This document describes an experiment to determine the Young's modulus of elasticity (E) for a mild steel specimen. A circular mild steel specimen is subjected to increasing uniaxial tensile loads within its elastic limit. An extensometer measures deformations at load intervals to calculate stress and strain values, which are plotted on a graph. The slope of this stress-strain graph gives the Young's modulus. The value of E from the graph is also determined experimentally using the stress and strain calculations. The results are compared to standard values to evaluate the properties of the mild steel.
This document describes an experiment to determine the Young's modulus of elasticity (E) for a mild steel specimen. A circular mild steel specimen is subjected to increasing uniaxial tensile loads within its elastic limit. An extensometer measures deformations at load intervals to calculate stress and strain values, which are plotted on a graph. The slope of this stress-strain graph gives the Young's modulus. The value of E from the graph is also determined experimentally using the stress and strain calculations. The results are compared to standard values to evaluate the properties of the mild steel.
This document describes an experiment to determine the Young's modulus of elasticity (E) for a mild steel specimen. A circular mild steel specimen is subjected to increasing uniaxial tensile loads within its elastic limit. An extensometer measures deformations at load intervals to calculate stress and strain values, which are plotted on a graph. The slope of this stress-strain graph gives the Young's modulus. The value of E from the graph is also determined experimentally using the stress and strain calculations. The results are compared to standard values to evaluate the properties of the mild steel.
This document describes an experiment to determine the Young's modulus of elasticity (E) for a mild steel specimen. A circular mild steel specimen is subjected to increasing uniaxial tensile loads within its elastic limit. An extensometer measures deformations at load intervals to calculate stress and strain values, which are plotted on a graph. The slope of this stress-strain graph gives the Young's modulus. The value of E from the graph is also determined experimentally using the stress and strain calculations. The results are compared to standard values to evaluate the properties of the mild steel.
Vernier Calipers, Graph paper etc. THEORY: Strength of material plays important role in design of structures. Hence, it is necessary to test materials under different types of load and check the quality and important properties. In this laboratory, mechanical properties of structural materials will be determined and compared with those recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. When a load is applied to any specimen, there is a change in its dimensions. Now on the removal of this external load, if the specimen attains its original shape and size then the material is called elastic material and this property of the material is called elasticity. Off course, this is true within certain limit and this limit is called elastic limit.
Stress ()
∆
∆Є
Strain (Є) 0
Fig. 1. Stress Strain Behaviour for Mild Steel in elastic limit
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In this test, a prepared specimen is subjected to gradually increasing uniaxial tensile
load within the elastic limit and the deformations are noted at different load intervals. Now, according to the Hook’s law stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic limit. stress (σ) α strain (Є)
stress (σ) = E x strain
(Є) E = stress (σ)
strain (Є) Here, E is the constant of proportionality and is called Young’s modulus of elasticity.
According to elasticity, the material can be classified as follows :
1. Linear Elastic :- In this type the material once loaded on removal of the loading the material will regain its original shape and size, in the other words the load path of loading and unloading will remain same, the relation between stress and strain will be linear in nature as shown in figure below,
2. Non Linear Elastic :-
In this type the material once loaded on removal of the loading the material will regain its original shape and size, in the other words the load path of loading and unloading will remain same, but the relation between stress and strain will be parabolic as shown in figure below,
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3. Linear Non Elastic :-
In this type the material once loaded on removal of the loading the material will not regain its original shape and size. The load path of loading and unloading will not remain same, the relation between stress and strain will be linear along with some permanent deformation as shown in figure below,
4. Non Linear Non Elastic :-
In this type the material once loaded on removal of the loading the material will not regain its original shape and size. The load path of loading and unloading will not remain same, the relation between stress and strain will be linear along with some permanent deformation as shown in figure below,
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• SPECIMEN: Circular cross section specimen is recommended by IS. 1608 in order to get uniform distribution of stress. In addition, central portion of the specimen is of smaller cross-sectional area than the end portions in order to cause failure at a section where the stresses are not affected by the gripping device. To avoid stress concentration, transition from end to reduced section is made by an adequate fillet, Fig. 2.
Gauge length : Length within the reduced section along which elongations are measured is known as gauge length. Gauge length as a function of area of cross section is expressed as L = k (A0)1/2 Where, A0 = Original cross-sectional area As per IS 1608, diameter of the central portion of the specimen should not be less 4 mm and k = 5.65.
D GL R Where, D = Diameter GL = Gauge Length A = Length of Reduced Section R = Radius of Fillet
Fig. 2. Mild Steel Specimen
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PROCEDURE: ➢ Measure initial diameter and gauge length of mild steel specimen. ➢ Insert the specimen in universal testing machine for testing. ➢ Attach the extensometer to the specimen at the appropriate position. ➢ Apply uniaxial tensile load on the specimen gradually within the elastic limit. ➢ Take the readings and calculate the stress and corresponding strain value at each load. ➢ Plot the graph of stress v/s strain. ➢ The slop of this graph is the required value of Young’s modulus of elasticity (E).
• OBSERVATIONS: 1) Diameter of specimen = mm 2) Gauge length of specimen = _ mm 3) L.C. of extensometer = 1/20000 inches
• OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. LOAD LOAD EXTENSOMETER ∆L STRAIN STRESS E = σ/ Є
