohl`s okb`roghl`s. @sth èr`h s`
`fou`ftrh okfdkrbheh pkr 0 v`fe`ekr`s `f oheh tg`feh sg`fek tkthl 8=0 v`fe`ekr`s

h ohrjk e` lhs =0 tg`fehs e` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh.

 Èr`h e` hebgfgstrhtgvh

  ]`oursks cubhfks9 @sth Èr`h tg`f` Okbk kmi`tgvk prkv``r h lh `bpr`sh e` lks

r`oursks cubhfks geÿf`ks `f mhs` h ufh he`ouheh plhf`hogÿf, thftk `f ohftgehe
Okbk `f ohlgehe, phrh e`shrrkllhr tkeks lks prko`sks e` lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh.

  Èr`h e` dgfhfzhs
 Okfthekr9 _` `fohrjh e` lh r`vgsgÿf e` tkeks lks bkvgbg`ftks okfthml`s, hsâ okbk
e` lh pr`s`fthogÿf h lh j`r`fogh e` lks `stheks dgfhfog`rks b`fsuhl`s. Uhbmgçf
`lhmkrh lhs mkl`ths y lhs dhoturhs. @ftr` sus r`spkfshmglgehe`s `s `l hpkyk `f `l
bhf`ik e` lhs dgfhfzhs, phjh gbpu`stks, y r`hlgzh tkeks lks trèbgt`s qu` skf
 f`o`shrgks okf lhs `ftgehe`s Okbk lh _PFHU.

Èr`h e` okftrkl e` ohlgehe

dufogÿf
Ouyh dufogÿf prgfogp
prgfogphl
hl `s `l okftrkl
okftrkl e` ohl
ohlgeh
gehee y e` hs`j
hs`jurhr
urhr qu` lks prkeuotk
prkeuotkss qu`
kdr`o` lh `bpr`sh oubplhf okf lks r`qugsgtks bâfgbks
bâfgbks e` ohlgehe, h dgf e` ehr okfko`r lhs
`sp`ogdgohogkf`s `sthml`ogehs pkr lh gfj`fg`râh e`l prkeuotk y prkpkrogkfhr hsgst`fogh hl
e`phrthb`ftk e` dhmrgohogÿf, phrh qu` lh prkeuoogÿf hlohfo` `sths `sp`ogdgohogkf`s.

Èr`h e` hmhst`ogbg`ftk
 OKB^]H_9 _` `fohrjh e` musohr h lks b`ikr`s
b`ikr`s prkv``ekr`s e` gfsubks qu`
ut
utgl
glgz
gzhh lh `b
`bpr`
pr`sh,
sh, v`rg
v`rgdg
dgoh
ohrr qu` skf
skf prk
prkv``
v``ek
ekr`s
r`s okf
okfdg
dghm
hml`
l`ss y qu` sus
sus
 prkeuotks s`hf e` ohlgehe. ]`ogm` eghrghb`ft` lh lgsth e` gfsubks qu` cho`f
dhlth phrh lh prkeuoogÿf eghrgh y okfthoth h lks prkv``ekr`s phrh lh okbprh,
thbmgçf okkregfh okf `l j`r`ft` lhs d`ochs e` phjÿ h lks prkv``ekr`s.
 
EG_U]GMPOGßF9 @sth @sth èr`
èr`hh tg
tg`f
`f`` okb
okbkk duf
dufog
ogÿf
ÿf prg
prgfo
fogp
gphl
hl `fo
`fohr
hrjh
jhrs`
rs` e`
krjhfgzhr lh r`o`pogÿf, hlbho`fhbg`ftk
hlbho`fhbg`ftk y `ftr`jh e` prkeuotks h lks olg`ft`s
olg`ft`s
k puftks e` v`fth y hsgbgsbk
hsgbgsbk s` hs`jurhf e` qu` lh lks mg`f`s s` `fou`ftr`f
`fou`ftr`f
`f `l lujhr okrr`otk `f `l bkb`ftk
bkb`ftk he`ouhek, phrh qu` lh `bpr`sh bhxgbgo`
lhs v`fths y lks m`f`dgogks

pèj. =>

  HLBÈO@F9 @sth èr`h `s lh `fohrjheh e` lh ]`o`pogÿf e` prkeuotks y

v`rgd
v`rgdgo
gohog
hogÿf
ÿf e` qu`
qu` tkeks
tkeks lks
lks hr
hrtâ
tâou
oulk
lkss `f lh lgst
lgsthh `st
`stçf
çf okft
okfthm
hmgl
glgz
gzhe
heks.
ks.
He`b
He`bès,
ès, `s lh qu`
qu` r`h
r`hlg
lgzh
zh lh Gfsp`
Gfsp`oo
oogÿ
gÿff e` tkek
tkekss lks
lks `l`b
`l`b`f
`ftk
tkss phrh
phrh
jhrhftgzhr su ohlgehe y mu`f `sthek y okbprkmhr qu` fk s` prkeui`rkf ehøks
eurhft` `l trhfspkrt`. Hsgbgsbk tg`f` okbk dufogÿf lh `lhmkrhogÿf e` gfdkrb`
e` ehøks `f hrtâoulks egrgjgek h lks sup`rvgskr`s y olg`ft`s, h dgf e` ll`vhr lh
hotuhlgzhogÿf e` lks r`jgstrks e`l hlbhoçf phrh gfolugr lks hrtâoulks `ftrhft`s.
   E@_O]G^OGßF E@L ^P@_UK
GE@FUGDGOHOGßF9
Fkbmr` e`l pu`stk  9 J`r`ft`
Fkbmr` e`l e`phrthb`ftk9 J`r`fogh

  DPFOGKF@_
  J@F@]HL@_ @_^@OÂDGOH_
 Okftrklhr egr`othb`ft` `l trhmhik e`
^lhf`hr krjhfgzhr ,egrgjgr y okftrklhr lhs tkeks lks trhmhihekr`s e` lh `bpr`sh
hotgvgehe`s e` lh `bpr`sh  Dgih y vgjglh `l oubplgbg`ftk e` lhs
dufogkf`s e`l oklhmkrhekr
 Krjhfgzh y egstrgmuy` hl p`rskfhl y
lks r`oursks e` lh `bpr`sh
 ]`vgsgÿf e`l krjhfgjrhbh y e`l
bhfuhl e` prko`egbg`ftks y
okegdgohogÿf pkr èr`h.
]@_^KF_HMGLGEHE@_   ]@XPG_GUK_
 Okbphrt` okf sus oklhmkrhekr`s lks  ]`qugsgtks 9Jrhek e` `stuegks 9
kmi`tgvks y prgkrgehe`s e` lks  Lgo`foghturh `f Hebgfgstrhogÿf e`
e`phrthb`ftks y e` lhs `bpr`sh

pèj. =8

krjhfgzhogkf`s.  @xp`rg`fogh Lhmkrhl9 J`r`ft` k

 @stgbulh lh phrtgogphogÿf e` sus r`spkfshml` e` uf èr`h k jrupk
oklhmkrhekr`s `f lh plhfgdgohogÿf e`t`rbgfhek e` p`rskfhs .Bâfgbk 8
,tkbh e` e`ogsgkf`s y skluogÿf e` høk.
 prkml`bhs  ^`rskfhlgehe9
 Bhft`f`r ufh okbufgohogÿf `dgohz Dhoglgehe e` phlhmrh
`ftr` oheh ufk e` lks e`phrthb`ftks Ekf e` bhfek
y èr`hs dufogkfhl`s e` lhs `bpr`shs. @spgrgtu `bpr`fe`ekr 

Bhft`f`r mu`fhs r`lhogkf`s okf lks Urhmhik mhik pr`sgÿf
olg`ft`s y prkv``ekr`s. Gft`jrgehe bkrhl y çtgoh
 E@_O]G^OGßF E@ ^P@_UK_

Ge`ftgdgohogÿf 9
Fkbmr` e`l pu`stk 9Okfthekr
Fkbmr` e`l e`phrthb`ftk9 Okfthmglgehe

  DPFOGKF@_
J@F@]HL@_ @_^@OÂDGOH_
 Ll`vhr h ohmk `l og`rr` e`
kp`rhogkf`s okfthml`s e` dkrbh
Ll`vhr lh okfthmglgehe e` lh phst`l`râh b`fsuhl y hfuhl
 @bgtgr lks `stheks dgfhfog`rks qu`
r`sphlehf lhs kp`rhogkf`s e` lh
`ftgehe.
 ]`vgshr y hfhlgzhr lhs vhrghogkf`s
e` jhstks
]`spkfshmglgehe`s ]`qugsgtks

pèj. ==

 Gfdkrbhr p`rgÿegohb`ft` h lh  ]`qugsgtks 9Jrhek e` `stuegks 9

J`r`fogh J`f`rhl skmr` lks Lgo`foghturh `f Okfthmglgehe
r`sultheks e` lh kp`rhtgvgehe. /okftheurâh ^ùmlgoh.
 ]`vgshr y okftrklhr lhs  @xp`rg`fogh Lhmkrhl9 8 k = høks
kp`rhogkf`s okfthml`s e` lhs `f ohrjks sgbglhr`s.
hotgvgehe`s eghrghs.   Chmglgehe`s
 @lhmkrhr `l r`pkrt` eghrgk e` Ohphogehe e` f`jkoghogÿf
v`fths. Urhmhik mhik pr`sgÿf

]`vgsgÿf e` lks `stheks Gft`jrgehe Bkrhl y çtgoh.
dgfhfog`rks e` lh phst`l`rgh.
   E@_O]G^OGßF E@L ^P@_UK
Ge`ftgdgohogÿf9
  Fkbmr` e`l pu`stk9 Hlbho`fgsth
  Fkbmr` e`l e`phrthb`ftk 9Èr`h e` hmhst`ogbg`ftk
DPFOGKF@_
J@F@]HL@_ @_^@OÂDGOH_

 @lhmkrhogÿf y okftrkl e`
gfv`fthrgks dâsgoks

Oubplgr fkrbhs e` bhfgpulhogÿf e` E`t`rbgfhr f`o`sgehe`s e`
hlgbg`ftks `f su `lhmkrhogÿf y okbprh.
`stèfehr`s e` lh prkeuoogÿf  @lhmkrhr gfdkrb`s e` hotgvgehe y
dufogkfhbg`ftk e` èr`h.
 Kre`fhr, lgbpghr lh mke`jh y
r`ogmgr lks prkeuotks.

pèj. =?

]@_^KF_HMGLGEHE@_ ]@XPG_GUK_
 ^r`v`fgr pçregeh k rkmk e`  ]`qugsgtks .Jrhek e` `stuegks
b`rohfoâh. Uçofgok `f hebgfgstrhogÿf e`
  Okbprhr lhs ohftgehe`s `bpr`shs e` hlgb`ftks k okbk
hutkrgzhehs pkr `l bâfgbk oursks e` okftrkl y
hebgfgstrhekr. bhf`ik e` gfv`fthrgks, hlgb`ftks.
 Ll`vhr uf okftrkl e` okbprh h

lks prkv``ekr`s  
@S^@]G@FOGH LHMK]HL 98
 Tgjglhfogh e` lks fgv`l`s e` høk `f ohrjks e`ftrk e` èr`hs e`
gfv`fthrgk dâsgoks phrh `l okbprh 
 hlbèo`f. Chmglgehe`s9
Bhf`ik y usk e` phqu`t`râh e`
kddgo`, dkrbhtks e` okftrkl,
bhf`ik e` gfv`fthrgks.
  ^`rskfhlgehe
Urhmhik mhik pr`sgÿf
_`r `dgog`ft`
Gft`jrgehe bkrhl y çtgoh

?.?.=.
?.?.=. Olg
Olgbh
bh y oul
oulturh
turh kkrjhf
rjhfgzh
gzhogk
ogkfhl
fhl
Bçfe`z (=>>4) e`dgf` hl olgbh krjhfgzhogkfhl “okbk lhs p`ro`pogkf`s qu` lks gfegvgeuks
e`shrrkllhf e` lh okfvgv`fogh okf ktrks gfegvgeuks `f `l hbmg`ft` krjhfgzhogkfhl‒ (p.

?=).@s e`ogr qu`, `l olgbh `s uf sgst`bh e` vhlkr`s e` lhs p`rskfhs `f ufh krjhfgzhogÿf
ouyh dgfhlgehe `s okfko`r lhs p`ro`pogkf`s qu` tg`f` lks oklhmkrhekr`s e` lh `bpr`sh phrh
lh ouhl trhmhihf y lhs kpgfgkf`s qu` `stks tg`f`f r`sp`otk hl hbmg`ft` ekfe` e`shrrkllhf sus
lhmkr`s.
Jèb`z (=>>:) skstg`f` qu` lh oulturh krjhfgzhogkfhl “okbk lh dkrbh ohrhot`râstgoh e`
 p`fshr y cho`r lhs okshs `f ufh `bpr`sh‒ (p.4?).@s e`ogr, qu` lh oulturh `s uf bkek e`

pèj. =5

vgeh, or``foghs y vhlkr`s `f dkrbh ho`ptheh e` gft`rhoogÿf y r`lhogkf`s e` lks trhmhihekr`s

e` ufh krjhfgzhogÿf.
@l olgbh krjhfgzhogkfhl `f lh `bpr`sh s` eh h trhvçs e` r`okbp`fshs shlhrghl`s h lh lhmkr e`
lks oklhmkrhekr`s, `s hsâ qu` s` l`s ktkrjh uf mkfk h lks trhmhihekr`s bès e`sthoheks e`l
b`s h dgf e` qu` `llks s` sg`fthf bès bktgvheks y s` e`s`bp`ø`f b`ikr `f lh `bpr`sh.
Hsgbgsbk, s` l`s ktkrjh hso`fsk s`jùf `l e`s`bp`øk `vhluhek eurhft` `l e`shrrkllk e` sus
lhmkr`s y sg `l trhmhihekr `s e`sthohek s` l` hsog`fe` h uf pu`stk bhykr. ^kr `llk `stk ch
 p`rbgtgek qu` lh `bpr`sh t`fjh trhmhihekr`s bktgvheks y okbprkb`tgeks okf sus lhmkr`s.
 Fk kmsthft`, `l olgbh qu` pke`bks `fokftrhr `f Ukrthzh `s jrhtk hbmg`ft`, lks
oklhmkrhekr`s tg`f`f p`rsp`otgvhs egd`r`ft`s, oulturhs, okbpkrthbg`ftks y uf bkek e`
 p`fshr egstgftk `l ouhl okftrgmuy`f y hpkrthf okf ge`hs phrh lh krjhfgzhogÿf, p`rk `stk fk
 cumg`rh sgek pksgml` jrhoghs hl lge`rhzjk qu` s` ch `bpl`hek y iufthb`ft` `l trhmhik `f
`qugpk qu` chf s`rvgek phrh `l e`s`bp`øk dhotgml` e` lhs thr`hs e` lks oklhmkrhekr`s.

@f okfolusgÿf, `l olgbh y lh oulturh krjhfgzhogkfhl skf buy gbpkrthft`s e`ftrk e` lh

`bpr`sh Ukrthzh yh qu` `st` p`rbgt` `l e`shrrkllk e` lhs hotgvgehe`s y okftrgmuy`f hl lkjrk

e` kmi`tgvks, hsgbgsbk hyueh h lks oklhmkrhekr`s h hub`fthr su prkeuotgvgehe y dhoglgth lh

hekpogÿf, rkthogÿf `f `l pu`stk qu` e`s`bp`ø`f e` bkek qu` s` dkb`ft` lh phrtgogphogÿf
e` lks trhmhihekr`s y dhvkr`zoh h lh b`ikrh e` lh tkbh e` e`ogsgkf`s he`ouhehs `f lh
krjhfgzhogÿf.
?.5. Hfè
Hfèlgs
lgsgs
gs DKEH
_krghfk (=>8?)  hrjub`fth qu` `l hfèlgsgs Dkeh “@s lh e` e`t`rbgfhogÿf e` lks dhotkr`s qu`
 pu`e`f dhvkr`o`r dkrthl`zhs y kpkrtufgehe`s u kmsthoulgzhr E`mglgehe`s y hb`fhzhs `f `l
lkjrk e` kmi`tgvks okf hft`rgkrgehe phrh lh `bpr`sh.‒ (p.80:). @s e`ogr `l hfèlgsgs Dkeh

 p`rbgt` okfko`r lks b`ohfgsbks e` hfèlgsgs phrh e`t`rbgfhr lks kmi`tgvks e` lh `bpr`sh.
^kr `llk
  `s e` vgthl gbpkrth
gbpkrthfogh
fogh ge`ftgdgo
ge`ftgdgohr
hr lhs Dkrthl`zhs
Dkrthl`zhs y E`mgl
E`mglgehe`s
gehe`s (ohrhot`râ
(ohrhot`râstgohs
stgohs gft`rfhs) y
lhs Kpkrtufgehe`s y Hb`fhzhs (pksgogÿf `xt`rfh), yh qu` `stk fks p`rbgtgrè cho`r ufh
hutk`vhluhogÿf e` lh sgtuhogÿf `f lh qu` s` `fou`ftrh lh `bpr`sh y hsâ plhft`hr b`egehs
`strhtçjgohs phrh oheh `so`fhrgk

pèj. =0

  DK]UHL@YH_9
- ^rkeuotk
^rkeuotk Gffkvhekr1 Kdr`o`bks hl b`rohek uf prkeuotk qu` okbmgfh gfsubks
Gffkvhekr1
fhturhl`s, e` mu`f shmkr y ohlgehe.
- ^rkeuotk Futrgtgvk1 hltk okft`fgek `f prkt`âfhs, vgthbgfhs y bgf`rhl`s `f ufh
ohftgehe buy okbpl`th y mhlhfo`heh.
- Egspkfgmglgehe e` bht`rgh prgbh1 `f `l ^`rù s` ou`fth okf mhsthft` t`rrgtkrgk phrh
 pke`r oultgvhr ufh jrhf vhrg`ehe e` druths
dr uths y prkeuotks krjèfgoks y shluehml`s.
- Dèogl egj`stgÿf1 hl s`r prkeuotks shluehml`s,
shluehml`s, mhiks `f ohlkrâhs, hzùohr y jrhshs, skf
dèoglb`ft` egj`rgml` lk ouhl dhoglgth lh hmskrogÿf kptgbh e` lks futrg`ft`s qu`
okftg`f`.
- Gfsubks p`ruhfks e` hlth ohlgehe1  Ukeks lks gfsubks utglgzheks skf dèogl`s e`
 `fokftrhr `f fu`strks b`roheks lkohl`s.
- Pmgohogÿf `strhtçjgoh e` lh `bpr`sh, `sthr`bks umgoheks `f `l o`ftrk okb`roghl
]`hl ^lhzh.
- Hplgohogÿf Bÿvgl, lh ouhl p`rbgtgrè `sthr bès o`roh h fu`strks olg`ft`s, qug`f`s
 pkerèf okbprhr h trhvçs e` lh hplgohogÿf bÿvgl y v`r ohlkrâhs y vhlkr futrgogkfhl e`

lks pkstr`s.

K^K]UPFGEHE@_9
- @xphfsgÿf e`l b`rohek1 pksgmglgehe`s e` hbplghr `l okfsubk fhogkfhl.
- ]`okfkogbg`ftk jhstrkfÿbgok h fgv`l bufeghl , fu`strk phâs `f lks ùltgbks høks,
ch t`fgek uf or`ogbg`ftk y r`okfkogbg`ftk jhstrkfÿbgok.
- Tgeh _hluehml`1 s` pu`e` hprkv`ochr lh or`og`ft` t`fe`fogh e`l ougehek e` lh shlue
y bhykr okfog`ftgzhogÿf pkr okb`r shluehml`.
- Hpkyk e`l jkmg`rfk1 pklâtgoh krg`ftheh hl hpkyk e` lh bgork`bpr`sh (BW^@) y h
lks prkeuotkr`s y krjhfgzhogÿf `okfÿbgohs ohbp`sgfhs.
- Hub`ftk e`l fgv`l shlhrghl y or`ogbg`ftk `okfÿbgok lkohl

 E@MGLGEHE@_ 

pèj. =4

- Gfdrh`struoturh99 Fk okfthr okf lks gbpl`b`ftks f`o`shrgks phrh `l e`shrrkllk e`

Gfdrh`struoturh
lhs lhmkr`s e` lks oklhmkrhekr`s qu` trhmhihf `f lh `bpr`sh, hsgbgsbk hd`oth lh
`lhmk
`lhmkrh
rhog
ogÿf
ÿf e` lks
lks prk
prkeuo
euotk
tkss yh qu` fk s` tg`f
tg`f`` tkek
tkek lk f`o`s
f`o`shrg
hrgkk phrh
phrh lh
r`hlgzhogÿf e`l prkeuotk.
- ^koh ohphogthogÿf e` lks oklhmkrhekr`s 9 sgf ufh dkrbhogÿf he`ouheh e`l bhf`ik
e` lhs bhqugfhrghs, lks `bpl`heks, thftk fu`vks okbk lks hotuhl`s fk e`shrrkllhf `l
okfiuftk e` chmglgehe`s f`o`shrghs phrh ll`vhr h ohmk sus thr`hs `f su bèxgbk
 pkt`foghl lk ouhl s` okfvg`rt` `f uf jrhf e`mglgehe phrh lh `bpr`sh.
- ^`rskfhl r`euogek9 Hd`oth h lh ohrjh e` trhmhik, lhs r`spkfshmglgehe`s skf bhykr`s
y pkr `fe` p`riuegoh hl trhmhihekr kohsgkfèfekl` `strçs `f sus lhmkr`s.
 - Dhlth e` `xp`rg`fogh `f `l b`rohek 1 pu`stk qu` lh `bpr`sh `s fu`vh `f `l
b`rohek y fk tg`f` hùf buoch olg`ft`lh pkr lk qu` `stk h su v`z cho` qu` lh
okbp`t`fogh t`fjh lh v`fthih yh qu` fk s` tg`f` mg`f pksgogkfheh lh bhroh `f lh
b`ft` e`l okfsubgekr.
- Bhl okftrkl dgfhfog`rk hl hequgrgr bht`rgh prgbh

HB@FHYH_
- Gfeustrgh hlthb`ft` okbp`tgtgvh1 `l f`jkogk e` lks pkstr`s `s buy okbp`tgtgvk yh
qu` `xgst` ufh jrhf vhrg`ehe e` f`jkogks qu` kdr`o`f `l bgsbk prkeuotk (pkstr`s).
- Dhotkr`s
Dhotkr`s olgbètgoks  okbk `l d`fÿb`fk e` fgøk pu`e`f or`hr hb`fhzhs h lh
olgbètgoks
 prkeuoogÿf y hlzh e` pr`ogks.
- @sthogkfhlgehe e` lhs druths.
- ^rkeuotks sustgtutks1 `f lh hotuhlgehe `xgst`f `f `l b`rohek ufh egv`rsgehe e`
 prkeuotks krjèfgoks okbp`tgtgvks qu` pkerâhf s`r okfsge`rheks okbk sustgtutks e`
lks pkstr`s shluehml`s, okbk pkr `i`bplk lhs druths.

pèj. =:

5. KMI
KMI@UG
@UGTK_
TK_ E@L ^LH
^LHF
FEE@
@ BH]A
BH]A@UGF
@UGFJ
J
5.8. Kmi`tgvks
Kmi`tgvks e` ]
]`fthmg
`fthmglgehe
lgehe
Iksç, I. (@e). (=>8?). Lhs `bpr`shs fk pu`e`f vgvgr sgf olg`ft`s. Lks olg`ft`s skf lks qu`
j`f`rhf gfjr`sks
gfjr`sks ufh `bpr`sh pu`e` pr`subg
pr`subgrr e` okfthr okf ufks mu`fks prkeuotks,
prkeuotks, hckrh
 mg`f, ufh `bpr`sh `s r`fthml`, sg okfsgju` eks kmi`tgvks `strhtçjgoks9 olg`ft`s r`fthml`s y
okf prkeuotks r`fthml`s. ^`rk okfs`jugr `stks kmi`tgvks sklk lk pkerè cho`r sg hplgoh
thbmgçf pr`ogks r`fthml`s. W tkeks `stks kmi`tgvks skf gjuhlb`ft` `okfÿbgoks dgfhfog`rks.
_g lks prkeuotks y lks olg`ft`s
olg`ft`s fk skf r`fthml
r`fthml`s,
`s, thbpkok lh `bpr`sh pkerè s`r r`fthm
r`fthml`.
l`. @f
okfs`ou`fogh, lh r`lhogÿf `ftr` lhs v`fths y lhs dgfhfzhs, `s dufehb`fthl. E` lks r`sultheks
e` lhs v`fths e`p`fe` qu` lh `bpr`sh j`f`r` m`f`dgogks. _gf v`fths, pkr buy mu`fks
 prkeuotks qu` okb`roghlgo` lh `bpr`s
`bpr`sh,
h, fk chmrè m`f`dgogks `f okfolusgÿf lhs v`fths tg`f`f
 uf okbpkf`ft` dgfhfog`rk dufehb`fthl (pp. 8=-8?).
@f lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh e` t`ferè `f ou`fth llks
ks sgjug`ft`s kmi`tgvks e` r`fthmg
r`fthmglgehe.
lgehe.
- Lkjrhr s`r lh `bpr`sh bès r`fthml` bgfgbgzhfek lks okstks okf `l dgf e` s`jugr 
 pksgogkfèfeks` `f `l b`rohek.
- @vhluhr lhs jhfhfoghs y lh gfv`rsgÿf r`hlgzheh h dgf e` hub`fthr lhs v`fths `f lh
krjhfgzhogÿf.
- ]`euogr lks okstks e` hequgsgogÿf e`l prkeuotk phrh kmt`f`r b`ikr`s jhfhfoghs h
lhrjk plhzk.
- Dgihr pr`ogks e` hokre` hl b`rohek dhoglgthfek lh v`fthih okbp`tgtgvh `f `l b`rohek.
- Kptgbgzhr lks bçtkeks e` egstrgmuogÿf h dgf e` jhrhftgzhr ufh ohlgehe
  Bèxgbh h lks okfsubgekr`s.
5.=. Kmi`tgvks
Kmi`tgvks e` vklub`
vklub`f
f
Ehfg`lh (=>8?) skstg`f` qu` “@l prky`otk s` iustgdgoh `okfÿbgohb`ft` `f lh b`egeh `f qu`
lh b`ikrh e` lks prko`sks e` lh `bpr`sh t`ferè uf gbphotk pksgtgvk `f lh r`fthmglgehe,
t`fg`fek
t`fg`fek r`lhogÿf egr`oth okf lh b`ikrh e` prkeuot
prkeuotgvgeh
gvgehee y r`fegbg`ft
r`fegbg`ftkk `f lh prkeuoog
prkeuoogÿf.‒
ÿf.‒
(p.8>>). @s e`ogr, `s lh ohphogehe
ohphogehe `f lh ouhl pkerâh gfolug
gfolugrr uf r`egs`øk
r`egs`øk e` lh egspksgog
egspksgogÿf
ÿf e`
 plhfth, gfor`b`ftk e` lh ohphogehe gfsthlheh, uf b`ikr bhf`ik e` gfv`fthrgks, `to.), y sg
 mg`f chmrè uf dluik `okfÿbgok e` `jr`sks phrh lh gbpl`b`fthogÿf e` lhs b`ikrhs, çst` s`

pèj. =3

r`oup`rhrè
r`oup`rhrè `f uf e`t`rbgfhek
e`t`rbgfhek plhzk h rhâz e` lh b`ikrh `f `l e`s`bp`øk e` lks prko`sks y
`l ouhl s` v`rè r`dl`ihek `f lh r`fthmglgehe.

5.?. Kmi`tgvks
Kmi`tgvks e` @
@sthmgl
sthmglgehe
gehe
_`jùf `l hfhlgsth @lb`r Oumh, skogk egr`otkr e` lh dgrbh e` okfsultkrâh `okfÿbgoh
“Bhorkokfsult‒, `l ^`rù t`ferâh uf or`ogbg`ftk hfuhl eurhft` o`rohfk hl 5.7% y, `f lk qu`
r`sp`othh hl s`otkr e` bhfudhoturh, su or`ogbg`ft
r`sp`ot or`ogbg`ftkk `sthrâh
`sthrâh `f `l kre`f e`l ?.8%, sg`fek çst`
ufh du`rt` r`oup`rhogÿf hl âfego` pr`s`fthek eurhft`. Hsgbgsbk, s` `sp`rh qu` `l ^`rù `stç
e`ftrk e`l tkp e` lks phâs`s okf bhykr or`ogbg`ftk `f `l bufek p`s` h lh vklhtglgehe
`xt`rfh. ^kr ktrk lhek, phrh lks prÿxgbks ? høks s` `sp`rh uf rgtbk e` or`ogbg`ftk
 prkb`egk hfuhl hlr`e`ekr e`l 0.4%, `l ouhl okfthrè okf `l skpkrt` e` lh ho`l`rhogÿf
 t`bpkrhl e` lhs `xpkrthogkf`s e`mgek h lh `ftrheh ?7 `f kp`rhogÿf e` jrhfe`s prky`otks
bgf`rks hotuhlb`ft` `f `i`ouogÿf y e` ufh okftrgmuogÿf skst`fgeh pkr `l lhek e` lh
e`bhfe
e`bhfehh gf
gft`
t`rfh
rfh.. Hsâ,
Hsâ, lhs
lhs p`rsp
p`rsp`o
`otg
tgvhs
vhs e` or
or`og
`ogbg
bg`ft
`ftkk phr
phrhh `l ^`rù
^`rù sgju`
sgju`ff sg`f
sg`fek
ek
dhvkrhml`s. E`se` cho` ufks høks, fu`strk phâs vg`f` `xp`rgb`fthfek uf or`ogbg`ftk
`okfÿbgok y, okbk bu`strh e` `llk, lh ll`jheh y or`ogbg`ftk e` fu`vhs gfeustrghs `stè

j`f`rhfek fu`vks y b`ikr`s pu`stks e` trhmhik, lk qu` okfll`vh h ufh `sthmglgehe y b`ikrâh
`okfÿbgoh `f lks p`ruhfks.
0. @_
@_U]
U]HU
HU@J
@JGH
GH_
_ E@ BH
BH]A
]A@U
@UGF
GFJ
J
0.8. Fgv`l @strhtçjgok
@strhtçjgok
0.8.8.
0.8.8. ^ksg
^ksgogÿ
ogÿf
f okbp
okbp`tg
`tgtgv
tgvhh e` lh `bpr
`bpr`sh
`sh

^krt`r fks ego` qu` lh v`fthih okbp`tgtgvh ch sgek ufh r`vkluogÿf e` lh gfdkrbhogÿf y e`
lhs t`krâhs `okfÿbgohs1 sgf lujhr`s h euehs ch hotuhek uf ohbmgk dufehb`fthl `f `l
okfo`ptk qu` oheh j`r`ft` e` `bpr`sh tg`f` e`l php`l e` lks sgst`bhs e` gfdkrbhogÿf
(873>).

@stk qug`r` e`ogr qu` e` bhf`rh e` e`t`rbgfhr `l pksgogkfhbg`ftk qu` qu`r`bks kmt`f`r 
e`ftrk e` fu`strk s`jb`ftk, s` ch e`t`rbgfhek okbk vhrghml`s r`l`vhft`s9

E` bhf`rh e` e`t`rbgfhr `l pksgogkfhbg`ftk qu` qu`r`bks kmt`f`r e`ftrk e` fu`strk

s`jb`ftk, s` ch e`t`rbgfhek okbk vhrghml`s r`l`vhft`s9

pèj. =7

Thrg`ehe e` ^rkeuotk9 @st` okfo`ptk okfsge`rh lh ohftgehe e` prkeuotks kdr`ogeks `f

oheh oht`jkrâh, yh s`h phfhe`râh k okbpl`b`ftks.

Hbplgtue e` F`jkogk9 Cho` r`d`r`fogh h lks egd`r`ft`s s`rvgogks kdr`ogeks, yh s`h

ohd`t`râh, c`lhe`râh, p`qu`øks mkohegtks `to.

0.8.=.
0.8.=. @st
@strht`
rht`jgh
jgh e` Okb
Okbp`tg
p`tgogÿ
ogÿf
f
Pfh v`fthih okbp`tgtgvh
okbp`tgtgvh p`rbgt` t`f`r ufh b`ikr pksgog
pksgogÿf
ÿf qu` lks rgvhl
rgvhl`s
`s phrh hs`jurhr 
lks olg`ft`s. @xgst`f buochs du`ft`s e` v`fthihs
v`fthihs okbp`t
okbp`tgtgvh
gtgvhs,
s, okbk kdr`o`r `l s`rvgog
s`rvgogkk
okf b`ikr umgohogÿf, `to. Lhs `strht`jghs okbp`tgtgvhs okfsgst`f `f `l bkek `f qu` lh
`bpr`sh kmtg`f` ufh v`fthih.
 • @dgo
@dgog`
g`fog
fogh9
h9 pprke
rkeuo
uotg
tgvg
vgehe
ehe y ok
okft
ftrkl
rkl e` ooks
kstk
tks.
s.

• Ohl
Ohlgeh
gehe9
e9 okfd
okfdghm
ghmglg
glgehe
ehe,, eu
eurhmg
rhmglg
lgehe
ehe y `s
`stçt
tçtgoh
goh e`l prkeuot
prkeuotk.
k.

• Gffkvh
Gffkvhog
ogÿf9
ÿf9 eegd
gd`r
`r`f
`fog
oghog
hogÿf
ÿf,, hjg
hjglg
lgehe
ehe y dl
dl`x
`xgm
gmgl
glge
gehe
he..

• _u
_ust
st`f
`fth
thmg
mglg
lgeh
ehe9
e9 pprk
rkeu
euoo
oogÿ
gÿff lg
lgbp
bpgh
gh..

Lkjrhr `bpr`shs okf `sths ohrhot`râstgohs `xgj` ufh trhfsdkrbhogÿf prkdufeh `f sg`t`
hsp`otks `s`foghl`s9

• J`
J`r`
r`fo
fogh
gh k egr
egr`o
`oog
ogÿf
ÿf `s
`str
trht
htçj
çjgo
gohh

• Gfdkrbhogÿf kkppkrtufh

• Gf
Gfffkvh
vhoogÿf p`rbhf
rbhf``ft`

• B`
B`ik
ikrh
rhbg
bg`f
`ftk
tk okf
okftg
tgfu
fukk ee`` lks
lks r`
r`ou
oursk
rskss ccub
ubhfk
hfkss
• Gf
Gfs`r
s`rog
ogÿf
ÿf ee`` lh
lh ``bp
bpr`s
r`shh `f `l `ftk
`ftkrf
rfkk ok
okbp
bp`t
`tgt
gtgv
gvkk

• Ok
Okkp
kp`r
`rho
hogÿ
gÿff cckr
krgz
gzkf
kfth
thll y v`
v`rt
rtgo
gohl
hl

• ^rkeuoogÿf lglgbpgh
0.8.?.
0.8.?. _`jb
_`jb`fth
`fthogÿ
ogÿf
f e` b`r
b`rohe
ohekk

pèj. ?>

_`jùf ^cglgp Aktl`r y Jhry Hrbstrkfj uf s`jb`ftk e` b`rohek s` e`dgf` okbk "uf
jrupk e` okfsubgekr`s qu` r`spkfe`f e` dkrbh sgbglhr h uf okfiuftk e`t`rbgfhek e`
`sdu`rzks e` bhra`tgfj".
@stk fks qug`r` e`ogr qu` uf s`jb`ftk e` b`rohek okbk uf jrupk e` olg`ft`s okf
egd`r`ft`s e`s`ks, pr`d`r`foghs e` okbprh k `stglk e` usk e` prkeuotks, `l s`jb`ftk e`
b`rohek e` Ukrthzh `stè okbpu`stk pkr uf jrupk e` okfsubgekr`s okf lhs bgsbhs
ohrhot`râstgohs e` okfsubk `s e`ogr e`s`ks, justks y pr`d`r`foghs pkr uf prkeuotk.
@l s`jb`ftk e` b`rohek e` Ukrthz
Ukrthzhh `stè okbpu`
okbpu`stk
stk pkr uf jrupk e` okfsubg
okfsubgekr`s
ekr`s okf
lhs bgsbhs ohrhot`râstgohs e` okfsubk `s e`ogr e`s`ks, justks y pr`d`r`foghs pkr uf
 prkeuotk. Hsâ thbmgçf trhvçs e` lh s`jb`fthogÿf e` b`rohek, lhs `bpr`shs egd`r`foghf
lks b`roheks jrhfe`s y hqu`llks qu` `stèf `f lks bgsbks rumrks `f s`jb`ftks h lks
 ouhl`s pu`e`f ll`jhr e` bhf`rh bès `dgog`ft` y `dgohz okf prkeuotks y s`rvgogks qu`
okgf
okgfog
ogeh
ehff ok
okff lhs
lhs f`o`
f`o`sg
sgeh
ehe`
e`ss `f `l `f
`ftk
tkrf
rfkk y lks
lks kmi`
kmi`tg
tgvk
vks.
s. @f `sth
`sth dho`
dho`th
th s`
e`t`rbgfhrè y e`shrrkllhrè lks eks s`jb`ftks `l`jgeks phrh lh okb`roghlgzhogÿf e`
fu`strks prkeuotks.
• ^`rskfhs

_`jb`fthogÿf j`kjrèdgoh9 p`rskfhs qu` vgvhf `f Ht`.
 _`jb`fthogÿf e`bkjrèdgoh9 p`rskfhs e` 83 h 4> høks.
 _`jb`fthogÿf pkr `stglk e` vgeh9 skdgstgoheks prkjr`sgsths y bke`rfhs qu` s`
 pr`kouphf pkr ehr ufh `xo`l`ft`
`x o`l`ft` gbhj`f `f lks `v`ftks qu` r`hlgzhf.
 B`rohek b`th9 ckbmr`s y bui`r`s e` tkehs lhs `ehe`s qu` l`s pr`kouph ehr 
 mu`fh
• @bpr`shs
 _`jb`fthogÿf j`kjrèdgoh9 `bpr`shs umgohehs Ht`.
 _`jb`fthogÿf e`bkjrèdgoh9 `bpr`shs b`eghfhs y jrhfe`s
 _`jb`fthogÿf pkr `sthtus9 `bpr`shs qu` qug`rhf bhft`f`r ufh mu`fh r`lhogÿf e`
sus oklhmkrhekr`s y olg`ft`s.

pèj. ?8

0.8.
0.8.5.
5. Uh
Uhrj`
rj`tt k B`roh
B`rohek
ek b`th
b`th
Aktl`r y Hrbstrkfj, `f su lgmrk e` "Dufehb`ftks e` Bhra`tgfj", okfsge`rhf qu` uf
b`rohek b`th "okfsgst` `f uf okfiuftk e` okbprhekr`s qu` tg`f`f f`o`sgehe`s y/k
ohrhot`râstgohs okbuf`s h lks qu` lh `bpr`sh u krjhfgzhogÿf e`oge` s`rvgr"

@stk fks qug`r` e`ogr qu` `l b`rohek kmi`tg

kmi`tgvk,
vk, Uhrj`t Bhra`t k b`rohek
b`rohek b`th, okbk `l
s`jb`ftk phrtgoulhr e` ufh pkmlhogÿf tkthl `f `l qu` `l e`thllgsth `fdkoh su `xp`rg`fogh y
okfkogbg`ftk e` okb`roghlgzhogÿf phrh shtgsdho`r `s` sumb`rohek, okf lh dgfhlgehe e`

lkjrhr ufh e`t`rbgfheh utglgehe.

Lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh hfhlgzhrh `l b`rohek y `stueghr lh sgtuhogÿf e`l s`otkr okfor`tk `f `l
qu` lh `bpr`sh s` umgohrh. W h su v`z e`dgfgr hl olg`ft` e`l prkeuotk qu` s` oklkohrh `f `l
 b`rohek y s` utglgzhf orgt`rgks e`bkjrèdgoks, j`kjrèdgoks, `stglks e` vgeh, e`bhfeh,
okbpkrthbg`ftk e`l okfsubgekr y okbp`t`fogh.
0.8.
0.8.0.
0. ^k
^ksg
sgog
ogkfh
kfhbg
bg`f
`ftk
tk
_`jùf ^cglgp Aktl`r, (=>>3), b`fogkfh qu`, `l pksgogkfhbg`ftk `s cho`r shm`r h tu
hueg`fogh kmi`tgvk e` quç dkrbh t` egd`r`foghs e` tus okbp`tgekr`s.
Ukrthz
Ukrthzhh hpl
hplgo
gohrh
hrh ufh
ufh `st
`strh
rht`
t`jg
jghh e` pks
pksgo
gogk
gkfh
fhbg
bg`ft
`ftkk mhshe
mhshekk `f lhs
lhs ohrho
ohrhot`
t`râ
râstg
stgoh
ohss
`xolusgvhs, qu` p`rbgthf kmt`f`r lh ohphogthogÿf e`l s`jb`ftk hl ouhl `stè egrgjgek `l
 prkeuotk y e` `sth bhf`rh pke`r pksgogkfhrfks
pks gogkfhrfks `f fu`strk b`rohek b`th.
Hsâ okbk thbmgçf hplhohrh ufh `strht`jgh e` pksgogkfhbg`ftk mhshek `f `l pr`ogk y
ohlgehe, `sthml`og`fek r`lhogkf`s e` pr`ogk y vhlkr e`mgek h su ohlgehe y pr`ogk y vhlkr 
 pkr lh ohftgehe e` ohlkr`s hjr`jheks qu` tg`f` `l prkeuotk, `stk p`rbgtgrè uf
 pksgogkfhbg`ftk e` fu`strk b`rohek b`th yh qu` lks okfsubgekr`s r`lhogkfhf `l pr`ogk
e` fu`strk prkeuotk okf lh ohlgehe e`l bgsbk.
0.=. Fgv
Fgv`l
`l Kp`rh
Kp`rhtgv
tgvkk
0.=.8.
0.=.8. @st
@strht`
rht`jgh
jgh e` ^rk
^rkeuot
euotkk
0.
0.=.
=.8.
8.8.
8. E`
E`so
sorg
rgpo
pogÿ
gÿf
f e`l
e`l prke
prkeuo
uotk
tk
Aktl
Aktl`r
`r & Hr
Hrbs
bstr
trkf
kfjj (=>>
(=>>?)
?) e`dg
e`dgf`
f`ff qu`
qu` “u
“uff pr
prke
keuo
uotk
tk pks`
pks``` uf okfi
okfiuf
uftk
tk e`
ohrhot`râstgohs y htrgmutks qu` pu`e`f s`r thfjgml`s okbk lh dkrbh, `l thbhøk, `l oklkr1 `
gfthfjgml`s okbk lh bhroh, gbhj`f e` `bpr`sh, `l s`rvgogk1 qu` `l okbprhekr ho`pth `f
 musoh e` shtgsdho`r sus f`o`sgehe`s‒
f`o`s gehe`s‒ (phj.8:?).
pèj. ?=

^kr `llk, lh phst`l`râh “Ukrthzh‒ kdr`o` ufh hbplgh vhrg`ehe e` shmkr`s `ftr` pkstr`s y
tkrths p`rskfhlgzhehs phrh tkek tg`bpk e` o`l`mrhogÿf k `v`ftks, `lhmkrhehs okf `l bhs
hvhfzhe
hvhfzhekk okft
okftrkl
rkl e` cgj
cgjg`f
g`f`,
`, ohl
ohlgeh
gehe,
e, t`o
t`ofkl
fklkjâ
kjâhh y skmr
skmr`` tke
tkekk gffkvh
gffkvhogÿ
ogÿff `f sus
egd`r`ft`s egs`øks1 utglgzhfek okbk bht`rgh prgbh mèsgoh lh chrgfh, okf egs`øks hokre` h
oheh kohsgÿf y hohmheks gbp`ohml`s p`rbgtg`fek hsâ ufh pl`fh shtgsdhoogÿf e` sus
okb`fsh
okb`fshl`s
l`s.. @sth
@sth `bp
`bpr`sh
r`sh or`h prke
prkeuot
uotks
ks okf jhrh
jhrhftâ
ftâh,
h, ohl
ohlgeh
gehe,
e, shmkr,
shmkr, thb
thbhøk
høk y
dr`sourh ge`hl phrh lh ho`pthogÿf tkthl e` sus olg`ft`s.
@sth `bpr`sh `bp`zÿ okf `l su`øk e` okfstrugr uf prkeuotk ùfgok y okf buochs gge`hs
e`hs
gffkvhekrhs qu` ehf `s` vhlkr hjr`jhek p`rbgtg`fek hsg pksgogkfhrs` `f `l b`rohek e`
lks prgfogphl`s egstrgtks e` Lgbh, t`fg`fek 83 suourshl`s. Hotuhlb`ft` ou`fth okf lh
v`fth e` tkrths `f vgtrgfh phrh qu` lks okb`fshl`s pu`ehf kms`rvhr lh jrhf vhrg`ehe qu`
 `sth ou`fth y cho`r sus p`egeks okf lh t`bètgoh qu` e`s`` y h `l`oogÿf e`l olg`ft`.
0.
0.=.
=.8.
8.=.
=. Ogol
Ogolkk e
e`` vge
vgehh e
e`l
`l prke
prkeuo
uotk
tk

LHFYHBG@FUK O]@OGBG@FUK BHEP]@Y E@OLGT@

Hltk9 Hltk9 @sthml`9 Mhik9
^]@OGK @s bès dèogl mhihr  Wh tg`f` høks `f Ug`f` prkeuot
prkeuotks
ks @s dèogl e`
`l pr`ogk `l b`rohek `sthml`s. hequgrgr.
Chy prkb
prkbkog
kogkf`s
kf`s
 phrh cho`r  Hltk9
^]KBKOGßF okfkogek h lh   ^hrh t`f`r 
ohlgehe e`l b`ikr`s v`fths.
 prkeuotk.
Hlth9
B`egk Hlth9 Hltk/ B`egk9 Hlth9
Llhbhr lh ht`fogÿf
^PMLGOGEHE @s uf prkeuottk U`f`r
prkeuo b`ikr  Ll`jhrhf bès
e` lks olg`ft`s `sthml`ogek ho`pthogÿf okb`fshl`s.
 pkt`foghl`s.

^LHYH _`l`otgvh B`egh/ Hlth Hlth/B`egh _`l`otgvh

Hlth9 _g fk s` ht
htg`
g`fe
fe``
^ÙMLGOK Ou`fth okf he`ouhehb`ft` B`egh/ Hlth Mhik
 prkeuotks e`  p`re`rè olg`ft`s
pèj. ??

ohlgehe phrh lh
sh
shttgsdh
gsdhoo
ooggÿf e`l
e`l
olg`ft`.
Mhih9
Mhih9
Chy okb
okbp`t
p`t`fogh Hlth/ B`egh9
`fogh Hlth9
Chy pksgmglgehe`
pksgmglgehe`ss
OKB^@U@FOGH `f `l b`rohek, @f `st` puftk `stè _` `fou`ftrh
e` p`re`r dr`ft` h
r`sp`
r`sp`ot
otkk hl rumrk
rumrk `f gftrkeuoogÿf `sthml`ogek
lh okbp`t`fogh.
qu` s` `fou`ftrh.

PUGLGEHE Mhih9 B`egh9 B`egh/Mhih9 Mhih9

Hp`fhs `stè @stè gfjr`shfek hl @stè
stè `f pl`fk  Fk t`f`r buocks
 `bp`zhfek b`rohek  pksgogkfhbg`ftk okbprhekr`s

Hlth9 Hlth/B`egh9 Hltk9 Mhih9

B@]OCHFEG_GFJ Llhbhr lh ht`fogÿf @stè
@stè `f pr
prko
ko`s
`skk U`f
U`ferè
erè olg`ft
olg`ft`s
`s  Fk chy
e`l olg`ft` e` gftrkeuoogÿf dge`lgzheks okbprhekr`s
Mhih9
Mhik9 B`egh9 B`egh/Mhih9
T@FUH_ ]`ogçf `stè @stè
@stè `f prprko
ko`s
`skk @stè `f `l puftk Wh fk tg`f`
sudgog`ft`
`bp`zhfek e` gftrkeuoogÿf bèxgbk
hequgsgogÿf

0.
0.=.
=.8.
8.?.
?. E`
E`sh
shrr
rrkl
kllk
lk e`l
e`l prke
prkeuo
uotk
tk
Lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh e`shrrkllh prkeuotks e` ohlgehe okbk ufh `strht`jgh e` or`ogbg`ftk okf
lh b`th e` gftrkeuogr lhs tkrths `f uf b`rohek yh `xgst`ft`. @sth `strht`jgh qu` e`shrrkllh
r`qug`r` fu`vhs ohphogehe`s y `s f`o`shrgk qu` `l f`jkogk bkegdgqu` hljufks hsp`otks phrh
 pke`r shtgsdho`r lhs f`o`sgehe`s fk oumg`rths e`l b`rohek hotuhl. ^kr `llk, `sth `bpr`sh
 mrgfeh ufh hbplgh vhrg`ehe e` shmkr`s, t`bètgohs bke`rfh okf uf vhlkr hjr`jhek phrh
 pke`r ohpthr y skmr` tkek dge`lgzhr h lks olg`ft`s.

Ukrthzh kdr`o` tkrths9

 Urhegogkfhl`s.
 U`bètgoks.

pèj. ?5

 E` pgsks.
 Egs`øks gffkvhekr`s y `xolusgvks.
 Ktrks (pkstr`s, pg`s, mkohegllks, `to.)
0.
0.=.
=.8.
8.5.
5. Bh
Bhro
roh,
h, @bph
@bphqu
qu`,
`, @t
@tgq
gqu`
u`th
th
_`jùf Aktl`r y Hrbstrkfj (=>>?) “Lh `l`oogÿf e`l fkbmr` e` lh bhroh `s buy gbpkrthft`,
skmr` tkek `f lks prkeuotks e` okfsubk, pkr `l tgpk e` prkeuotk, pkr `l tgpk e` b`rohek y
 pkr okbpkrthbg`ftk e` okbprh s`jugek pkr `l okfsubgekr‒. @stk fks qug`r` e`ogr qu` lh
bhroh fks p`rbgt` ge`ftgdgohr uf prkeuotk y egstgfjugrlk e` lks okbp`tgekr`s, trhfsbgtgr su
ge`ftgehe, cho`r fkthr su ohlgehe, y cho`rl` pumlgogehe.
E` lh bgsbh dkrbh `l `bphqu` e`l prkeuotk fks hyueh h prkt`j`r y okfs`rvhr lh dr`sourh,
yh qu` lks phst`l`s y lhs r`mhfhehs e` `sths phrh su v`fth `l ouhl `s e` ohrtÿf qu` sgrv` phrh
 trhfspkrthr y ehrl` ufh pr`s`fthogÿf `xt`rfh h lh tkrth e`spuçs e` s`r v`fegek. ^kr `llk
Aktl`r & Hrbstrkfj (=>>?) fks ego`f qu` “lh bhykr phrt` e` lks prkeuotks qu` s`
egstrgmuy`f `f `l b`rohek `stèf `bmhlheks y/k `fvhsheks. ^kr `fvhs` `ft`fe`bks `l
okfiuftk e` hotuhogkf`s e`stgfhehs hl egs`øk y prkeuoogÿf e`l `fvkltkrgk k okft`f`ekr e`
uf prkeuotk‒ (phj.8>3)

Gbhj`f Ohrhot`râstgohs

Lh bhroh y `l lkjktgpk e` lh
Bhroh `bpr`sh `s llhbhtgvh y
 prkvkohtgvh, cho` r`d`r`fogh h
hl rumrk hl ouhl s` egrgj`

pèj. ?0

@bphqu` skdg
skdgsstgohek qu`
ou
ou`f
`fth
th okf
okf ufh
ufh vhrg
vhrg`e
`ehe
he e`
bht`rgh
bht`rghl`s
l`s,, thbhøks
thbhøks y dkrbhs
dkrbhs
qu` l` p`rbgt`f `bphohr 
@bphqu` he`ou
he`ouhe
hehb`
hb`ft
ft`` okf
okf egv`
egv`rsh
rshss
kpogkf`s.
 0.
0.=.
=.8.
8.0.
0. B`z
`zol
olhh e` ^r
^rke
keuo
uotk
tk
Lh b`zolh e` Bhra`tgfj dkrbh phrt` e` uf fgv`l tèotgok e`l Bhra`tgfj, `f `l ouhl, lhs
`strht`jghs s` trhfsdkrbhf `f prkjrhbhs okfor`tks phrh qu` ufh `bpr`sh pu`eh ll`jhr hl
b`rohek okf uf prkeuotk shtgsdhotkr e` f`o`sgehe`s y e`s`ks, h uf pr`ogk okfv`fg`ft`, okf

uf b`fshi` hprkpghek y uf sgst`bh e` egstrgmuogÿf qu` oklkqu` `l prkeuotk `f `l lujhr 

okrr`otk y `f `l bkb`ftk bès kpkrtufk.

_`jùf Aktl`r & Hrbstrkfj (=>>?) fks ego`f qu` “@l o`ftrk e`l prkeuotk tkthl, r`pr`s`fth `l
s`rvgogk k m`f`dgogk mèsgok qu` `l okfsubgekr musoh ouhfek okbprh prkeuotks. Gfoluy` lks
okbpkf`
okbpkf`ft`
ft`ss prg
prgfog
fogphl`
phl`ss e`l prkeuot
prkeuotkk okb
okbkk lhs ohrh
ohrhot`
ot`râst
râstgoh
gohss dufo
dufogkf
gkfhl`
hl`s,
s, `l vhl
vhlkr 
kr 
 p`rogmgek, lh gbhj`f k lh t`ofklkjâh hskogheh.‒ (phj.77)

0.=.
0.=.=.
=. @str
@strht`
ht`jg
jghh e` ^r`ogk
^r`ogk

Jkøg (=>>3) e`dgf` lh `strht`jgh e` pr`ogks okbk “tkeks hqu`llks r`oursks e` bhra`tgfj qu`
ufh `bpr`sh pu`e` e`shrrkllhr okfsgst`ft`s `f lh bkegdgohogÿf e` lks pr`ogks e` sus
 prkeuotks. Lh `bpr`sh prky`oth y okbufgoh ufh gbhj`f p`ro`ptgml` y olhrh phrh qu` s`h
 p`rogmgeh h b`egk y lhrjk plhzk.‒ (^hj.45). @s e`ogr, `s ufh e` lhs hotgvgehe`s bès
gbpkrthft`s e` lh b`rohekt`ofgh, yh qu` su okrr`oth hplgohogÿf y `strht`jgh p`rbgtgrè h lh
`bpr`sh s`r okbp`tgtgvh y h bhft`f`r su fgv`l e` phrtgogphogÿf `f `l b`rohek.

pèj. ?4

UK]UHYH hl s`r ufh phst`l`râh qu` kdr`o` tkrths e` ohlgehe y hl s`r uf s`rvgogk fu`vk Ht`,
lh `strht`jgh e` pr`ogks qu` s` utglgzhrè `s lh e` e`sor`b`, lk ouhl fks p`rbgtgrè kmt`f`r 
bèrj`f`s hltks e` utglgehe, y hsâ r`oup`rhr lh gfv`rsgÿf `f `l okrtk plhzk. Hsgbgsbk, lh
`strht`jgh e` f`jkogk qu` s` vh h utglgzhr `s lh e` egd`r`foghogÿf, pkr lk qu` `l pr`ogk iujhrè
uf php`l gbpkrthft` `f lh p`ro`pogÿf pr`ogk-ohlgehe pkr lk thftk, phrh dgihr lks pr`ogks e`
lks egd`r`ft`s prkeuotks s` ch t`fgek `f ou`fth prgfogphlb`ft` lks okstks e` prkeuoogÿf
gfourrgeks (bht`rgh prgbh, bhfk e` kmrh egr`oth y okstks gfegr`otks e` dhmrgohogÿf).

0.
0.=.
@st` `s uf=.=.
=.8.
8. olhv`
puftk @st
stgb
gbho
hogÿ
qu` gÿf
f e`
ufh e`bpr`sh
` ooks
kstk
tkss e`m`râh t`f`r `f ou`fth phrh lh e`t`rbgfhogÿf
e` uf pr`ogk.
@f `st` ohsk Ukrthzh e`m`râh v`rgdgohr lks okstks e` gfsubks k prkeuotks hequgrgeks
 @f `st` ohsk Ukrthzh e`m`râh v`rgdgohr lks okstks e` gfsubks k prkeuotks hequgrgeks
(hzùohr, cu`vks, druth, `to.), thbmgçf lh r`pksgogÿf e` lks bgsbks, `l e`sjhst` e` lks
`l`otrkekbçstgoks y `fvhs`s y e`okrhtgvks usheks y lk bès gbpkrthft` `l okstk e` lh
bhfk e` kmrh e`l prkeuotk.
0.
0.=.
=.=.
=.=.
=. E`
E`t`
t`rb
rbgf
gfho
hogÿ
gÿf
fee`l
`l pr`o
pr`ogk
gk99
Hbhe`k (=>8:) e`dgf` lh e`t`rbgfhogÿf e`l pr`ogk okbk “@l vhlkr bkf`thrgk qu` s` l`

hsgjfh hl prkeuotk k s`rvgogk hl bkb`ftk e` kdr`o`rlk k v`fe`rlk.

Hsgbgsbk, lhs `bpr`shs gft`fthf ehr ufh gbhj`f hl b`rohek y lks okfsubgekr`s (olg`ft`s)
qu` pu`ehf r`okrehr y bhft`f`r `f `l tg`bpk.
@s gbpkrthft` t`f`r `f ou`fth lh okbp`t`fogh. ^kr lk thftk, `l pr`ogk e` lks phst`l`s e` lh
`bpr`sh UK]UHYH vhrghrè s`jùf `xgsth buoch k pkoh kd`rth k e`bhfeh. _g`fek lh kd`rth,
`l fùb`rk e` v`fe`ekr`s qu` chy `f `l b`rohek. Ktrk puftk olhv` s`râh lh zkfh ekfe` `stè
umgoheh.
0.
0.==.=.?. ^`rgkek e
e`` p
phhjk9
Lhs r`s`rvhs s` e`m`f r`hlgzhr okf hftgogphogÿf e` chsth = eâhs hft`s.
@l phjk e`l prkeuotk s` pu`e` `d`otuhr `l bgsbk eâh e` lh r`s`rvh, `st` pu`e` s`r `l bkftk
okbpl`tk k `l 0> % ` gfolusk chsth `l ?0% e`l pr`ogk phothek y `l r`stk s` pu`e` `d`otuhr 
`l eâh e` lh `ftr`jh
0.
0.=.
=.=.
=.5.
5. Ok
Okfe
fego
gogk
gkf`
f`ss e` or
orçe
çegt
gtk9
k9
Lhs dkrbhs e` r`hlgzhr `l phjk s`rghf `f `d`otgvk `f `l bgsbk lkohl, ekfe` `l olg`ft` e`
Ukrthzh hphrt` e` `d`otuhr `l phjk pkerâh `sokj`r su tkrth1 thbmgçf s` kpthrâh pkr `l phjk
pèj. ?:

b`eghft` thri`th e` orçegtk1 yh qu`, cky `f eâh `s ufk e` lks b`egks bès ushek y bès
rèpgeks, tkek `stk sg`bpr` y ouhfek s`h `f lh d`och photheh.
0.=.?.
0.=.?. @str
@strht`
ht`jg
jghh e` ^lhz
^lhzhh
]g
]goc
ochr
hree (=>>
(=>>=)
=).. Fk
Fkss e`
e`dg
dgf`
f` lh `s`str
trht
ht`j
`jgh
gh e` plhz
plhzhh qu`
qu` “`s
“`s ufh
ufh c`rr
c`rrhb
hbg`
g`ft
fthh e` lh
b`rohekt`ofgh qu` s` utglgzh phrh lkjrhr qu` lks prkeuotks `stçf h egspksgogÿf e` lks
olg`ft`s `f lhs ohftgehe`s, lujhr`s y bkb`ftks pr`ogsks.‒ (pèj. 00). @s e`ogr, skf lks
b`egks e` egstrgmuogÿf k ohfhl`s he`ouheks pkr lks ouhl`s `l olg`ft` pkerè t`f`r hoo`sk h
lks prkeuotks qu` s` kdr`o`f.

H trhvçs e`l tg`bpk Ukrthzh ch lkjrhek e`shrrkllhr egd`r`ft`s `strht`jghs bke`lks y plhf`s
 phrh cho`r ll`jhr su prkeuotk hl olg`ft` okbk thbmgçf ch ehek h okfko`r sus mkfehe`s y
 ouhlgehe`s bès vgstkshs, okf lh dgfhlgehe e` pksgogkfhrlk `f `l b`rohek `xgst`ft`, phrh qu`
t`fjh mu`f r`ogmgbg`ftk pkr phrt` e` lhs p`rskfhs y lkjrhr hsâ su v`fth y okb`roghlgzhogÿf.
0.
0.=.
=.?.
?.8.
8. Okm`r
km`rtu
turh
rh e`
e` b`
b`ro
rohe
hek9
k9
Bhrâh (=>8=) e`dgf` lh okm`rturh e` b`rohek okbk “Hl fùb`rk e` puftks e` v`fth qu` chf
e` `xgstgr `f `l èr`h j`kjrèdgoh phrh cho`r egspkfgml` `l prkeuotk e`l dhmrgohft` y dhoglgthr 
hsâ su okbprh y okfsubk.‒ (phj.88=). pkr lk thftk, okfsgst` mèsgohb`ft` `f r`euogr lh
`xpksgogÿf e`l pkrthdklgk dr`ft` h lh vklhtglgehe e`l b`rohek `f j`f`rhl tkbhfek pksgogkf`s
qu` t`fjhf `l gbphotk f`tk e` r`euogr lks rg`sjks.

@s pkr `llk qu` Ukrthzh s` `fou`ftrh umgoheh `f ufh zkfh `strhtçjgoh `f ekfe` `stè h lh
vgsth e`l b`rohek p`rbgtg`fek kmt`f`r lh ohpthogÿf e` lks olg`ft`s hl ouhl `stè egrgjgek `l
 prkeuotk, `s e`ogr dhoglgthfek h lks okfsubgekr`s phrh qu` e` thl dkrbh pu`ehf hoo`e`r h
sus prkeuotks `f `st` ohsk qu` skf lks phst`l`s.
0.
0.=.
=.?.
?.=.
=. OhOhfh
fhl`
l`ss e`
e` e
egs
gstr
trgm
gmuo
uogÿ
gÿf9
f9
Lks ohfhl`s e` ht`fogÿf y/k egstrgmuogÿf hplgoheks pkr lh `bpr`sh skf9

h. T`
T`ft
fthh Egr`
Egr`ot
oth,
h, lks
lks prkeuo
prkeuotk
tkss s`r
s`rèf
èf v`fe
v`fege
geks
ks egr`o
egr`oth
thb`
b`ft
ft`` h lks
lks olg`
olg`ft
ft`s
`s
b`eghft` fu`strhs egd`r`ft`s tg`fehs.

 m. _`rvgogk e` E`lgv`ry, Gjuhl qu` `f `l ohsk e` lhs v`fths egr`oths, `stk
ùfgohb`ft` s` egd`r`fogh qu`, e` hou`rek h hljùf trhtk yh phothek okf `l

pèj. ?3

olg`ft` okbk okfegogÿf e` v`fth, `l p`egek `s `ftr`jhek `f su ekbgoglgk k

lujhr `sp`ogdgohek, chog`fek usk e` hljufh e` lhs = ufgehe`s e` trhfspkrt`
okf lks qu` ou`fth lh `bpr`sh.

0.
0.=.
=.?.
?.?.
?. Lk
Lkjâ
jâst
stgo
gohh e`
e` egs
egstr
trgm
gmuo
uogÿ
gÿf
f
Lkjâstgoh `s `l prko`sk e` plhfgdgohr, gbpl`b`fthr y okftrklhr `dgog`ft`b`ft` `l dluik e`
bht`rghs prgbhs, prkeuotks `f oursk, prkeuotks t`rbgfheks y lh gfdkrbhogÿf r`lhogkfheh
okf `llks, e`se` `l puftk e` krgj`f chsth `l puftk e` okfsubk okf `l prkpÿsgtk e` shtgsdho`r 

lks r`qu`rgbg`ftks e`l olg`ft`.

Lh lkjâstgoh o`ftrh lh ht`fogÿf `f lh j`stgÿf e` dluiks dâsgoks y e` gfdkrbhogÿf qu` okbg`fzh
`f lh du`ft` e` hprkvgsgkfhbg`ftk y t`rbgfh `f `l okfsubk.
 _` pu`e` kms`rvhr qu` lh bhykrâh e` e`dgfgogkf`s okfou`rehf `f qu` lh lkjâstgoh s` `fohrjh
e` j`
j`st
stgk
gkfh
fhr,
r, plhf
plhfgd
gdgo
gohr
hr y ok
okft
ftrk
rklh
lhrr lks
lks egd`
egd`r`
r`ft
ft`s
`s pr
prko
ko`s
`sks
ks,, gfgo
gfgogh
ghfe
fekk e`se
e`se`` `l
hprkvgsgkfhbg`ftk y oulbgfhfek `f shtgsdho`r lhs f`o`sgehe`s e`l okfsubgekr.
@f `l prko`sk s` ge`ftgdgohf eks `l`b`ftks `s`foghl`s, `l prkeuotk y lh gfdkrbhogÿf.
Hljufks hutkr`s `sthml`o`f egd`r`foghs `f ouhftk h lh e`dgfgogÿf e` lks tçrbgfks e`

lkjâstgoh, bhf`ik e` bht`rghl`s y egstrgmuogÿf, lh r`hlgehe `s qu` lhs `bpr`shs hotuhl`s lk

utglgzhf sgf `sthml`o`r egd`r`foghs. @l prkpÿsgtk e` lh lkjâstgoh `s shtgsdho`r lhs f`o`sgehe`s
y sup`rhr lhs `xp`othtgvhs e` lks olg`ft`s pkr b`egk e` uf sgst`bh lkjâstgok `d`otgvk.
(Glustrhogÿf 4)

0.=.?.5. Pmgohogÿf
Lh umgohogÿf e` sus tg`fehs `s9
 Ukrthzh _hfth Olhrh GG9 hv. Bhrghfk b`ljhr ?73.
 Ukrthzh Ckrhogk9 hv ckrhogk z`mhllks ?80.
 Ukrthzh _hf Jr`jkrgk9 ohll` ]kshoruo`s 88=.
 Ukrthzh Hbhuth.
 Ukrthzh cuhyohf zkfh @.
 Ukrthzh. ^rklkfjhogkf Ihvg`r ^rhek ‟ Ht` Tgthrt`.
 Ukrthzh9 Hv. Bhrok ^u`ft` Llhfks.
 Ukrthzh9 Hv. ]gvh Hjü`rk 8=7:.
pèj. ?7

 Ukrthzh 9Cuhyzhf =9 Hv _hf Bhroks.

 Ukrthzh9 `l klgvhr vgthrt`.
 Ukrthzh9 Iks` Ohrlks Bhrght`jug.
 Ukrthzh _hfth Olhrh =.
 Ukrthzh cuhocgph9 hv lhs tkrr`s.
 Ukrthzh lh bklgfh.
 Ukrthzh ocksgoh:>7.
 Ukrthzh Cuyhohf 8.
 Ukrthzh _hfth Hfgth.
 Ukrthzh Ir Hfohsc. (glustrhogkf :)
 0.=.5.
0.=.5. @st
@strht`
rht`jgh
jgh e` ^rk
^rkbko
bkogÿf
gÿf
0.=.5.8. ^umlgogehe
Lh `bpr`sh Ukrthzh ush egstgftks b`egks phrh pke`r cho`r pumlgogehe h sus prkeuotks y
kdr`o`rlks hl b`rohek. @ftr` `stks, t`f`bks9
 Dho`m
Dho`mkk
kka9
a9 _` tg`f
tg`f`` ufh
ufh pèjg
pèjgfh
fh `f lh ouhl
ouhl s` puml
pumlgo
gohh eghrg
eghrghb
hb`f
`ft`
t` fkv`e
fkv`ehe
he`s
`s `f
 prkeuotks, r`o`ths, prkbkogkf`s, `to. @f `sth plhthdkrbh chy fub`rksh ohftgehe e`
s`jugekr`s e` lh bhroh lks ouhl`s, h su v`z, s` okfvg`rt`f `f pkt`foghl`s olg`ft`s, `ftr`
gfegvgeuhl`s y okrpkrhtgvks.
 ^`rgÿegoks y r`vgsths9 Okbk ufh cgstkrgh bès e` `bpr`fegbg`ftk okf jrhfe`s çxgtks
`f lh hotuhlgehe,
hotuhlgehe, lh `bpr`sh ch sgek phrt` e` `ftr`vgsths y r`pkrthi`
r`pkrthi`ss `f çstks b`egks `f
ekfe`, he`bès e` s`r gfspgrhogÿf phrh ktrhs ge`hs e` f`jkogk phr`ogehs, pu`e` thbmgçf
hl gjuhl qu` `f `l b`egk hft`rgkr, pke`r cho`r pumlgogehe e` lh bhroh.
 Mhff`rs9 _` ushrh ohrt`l`s y hdgoc`s phrh llhbhr h lhs p`rskfhs qu` fk okfko`f fu`strh

bhroh.
0.=.5.=. ^rkbkogÿf 
@f `st` ohsk, lh `bpr`sh hplgoh çsth bkehlgehe phrh lks olg`ft`s, pu`s skf gbpkrthft`s phrh
lh `bpr`sh y phrh `llks lh `bpr`sh ch or`hek uf p`egek `f phrtgoulhr e` bhf`rh prkhotgvh.

0.
0.==.5.?. Du`rzh e
e`` v`
v`fth
thss

pèj. 5>

_`jùf Eg`z `t hl. (=>>?) skstg`f`f qu` lh du`rzh e` v`fths `s `l `l`b`ftk cubhfk qu` cho`
 pksgml` lh egstrgmuogÿf e` lks prkeuotks y s`rvgogks e` ufh `bpr`sh1 dkrbhfek phrt`
dufehb`fthl e`l bhra`tgfj bgx hjrupèfeklh mhik vhrghml`s okb`roghl`s mhik `l okftrkl
`bpr`shrghl. Okftgfùhf hrjub`fthfek lks hutkr`s hft`s b`fogkfheks, qu` lh gfoge`fogh e`
lh du`rzh e` v`fths skmr` `l r`stk e` lhs vhrghml`s e`l bhra`tgfj bgx `s fktkrgh. Hsâ pu`e`f
okfsge`rhr lhs ohrhot`râstgohs e`l prkeuotk phrh qu` s` hehpt`f h lhs `xgj`foghs (e`s`ks y
f`o`sgehe`s) e` lks okfsubgekr`s. ^kr ktrh phrt`, gfdlu`fogh `l e`shrrkllk e` lh `strht`jgh e`
egstrgmuogÿf, hotuhfek `f lks egv`rsks bg`bmrks e`l ohfhl phrh hequgrgr y r`v`fe`r lks
 prkeuotks1 he`bès pu`e` gfogegr `f `l pr`ogk e`l prkeuotk ouhfek `st` sui`tk h f`jkoghogÿf.
Lh du`rzh e` v`fths `s pkr thftk, `l ohpgthl cubhfk qu` r`hlgzh lh j`stgÿf e` v`fths, qug`f
r`ogm` gfdkrbhogÿf
gfdkrbhogÿf o`rohfh e`l olg`ft` y `souoch sus plhft
plhft`hbg`f
`hbg`ftks,
tks, p`rbgtg`f
p`rbgtg`fek
ek okfko`r 
 sus f`o`sgehe`s1 okfvgrtgçfeks` `f puftk olhv` e` ouhlqug`r prko`sk e` b`ikrhbg`ftk
krjhfgzhogkfhl, yh qu` thftk `l e`s`bp`øk e`l e`phrthb`ftk e` v`fths, okbk sus kmi`tgvks
skf hlohfzheks h trhvçs e` `llh.
0.
0.=.
=.5.
5.5.
5. ]`l
]`lho
hoggkf`s
kf`s ^ùm
^ùmllgoh
ohss
^hrh `stk, lh `bpr`sh ou`fth okf ufh pèjgfh w`m `f ekfe` fk sÿlk s` okfko` uf pkok bès
e` lh `bpr`sh, sg fk thbmgçf, `s ufh v`fthfh phrh pke`r bkstrhr hl pùmlgok okf r`sp`otk h
hlju
hljufks
fks e` lk
lkss prk
prkeuo
euotk
tkss qu`
qu` s` kdr`o
kdr`o`` y pke`r
pke`r j`f`
j`f`rhr
rhr p`ege
p`egeks
ks kflg
kflgf`
f` (vâh
(vâh okrr`
okrr`kk
`l`otrÿfgok).

0.
0.=.
=.5.
5.0.
0. Bh
Bhrara`t
`tgf
gfjj ]`
]`lh
lhog
ogkf
kfhl
hl
]`sp`otk hl okfo`ptk e` bhra`tgfj e` r`lhogkf`s `bpg`zh su hphrgogÿf `f lh lgt`rhturh h
bgthe e` lh eçoheh e` lks koc`fth y e`shth su jrhf e`mht` yh `f lh eçoheh e` lks fkv`fth, lh
bhykrâh e` gfv`stgjhogkf`s okgfoge`f `f s`øhlhr okbk prgb`rh e`dgfgogÿf lh hpkrtheh pkr 
M`rry (873?), qu` `sthml`o` qu` “`l bhra`tgfj
bhra`tgfj r`lhogkfhl okfsgst
okfsgst`` `f htrh`r, bhft`f
bhft`f`r
`r y `f

lhs krjhfgzhogkf`s bultg - s`rvgogks gft`fsgdgohr lhs r`lhogkf`s okf `l olg`ft`‒. (Okbk s` ogtÿ
`f Oÿrekmh, =>>7).
@l bhra`tgfj r`lhogkfhl `f lh `bpr`sh s` ll`vh h ohmk h trhvçs e`9 Okrr`ks pksv`fth yh qu`
okbk `bpr`sh prkourhbks bhft`f`r ufh r`lhogÿf okftgfuh okf `l olg`ft` `s pkr `llk qu`
 prkjrhbhbks çl `fvgÿ e` uf `bhgl eâhs e`spuçs e` lh okbprh e`l olg`ft`, `f `l qu`
hjrhe`o`bks su okfdghfzh y l` p`egbks su kpgfgÿf skmr` `l prkeuotk y `l s`rvgogk mrgfehek
okf `l dgf e` r`sklv`r og`rths euehs pkr fu`trks okfsubgekr`s.
pèj. 58

Hsgbgsbk lh `bpr`sh r`hlgzh uf bkfgtkr`k okfsthft` e` lhs r`e`s skoghl`s `sp`oghlb`ft` e`

su pèjgfh e` Dho`mkka phrh okfko`r e` o`roh qug`f sgju` lh bhroh, qu` `s lk qu` lks
olg`ft`s kpgfhf e` `llh y ht`fe`r sus r`olhbhogkf`s k ht`fe`r ouhlqug`r eueh e` lks
okfsubgekr`s, tkek `stk ch p`rbgtgek uf b`ikr bhf`ik e` pumlgogehe y e` okft`fgek eghrgk
 pkr phrt` e` lh `bpr`sh qu` sg`bpr` `stè musohfek dge`lgzhr h sus olg`ft`s okf lh bhroh.
Dgfhlb`ft`, thbmgçf s` `stè `bpl`hfek hoogkf`s e` dge`lgzhogÿf okf lks olg`ft`s, `f lh qu`
lh `bpr`sh `stè `bpl`hfek prkjrhbhs phrh sus okfsubgekr`s `f lhs qu` s` l`s cho`
 phrtgogp`s e` uf
u f skrt`k e` uf phs
phst`l
t`l sklk `f d`ochs `sp`oghl`s okbk `l eâh e` lh bher` k e`l
 pher` h tkeks lks olg`ft`s. @sth `strht`jgh l` ch p`rbgtgek t`f`r olg`ft`s shtgsd`oc
shtgsd`ocks
ks y l`hl`s
okf lh krjhfgzhogÿf.
 4. ^]
^]KJ
KJ]H
]HBH
BH_
_ E@ HO
HOOGK
OGKF
F
Tçrtgo`
Tçrtgo` (=>>3) skstg`f` qu` uf prkjrhb
prkjrhbhh e` hoogÿf “@s uf plhf e` bhra`tgfj qu` e`m`
`sp`ogdgohr lks jrhfe`s prkjrhbhs e` hoogÿf f`o`shrgks phrh hlohfzhr lks kmi`tgvks
`bpr`shrghl`s.‒(p.=).@s e`ogr, lks plhf`s e` hoogÿf p`rbgt` hl egr`otkr e`l prkeuotk
`lhmkrhr uf pr`supu`stk `f lh qu` s` r`dl`i` lk qu` s` e`shrrkllhrh y ouèftk oksthrh cho`r 

`st` trhmhik, he`bès p`rbgtgrè okfko`r qug`f lk chrè y `l okst` e` prkeuoogÿf e`l
^rky`otk h dgf e` hlohfzhr lks kmi`tgvks `sp`rheks phrh lh `bpr`sh.
EGHJ]HBH E@ JHFUU
Hotgvgehe`s @f`r   D`m Bhrz Hmr  Bh Iu Iu Hj s`p ko  Fk Eg
k r  k gl y f l k t t v o
Or`hogÿf e` lâf`h
e`l prkeuot
Okbprh e`
bèqugfhrghs
Gbpl`b`fthr 
hvgsk
Ohphogthtgkf`s hl
 p`rskfhl e` lh
`bpr`sh
@lhm
@lhmkr
krho
hogÿ
gÿff e`
oèthlkjks

pèj. 5=

,vklèft`s y
hvgsks
 p`ehjÿjgoks
@lhm
@lhmkr
krho
hogÿ
gÿff e`
 prkeuotks e`
b`rochfegsgfj
Gbpl`b`fthr 
 pumlgogehe
gffkv
ffkvhe
hekr
krhh e`
lks phst`l`s
Hotgvgehe
^rkbkogkfhl
 Ge`ftgdgohogÿf e`
 prgfogphls
okbp`tgekr`s
^`egeks e`
`lhm
`lhmkr
krho
hogÿ
gÿff e`
 phst`l`s
Bkstrh
Bks trhrr Fu`vks
Fu`vks
 phst`l`s
shluehml`s
Okbb`roghlgzhog
ÿf e`l prkeuot

:. ^]@
^]@_P^
_P^P@_
P@_UK_
UK_ E@ GGFJ]
FJ]@_K
@_K_
_WJ
JH_U
H_UK_
K_
Jèlv`z (=>80) E`dgf` qu` `l pr`supu`stk `s “uf gfstrub`ftk qu` hftgogph lks pksgml`s
 prkml`bhs, dhoglgthfek pkr thftk lh pr`vgsgÿf y `l `stuegk e` lhs egstgfths hlt`rfhtgvhs e`

e`sgogÿf.‒(p.88>).@s e`ogr, qu` lh hotgvgehe e` pr`supu`sthr `s ufh hotgvgehe e` pr`vgsgÿf

qu` p`rbgt` okfko`r lhs duturhs okftgj`fsghs h dgf e` r`euogr lks rg`sjks `f lh `bpr`sh.
  @s pkr `ll
`llkk qu` e`th
e`thll
llhr`b
hr`bks
ks lks gfjr
gfjr`sks
`sks y jhst
jhstks
ks f`o
f`o`shr
`shrgks
gks phr
phrhh lh r`hlg
r`hlgzhog
zhogÿf
ÿf e`
fu`strh `bpr`sh, `f lh ouhl `sp`ogdgohr`bks lh gfv`rsgÿf r`hlgzheh `f lks okstks dgiks y
vhrghml`s

JH_UK_ J@F@]HL@_
pèj. 5?

Bht`rghl`s Gfv`rsgÿf Gfgoghl

Bhqugfhrghs +po 7>>>
C`rrhbg
C`rrhbg`ft
`fths
hs egv`rsh
egv`rshss (b`
(b`sh
sh e` trhmhi
trhmhik1
k1 0?70
 mhlhfzh, bkle`s y ut`fsglgks e` phst`l`râh.
Bkmg
Bk mglg
lghrg
hrgkk mè
mèsg
sgok
ok vgtr
vgtrgf
gfhh ,`
,`xcg
xcgmg
mgekr
ekrhh y =3>>
`sthft`s
Jhstks pr`kp`rhtgvks (Lgo`foghs ) :0>
Oèpgthl e` trhmhik (bht`rghl`s y bhfk e` 8>=45
kmrh egr`oth)
Hlqugl`r y ktrks jhstks dgiks 8>>>
Ukthl =7.=>7
 ^]@_P^P@_UK9
^]GB@]H HOUGTGEHE9
 ? ^klks pumlgogthrgks _/. 7>.>>
 8>> jlkmks jrhmheks ?>.>>
 8>> ohrhb`lks mgj m`f ?>.>>
 Dkll`tks ?>.>>
UKUHL 83>.>>

3. OKFU]KL

_`jùf `l hutkr Ocghv`fhtk `f su lgmrk tgtulhek. "HEBGFG_U]HOGKF E@ ]@OP]_K_

CPBHFK_"(8777). Okb`fth lk sgjug`ft` r`sp`otk hl okftrkl.

"E`m` `xgstgr uf sumsgst`bh e` okftrkl e` r`oursks cubhfks phrh qu` lhs egv`rshs s`oogkf`s
e` lh `bpr`sh pu`e`f e`s`bp`øhr su r`spkfshmglgehe e` lâf`h okf r`lhogÿf hl p`rskfhl. @l
okftrkl trhth e` hs`jurhr qu` lhs egv`rshs ufgehe`s e` lh krjhfgzhogÿf bhroc`f e` hou`rek

pèj. 55

okf lk pr`vgstk. Lh phlhmrh okftrkl tg`f` sgjfgdgohs y okffkthogkf`s qu` e`p`fe`f e` su

dufogÿf k e`l èr`h `sp`oâdgoh ekfe` s` hplgoh". (^j. 47)

 ^kr lk qu` `l okftrkl `s ufh dufogÿf hebgfgstrhtgvh `s lh dhs` e`l prko`sk hebgfgstrhtgvk
qu` bge` y `vhlùh `l e`s`bp`øk y tkbh lh hoogÿf okrr`otgvh ouhfek s` f`o`sgth. E` `st`
bkek,
bkek, `l ok
okft
ftrkl
rkl `s uf prk
prko`
o`sk
sk `s`fo
`s`fogh
ghlb
lb`f
`ft`
t` r`j
r`jul
ulhek
hek.. E`
E`sp
spuçs
uçs e` ohp
ohpho
hogt
gthr
hr h lks
lks
kp`rhrgks ` gbpl`b`fthr lhs hoogkf`s qu` s` okfsge`rhrkf okbk he`ouhehs phrh lh b`ikrh
okftgfuh e`l prko`sk e` lh `lhmkrhogÿf e` tkrths `s gbpkrthft` s`jugr okf `sths hoogkf`s y
bhft`f`rlhs `f `l tg`bpk, tkek `stk sklk s` pu`e` okfs`jugr okf egsogplgfh y okbprkbgsk
 pkr phrt` pkr tkeks lks gfvkluorheks `f lh b`ikrh. @l okftrkl hotùh `f tkehs lhs èr`hs y `f
tkeks lks fgv`l`s e` lh `bpr`sh UK]UHYH. ^rèotgohb`ft` tkehs lhs hotgvgehe`s e` lh
 `bpr`sh `stèf mhik hl
hljufh
jufh dkrbh e` okftrkl k bkfg
bkfgtkr`k.
tkr`k.

Lhs prgfogphl`s èr`hs e` okftrkl e` lh `bpr`sh skf9

Okftrkl e` prkeuoogÿf9

@l kmi`tgvk dufehb`fthl e` lh `bpr`sh UK]UHYH `s prkjrhbhr, okkregfhr ` gbplhfthr `l

okftrkl e` tkehs lhs b`egehs t`feg`ft`s h lkjrhr uf ÿptgbk r`fegbg`ftk `f lhs ufgehe`s
 prkeuogehs, ` gfegohr `l bkek, tg`bpk y lujhr bès geÿf`ks phrh lkjrhr lhs b`ths e`
 prkeuoogÿf, oubplg`fek hsâ okf tkehs lhs f`o`sgehe`s
f`o`s gehe`s e`l e`phrthb`ftk e` v`fths.

Okftrkl e` ohlgehe9
Okrr`jgr ouhlqug`r e`svâk e` lks `stèfehr`s e` ohlgehe e` lks prkeuotks k s`rvgogks, `f oheh
s`oogÿf (okftrkl e` r`ochzks, gfsp`oogkf`s, `ftr` ktrks).
Okftrkl e` okstks9
T`rgdgohr okftgfuhb`ft` lks okstks e` prkeuoogÿf, yh s`h e` bht`rgh prgbh k e` bhfk e`
kmrh.
Okftrkl e` lks tg`bpks e` prkeuoogÿf9
@sthr `f okfsthft` okftrkl yh s`h ^kr kp`rhrgk k pkr bhqugfhrgh1 phrh pke`r `lgbgfhr 
e`sp`r
e`sp`reg
egog
ogks
ks e` tg`b
tg`bpk
pk k `sp
`sp`rh
`rhss gff`
gff`o`s
o`shrg
hrghs
hs hplg
hplgoh
ohfe
fekk lks
lks `stu
`stueg
egks
ks e` tg`b
tg`bpks
pks y
bkvgbg`ftks.

pèj. 50

Okftrkl e` gfv`fthrgks9
Okftrklhr lhs bht`rghs prgbhs, phrt`s y c`rrhbg`fths, prkeuotks, thftk sum`fshbmlheks
okbk t`rbgfheks, `ftr` ktrks.

Okftrkl e` kp`rhogkf`s ^rkeuotgvks9

Dgihogÿf e` ruths, prkjrhbhs y hmhst`ogbg`ftks, `ftr` ktrks.
Okftrkl e` e`sp`regogks `fdkoèfeks` h lh dgihogÿf e` sus bâfgbks tkl`rhml`s y e`s`hml`s.
 Okftrkl e` bhft`fgbg`ftk y okfs`rvhogÿf9
Hotuhr e` gfb`eghtk hl v`rgdgohr lks tg`bpks e` bèqugfhs phrhehs, okstks, `ftr` ktrks.

Okftrkl e` v`fths9
Tgsuhlgzhr `l vklub`f eghrgk, s`bhfhl, b`fsuhl y hfulh e` lhs v`fths e` lh `bpr`sh pkr 

olg`ft`,
olg`ft`, v`fe`ekr, r`jgÿf, prkeuotk k s`rvgogk, okf `l dgf e` s`øhlhr dhllh
dhllhss k egstkrsgkf`
egstkrsgkf`ss `f
r`lhogÿf okf lhs pr`vgsgkf`s. ^u`e`f b`fogkfhrs` okbk prgfogphl`s okftrkl`s e` v`fths9

∙ ^kr vklub`f tkthl e` lhs bgsbhs v`fths.

∙ ^kr tgpks e` Ukrths v`fegehs.
∙ ^kr vklub`f e` v`fths `sthogkfhl`s.
∙ ^kr `l pr`ogk e`l prkeuotk v`fegek.
∙ ^kr olg`ft`s.
∙ ^kr t`rrgtkrgks.
∙ ^kr v`fe`ekr`s.
∙ ^kr utglgehe`s prkeuogehs.
∙ ^kr okstks e` lks egv`rsks tgpks e` v`fths.

Okftrkl e` okstks9

pèj. 54

 T`rgdgohr okftgfuhb`ft` lks okstks e` v`fths vg`fek sg lks olg`ft`s `stèf h justk, hsâ okbk
lhs okbgsgkf`s e` lks v`fe`ekr`s, lks okstks e` prkphjhfeh, `ftr` ktrks.
Okftrkl pr`supu`sthrgk9

  Lh `bpr`
`bpr`sh
sh v` `l okftrkl
okftrkl e` lhs pr`v
pr`vgsg
gsgkf`
kf`ss e` lks jhs
jhstks
tks dgfh
dgfhfog
fog`rks
`rks,, pkr lkoh
lkohl,l, phrh
v`rgdgohr ouhlqug`r e`svâk `f lks jhstks.

Okftrkl e` okstks9
Lh `bpr`sh UK]UHYH s` `fdkoh `f lh vgsuhlgzhogÿf okfsthft` e`l okftrkl jlkmhl e` lks
okstks
okstks gfo
gfourrg
urrgeks,
eks, yh s`hf
s`hf okst
okstks
ks e` prkeuoog
prkeuoogÿf,
ÿf, e` v`fths,
v`fths, heb
hebgfg
gfgstrh
strhtgv
tgvks
ks (jh
(jhstk
stkss
 hebgfgstrhtgvks `ftr` lks ouhl`s `stèf1 shlhrgks e` lh egr`oogÿf y j`r`fogh, hlqugl`r e`
Lkohl`
Lkohl`s,
s, `ft
`ftr`
r` ktrks),
ktrks), dgfhfog
dgfhfog`rks
`rks okb
okbkk lks gft`r`s
gft`r`s`s
`s y hbkrtg
hbkrtgzhog
zhogkf`
kf`s,
s, prçsthb
prçsthbks
ks k
dgfhfoghbg`ftks `xt`rfks `ftr` ktrks.

7. OK
OKFO
FOLP
LP_
_GK
GKF@
F@_
_

@l b`rohek s` `fou`ftrh shturhek e` bhrohs qu` kdr`o`f prkeuotks y s`rvgogks e`stgfheks h

egd`r`ft`s tgpks e` okfsubgekr`s, `s thfth lh okbp`t`fogh qu` lks `stèfehr`s e` ohlgehe chf
hub`fthek y lh ohlgehe okbk thl `s egdâoglb`ft` e`t`rbgfhft` e` lh hoogÿf e` okbprh. ^hrh
qu` ufh `bpr`sh pu`eh skmr`vgvg
skmr`vgvgrr y egd`r`foghrs`
egd`r`foghrs` e` lh okbp`t`fog
okbp`t`foghh e`m` pr`sthr ht`fogÿf
hl s`rvgogk.
^hrh egd`r`foghrs` e` lh okbp`t`fogh, ufh bhroh e`m` o`ftrhr tkeks sus prko`sks `f `l
olg`ft` pkr `sk lh `bpr`sh UK]UHYH s` e`sthoh pkr `fthmlhr ufh r`lhogÿf gfegvgeuhl y
 p`rskfhlgzheh okf oheh olg`ft` y egs`øhrl` uf
ufhh skluogÿf h sus r`qu`rgbg`ftks9 phst`l`s
phs t`l`s h su
b`egeh, s`jùf su p`rskfhlgehe y hokre` h su kohsgÿf `sp`oghl. E` `stk, r`shlthbks qu` phrh
sup`rhr `xp`othtgvhs, `souochr hl olg`ft` `s dufehb`fthl.

^hrh t`f`r ufh v`fthih okbp`tgtgvh `s f`o`shrgk t`f`r hljk qu` lh okbp`t`fogh fk t`fjh, qu`
s`h pkok gbgthml` y quç b`ikr qu` hqu`llk qu` fk pu`e`f v`r. @s pkr `sk qu` ufh mhs` e`
ehtks okf gfdkrbhogÿf okfdghml` y hotuhlgzheh `s lh pg`erh hfjulhr e` ouhlqug`r O]B. Wh

pèj. 5:

qu` `l OB] p`rbgtgrè okfko`r hl olg`ft`, olhsgdgohrlk y egs`øhr hoogkf`s okb`roghl`s

egrgjgehs h çl qu` s`hf bès `d`otgvhs. Lh gfdkrbhogÿf e` lks olg`ft`s `s e`t`rbgfhft` phrh
or`hr ufh `xp`rg`fogh e` bhroh `f `l qu` `l olg`ft` ou`ft` pkr fksktrks

8>. ]@OKB
]@OKB@FEHOG
@FEHOGKF@_
KF@_

^hrh hs`jurhr `l çxgtk `f lh gbplhfthogÿf e`l sgst`bh, UK]UHYH e`m`f `sthml`o`r oc`oa 
 pkgfts okf `l kmi`tgvk e` ehrl` bhft`fgbg`ftk h lh mhs` e` ehtks y ehr s`jugbg`ftk h
hsp`otks tçofgoks e`l `qugpk. @s gbpkrthft` e`purhr y hotuhlgzhr lh gfdkrbhogÿf r`d`rgeh h
lks olg`ft`s phrh jhrhftgzhr lh `d`otgvgehe e` lhs prkbkogkf`s y ohbphøhs.
 @s gbpkrthft` thbmgçf, bktgvhr `l usk e`l O]B h lks oklhmkrhekr`s phrh hs`jurhr lh
okbpr`fsgÿf e` lks fu`vks prko`egbg`ftks eurhft` `sth dhs` e` hehpthogÿf e` bkek qu` s`
bg
bgfg
fgbg
bgo`
o`ff lk
lkss `rr
`rrkr`
kr`ss y lhs
lhs dhll
dhllhs
hs e` okb
okbufg
ufgoh
ohog
ogÿf
ÿf `ft
`ftr`
r` `l `qug
`qugpk
pk e` trhmh
trhmhik
ik.. _`
r`okbg`
r`okbg`feh
feh ohp
ohphog
hogtho
thogkf
gkf`s
`s okft
okftgfu
gfuhs
hs y c`rr
c`rrhbg
hbg`ft
`fths
hs vgs
vgsuhl
uhl`s
`s qu` `i`
`i`bpl
bplgdg
gdgqu`f
qu`f lks
ohbmgks.

H b`egeh qu` s` `i`rogt` `l usk y okbpr`fsgÿf e`l sgst`bh y s` gfor`b`ft` lh ohrt`rh e`

olg`ft`s, lh gfdkrbhogÿf e` lh `bpr`sh grè hub`fthfek y su bhf`ik bès okbpl`ik. @s pkr 
`sk qu` h lhrjk plhzk UK]UHY
UK]UHYH
H e`m` vgsuhl
vgsuhlgzhr
gzhr ufh bgjrhogÿf e` ehtks h hljùf O]B e`
bhykr ohphogehe,
ohphogehe, `stk e`p`fe`rè e` lks kmi`tgv
kmi`tgvks
ks `strhtçjgok
`strhtçjgokss e` lh Hlth Egr`oo
Egr`oogÿf
gÿf y e` lh
sgtuhogÿf hotuhl e`l b`rohek.

Lh gfdkrbhogÿf qu` UK]UHYH r`okpgl` e` sus olg`ft`s l` p`rbgtgrè tkbhr e`ogsgkf`s e`

bhra`t
bhra`tgfj
gfj ho`
ho`rth
rthehs
ehs skmr`
skmr` pksg
pksgml`
ml`ss fu`v
fu`vhs
hs umgoho
umgohogkf
gkf`s,
`s, fu`vhs
fu`vhs lâf`hs
lâf`hs e` prke
prkeuot
uotks,
ks,
s`rvgogks pkst v`fths. W dhoglgthrè lh okbufgohogÿf e` `sths e`ogsgkf`s h sus olg`ft`s r`hl`s y
 pkt`foghl`s.

88. ]@D@]@FOGH_ MGMLGKJ]HDÂOH_

pèj. 53

M`rgoht, @ (=>>4). @l ohbmgk skoghl `f @sphøh. (=`e)_`vgllh9 Hfehluo`s.

Bçfe`z, H (=>>4). @l olgbh krjhfgzhogkfhl . Mkjktè9 E.O.
Jèb`z. (=>>:). Okbufgohogÿf y 5oulturh krjhfgzhogkfhl . @sphøh9 @ub`t f`t.
Ihçf, B. (=>8?). @okfkbâh Gfeustrghl . (=`e)@sphøh9 Hlb`râh.
Lÿp`z, M. (=>>7). Lh `so`fsgh e`l bhra`tgfj. Mhro`lkfh9 P^O
Iksç, I. (=>8?). Dgfhfzhs phrh `l bhra`tgfj y lhs v`fths . Bherge9 @sgo @egtkrghl
Ehfg`lh, B. y @lgk, ^ (=>8?). @stuegk e` b`ikrh gft`jrhl `f lh `bpr`sh e`
 phst`l`râh. Lgbh9 @egtkrghl mg`f v`fgeh.

]gv`rh y Jhrogllèf, B. (=>>:). Egr`oogÿf e` Bhra`tgfj . (= `e)Bherge9 @sgo.

_krghfk. (=>8?). @l plhf e` f`jkogks. (?`e)Bherge9 Eâhz e` _hftks, _.H.
 _krghfk. (=>8?). @l plhf e` f`jkogks. (?`e)Bherge9 Eâhz e` _hftks, _.H.
Yhrur, H. (=>>7). @l `ftkrfk @okfÿbgok. (=`e).Oklkbmgh9 Pfhm.

]`oup`rhek e` cttp9//hfhlgtgohe`r`thgl.okb/chmgtks-e`-okfsubk/
cttps9//www.jkkjl`.okb/url;
sh2t&skuro`2w`m&rot2i&url2cttp9//www.uogpdj.okb/]`pksgtkrgk/BH@_/BH@_-

>3/PFGEHE@_-
cttps9//www.w`msoklhr.okb/okfo`ptks-e`-krjhfgzhogkf-y-hebgfgstrhogkf-pkr-
vhrgks-hutkr`s
cttps9//www.w`my`bpr`shs.okb/lh-v`fthih-okbp`tgtgvh-s`juf-bgoch`l-pkrt`r/
cttps9//kmsmusgf`ss.sockkl/`s/mlkj-gfv`stgjhogkf/bmh/`strht`jgh-okbp`tgtgvh-
e`dgfgogkf-tgpks-y-plhft`hbg`ftk
cttps9//www.prkbkf`jkogks.f`t/b`rohekt`ofgh/s`jb`ftk-b`rohek-e`dgfgogkf-
okfo`ptk.ctb
cttps9//www.prkbkf`jkogks.f`t/b`rohek/b`th-b`rohek.ctbl
cttp9//sgsmgm.ufbsb.`eu.p`/mgmvgrtuhl/pumlgohogkf`s/qugpuahbhyko/=>>>/s`jufek/p
ksgogkfhbg`ftk.ctb

pèj. 57

HF@SK_
 Glustrhogÿf 89 Ug`fehs e` lh `bpr`sh
DP@FU@9 cttps9//www.dho`mkka.okb/tkrthzh.cuhyohf/

pèj. 0>

Glustrhogÿf
Glustrhogÿf =9 Ckrfk Bhxgt
Bhxgtkk 4M (FKTH) glustrhogÿf
glustrhogÿf ?9 Tgtrg
Tgtrgfh
fh
`xcgmgekrh (FKTH)
   Glustrhogÿf ?9 mhlhfzh e` pr`ogsgÿf glustrhogÿf 59 Mhtgekrh
 prkd`sgkfhl

pèj. 08

Glustrhogÿf 09 krjhfgzhogÿf
Du`ft`9cttps9//www.dho`mkka.okb/pcktk/;
Du`ft`9 cttps9//www.dho`mkka.okb/pcktk/;
dmge2=3?8=:4>3477:44?&s`t2h.7>:05>507?:8=50
 Glustrhogÿf 49 lkjâstgoh e` egstrgmuogÿf
]`oup`rhek9 cttps9//www./s`hroc;q2ohe`fh+e`+subgfgstrk+e`+ufh+phst`l`rgh&tmb

pèj. 0=

 
   f : 99@lhmkrhogÿf
 Glustrhogÿf
 Glustrhogÿ @lhmkrhogÿf prkpgh ^lhfk e`thllhek e` lh Egstrgmuogÿf

Glustrhogkf 39 umgohogÿf

pèj. 0?

]`oup`rhek9 cttps9//www.jkkjl`.okb/bhps/s`hroc/tkrthzh/N-88.73738?3,-
:4.7858>::,8=z;cl2`s-587
  

 GLP_U]HOGßF 8>9 @lhmkrhogÿf

@lhmkrhogÿf prkpgh
 

pèj. 05

GLP_U]HOGßF 889 @lhmkrhogÿf prkpgh

@xcgmgogÿf e` prkeuotks
 GLP_U]HOGßF 8=9 @LHMK]HOGßF ^]K^GH

pèj. 00

  Èr`h e` e`sphock
 pèj. 04

  GLP_U]HOGßF 8?9 @LHMK]HOGßF ^]K^GH

  Èr`h e` bkle`hek
 Èr`h e` `bmlhz`

pèj. 0:

 
  _`rvgogks cgjgçfgoks

pèj. 03

Èr`h e` ckrf`hek
 Èr`h e` hlbhoçf e` prkeuotks s`oks

8. Èr`
Èr`hh e` hl
hlbho
bhoçf
çf e` pprkeu
rkeuotk
otkss r`d
r`drgj
rgj`rhe
`rheks
ks

pèj. 07

=. @f
@ftr
trhe
hehh h llhh `b
`bpr
pr`s
`shh

?. plhfth
 5. Èr`
Èr`hh e` r`o`
r`o`pog
pogÿf
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bht`
ht`rgh
rgh prgbh
prgbh

pèj. 4>

 
 ]`oup`rhek9cttps9//www.dho`mkka.okb/pcktk/;
]`oup`rhek9 cttps9//www.dho`mkka.okb/pcktk/;
dmge2=3=753=4::8::>>5&s`t2h.=447=48537340:78

pèj. 48