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Heat Transfer Lab Lab Report Experiment # 01: Study of Heat Conduction Through Copper Bar

This lab report summarizes an experiment to study heat conduction through a copper bar. Temperature measurements were taken at different positions along the bar when heated to 300W and 400W. The temperature decreased linearly with distance from the heat source. Thermal conductivity was calculated using the temperature gradient and heat transfer equation, giving values of 418.9 W/mK at 300W and 355.12 W/mK at 400W. While close to the accepted value of 385 W/mK for copper, errors are believed to result from heat losses, insulation limitations, and the system not fully reaching steady state.

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122 views5 pages

Heat Transfer Lab Lab Report Experiment # 01: Study of Heat Conduction Through Copper Bar

This lab report summarizes an experiment to study heat conduction through a copper bar. Temperature measurements were taken at different positions along the bar when heated to 300W and 400W. The temperature decreased linearly with distance from the heat source. Thermal conductivity was calculated using the temperature gradient and heat transfer equation, giving values of 418.9 W/mK at 300W and 355.12 W/mK at 400W. While close to the accepted value of 385 W/mK for copper, errors are believed to result from heat losses, insulation limitations, and the system not fully reaching steady state.

Uploaded by

yushi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heat Transfer Lab

Lab Report
Experiment # 01
Study of Heat Conduction through Copper Bar
Submitted by
Name Muhammad Umair Iftikhar
Roll No 34
Group G8
Batch 17-21

Performance 13-2-2020
date
Submission 21-2-2020
date

Submitted to
Sir Ammar Ahmad
Contents
Table of Figures.....................................................................................................................................1
1 Abstract.........................................................................................................................................1
2 Observation and Calculations........................................................................................................1
3 Result and Discussion....................................................................................................................2

Table of Tables
Table 2.1: Results of Temperature Variation within the Copper Bar.....................................................1
Table 2.2: Results Obtained from Flowing Water.................................................................................1

Table of Figures
Figure 2.1: Temperature Variation with Distance at 300 W and 400W.................................................2
1 Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to study the heat conduction through solid mantellic bar
specifically copper. We also learn to evaluate the thermal conductivity of copper
experimentally using “Thermal Conduction System – Model 9051”. Value of
conductivity will be used to determine the conduction through constant area copper bars.
For this purpose, we set instrument and apply heat through it. The phenomenon was
observed at different input power to have temperature variations. The temperature was
measured at different positions marked on the instruments (“thermal conduction system
model 9501”). Input power is increased and measured the temperature at the specified
positions. The flow rate also calculated experimentally to calculate the heat from formula
which is mentioned in the calculations. The final results were recorded in the observation
table. Our results indicate some error through the theoretical values. The causes and
deviations from actual readings were mentioned in the results and discussion.

2 Observation and Calculations


dT
Heat Transfer Equation: Q̇=kA
dx

Diameter: 5.08 cm

π d2 −4 2
Cross-Sectional Area: A= =6.4516 π∗10 m
4

kJ
Specific Heat Capacity of Water: c p=4.18
kg ∙ K

Table 2.1: Results of Temperature Variation within the Copper Bar

Thermocouple x/m Temperature/°C


300 W 400 W
1 0.0493 56 81
2 0.0739 54 78
3 0.0986 53 76
4 0.1229 51 73
5 0.1476 50 71
6 0.1722 49 68
7 0.1969 47 66
8 0.2215 46 64
9 0.2461 45 61
10 0.2708 43 59

Table 2.2: Results Obtained from Flowing Water

Coolant Parameters 300 W 400 W

1
Inlet Temperature/°C 17 17
Outlet Temperature/°C 35 48
Flow Rate/(l/min) 0.038095 0.032982
Qout/W 47.67589 71.08796

Temperature vs Distance
85
80
Temperature in Celcius

f(x) = − 98.77 x + 85.5


75 R² = 1
70
65
60
55
f(x) = − 56.16 x + 58.38
50 R² = 0.99
45
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Distance in meter

300W Linear (300W)


400W Linear (400W)

Figure 2.1: Temperature Variation with Distance at 300 W and 400w

Value of Thermal Conductivity at 300 W

Q̇out 47.67589 W
k= = −4
=418.9
A∗Gradient 6.4516 π∗10 ∗56.156 m∙K

Value of Thermal Conductivity at 400 W

Q̇out 71.08796 W
k= = =355.12
A∗Gradient 6.4516 π∗10− 4∗98.765 m∙ K

3 Result and Discussion


In this experiment, we have determined the thermal conductivity of copper bar and compared
our result with the actual reading of copper bar which is actually 385 in SI unit. Our
experimental value deviate from the literature value. At 300 W and 400 W, both Figure 2 .1
and Error: Reference source not found show a fairly linear line which we have developed
from excel and determined the slope of these two line to find the thermal conductivity of
copper bar. The main concern here is that Qout = m*c p∗dT is determined and included in our
calculations to have much accurate values of thermal conductivity of copper. The errors in
both the values of K are in the acceptable range. These errors can be avoided by taking
precautionary measures. At 300 W and 400 W, the values for thermal conductivities were
418.9 and 355.12 W/m*K respectively and the literature value for copper is 385 W/m*K. Our

2
experiment estimates a reasonable result as the percentage are less than 10% and thus are
acceptable. The errors may be due to the following reasons.

 While doing our experiment, we felt a major amount of heat loss surrounding the
heater due to convection. At the top end of copper bar, convection was least occurring
due to lesser temperature difference in comparison to that around the heater
 The experiment should be performed at full insulation. But in our case, this was not
possible and become the cause of error in it. To minimise heat loss, insulation should
be thicker at the heater region.
 The apparatus was outdated which affect the accuracy of our results.
 One of the major sources of errors is that, the system to be under steady state. The
experiment performed here was nearly steady state. If more time was given, the
system could have been under steady state condition.

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