GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING THE

PROJECT REPORT

FOR UG

1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS

The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and
bound should be as follows:

1. Cover Page

2. Inside cover page

3. Certificate from external guide (if any)

4. Certificate from the college

5. Acknowledgement

6. Declaration

7. Abstract

8. Table of contents

9. List of tables

10. List of figures

11. Abbreviations (if any)

12. Nomenclature (if any)

13. Chapters

14. Appendices

15. References

16. List of papers published, based on the report (if any)

2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:
The project report should be prepared in A4 size. The dissertation shall be
properly bound; using rexine of Black color otherwise it will be rejected. The bound
front cover should indicate in Gold embossed letter.

3. PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page– A specimen copy of the Cover page of the project report is
given in Annexure A. The fonts and locations of various items on this page should be
exactly as shown in Annexure A

3.2 Inside cover page Same as cover page shown in Annexure B

3.3 Acknowledgement This should not exceed one page. Annexure C

3.4 Certificate of external guide (if applicable) Annexure E

3.5 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project work,
typed in 1.5 line spacing (about 300 words with key words). Font Style Times New
Roman and Font Size 12. See Annexure F

3.6 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all headings,
sub headings after the table of contents page, as well as any titles preceding it. The
title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the
Table of Contents. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter
under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is
given in Annexure G

3.7 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they
appear above the tables in the body of the report. One and a half spacing should be
adopted for typing the matter under this head. See Annexure H.

3.8 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they
appear below the figures in the body of the text. One and a half spacing should be
adopted for typing the matter under this head. All charts, graphs, maps, photographs and
diagrams should be designated as figures. X and Y axes titles are mandatory for all the
graphs. See Annexure I.

3.9 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half

spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols,
abbreviations etc. should be used. See Annexure J and K.

3.10 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 or 4 parts, (i)
Introductory chapter, (ii) Literature Review (if any) (iii) theoretical analysis, (iv)
Experimental Investigations, (v) Experimental results, (vi) Discussion of results, (vii)
Summary, conclusions and recommendations, (viii) References, (ix) Appendices.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may
be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.

• Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

• Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate

vicinity of the reference where they are cited.

• Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space

and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material
they annotate. See Annexure L.

3.11 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces

below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order, in single spacing and left –
justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the surname
of the first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by
the year and other details. See Annexure M.

3.13 List of papers published based on the report -See Annexure N.

4. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in color.

One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general
text shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 12. Use A4 (210
mm X 297 mm) bond un-ruled paper (80 gsm) for all copies submitted. Use one only
side of the paper for all printed/typed matter.

4.1. NUMBERING

Every page in the project report, except the project report title page, must be
accounted for and numbered.

The page numbering, starting from acknowledgements and till the beginning of
the introductory chapter, should be printed in small Roman numbers, i.e, i, ii, iii, iv......

The page number of the first page of each chapter should not be printed (but
must be accounted for). All page numbers from the second page of each chapter should
be printed using Arabic numerals, i.e. 2,3,4,5...

All printed page numbers should be located at the right corner at the bottom of
the page.

4.2 CHAPTERS
 Use only Arabic numerals. Chapter numbering should be centered on the top of
the page using large bold print. < size 15> <Times new Roman>

4.3 SECTIONS

Use only Arabic numerals with decimals. Section numbering should be left
justified using bold print. Example: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.

4.3.1 SUB SECTIONS

Use only Arabic numerals with two decimals. Subsection numbering should be
left Justified using bold print. Example: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc.

4.4 EQUATION(S) / FORMULE

Use only Arabic numerals with single decimal. Equation numbers should be
right justified using normal print.

Format: (<Chapter number>.<Equation serial number>).

Example Chapter 1

4.5 REFERENCES IN THE TEXT - In a project report there is a need to

make references in the text, and relate them to notes, or to a list of bibliographical
references, at the end of the description of the work.

one author: Williams, G. State and Society in. Onco State, Nigeria, Afrographika,
1980.

two authors: Phizacklea, A & Miles, R. Labour and Racism. London,

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

3 + authors: O'Donovan, P., et al. The United States. Amsterdam, Time-Life

International, 1966.
 4.6 REFERENCES

Use only Arabic numerals. Serial numbering should be carried out based on
Alphabetical order of surname or last name of first author. The format is written like,
author name followed by year followed by title of the work followed by details of the
journal. Ref. Annexure 10.

5 TEXT

5.1 COLOR - Black

5.2 FONT

5.2.1 REGULAR TEXT - Times Roman 12 pts. and normal print.

5.2.2 CHAPTER HEADING - Times Roman 15 pts. Bold and capital.

5.2.3 SECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts. Bold and capital.

5.2.4 SUBSECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts. Bold print and

leading capitals i.e, only first letter in each word should be in capital.

5.2.5 SPECIAL TEXT - Italics/Superscript /Subscript/Special symbols, etc.,

as per necessity. Special text may include footnotes, endnotes, physical or

chemical symbols, mathematical notations, etc.

5.2.6 REFERENCES – same font as regular text, serial number and all
authors names to be in bold print. Title and Journal names should be in italic

6. PARAGRAPH SPACING

Use 6 pts before & 6 pts after paragraphs.

All paragraphs in the seminar/project report should be left justified

completely, from the first line to the last line.

Use 1.5 spacing between the regular text and quotations.

6.1 Provide double spaces between:

(a) From top of page to chapter title,

(a) Chapter title and first sentence of a chapter,

6.2 Use single spacing

 (a) In footnotes and endnotes for text.

(b) in explanatory notes for tables and figures.

(c) in text corresponding to bullets, listings, and quotations in the main body of
seminar/project report .

6.3 Use single space in references and double space between references.

7 JUSTIFICATION

The text should be fully justified

8 MARGINGS

The margins for the regular text are as follows

LEFT - 1.5”

RIGHT - 1”

TOP - 1”

BOTTOM - 1”

9 TABLES

All tables should have sharp lines, drawn in black ink, to separate rows/columns
as and when necessary.

Tables should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in
the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including tables on a page, should be avoided.
Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all tables to separate them from the
regular text, wherever applicable.

The title of the table etc. should be placed on the top of the table

The title should be centered with respect to the table. The titles must be in the
same font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given
below: Table<blank><chapter number>.<serial number><left indent><table title>.

10 FIGURES

All figures, drawings, and graphs should be drawn in black ink with sharp
lines and adequate contrast between different plots if more than one plot is present
in the same graph.

The title of the figure etc. should be placed on the bottom of the figure.
 Figures should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in
the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including figures on a page, should be avoided.
Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all figures to separate them from the
regular text, wherever applicable. Figures should be centered with respect to the figure.
The titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The
title format is given below:

Fig. <blank><chapter number>.<serial number> <left indent><figure

 Annexure A

Sample Format of Bound front Cover:

YOUR PROJECT TITLE< Centered, Font Size 16 - 1.5line spacing>

A Project report submitted to

VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA
SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of
(font – 14 and 1.5 line spacing)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

by

(NAMES AND ROLL.NO OF WHOLE BATCH<font – 14 and bold>)

Under the esteemed Guidance of

Guide name
Designation (font -14 and bold)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (font – 12)

V.R.SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (font -16 and bold)
(Autonomous)
(AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY KAKINADA)
APPROVED BY AICTE- ACCREDITED BY NBA
VIJAYAWADA-520007 (font – 12)
2014 (font – 14)
 Annexure B

Sample format of Third page

YOUR PROJECT TITLE< Centered, Font Size 16 - 1.5line spacing>

A Project report submitted to

VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA
SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of
(font – 14 and 1.5 line spacing)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

by

(NAMES AND ROLL.NO OF WHOLE BATCH<font – 14 and bold>)

Under the esteemed Guidance of

Guide name
Designation (font -14 and bold)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (font – 12)

V.R.SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (font -16 and bold)
(Autonomous)
(AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY KAKINADA)
APPROVED BY AICTE- ACCREDITED BY NBA
VIJAYAWADA-520007 (font – 12)
2014 (font – 14)
 Annexure C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (font 12)

It gives me great pleasure to thank ………..(name, designation of the guide),

Department of Civil Engineering, for the constant support and guidance given to us
throughout the course of this project. He/she has been a constant source of
inspiration for us.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor

and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, for his support and assistance during
the development of the project.

We also take this the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all

faculty members of the department for their assistance and cooperation during the
development of our project. We also thank all the Non Teaching Staff of the
Department who helped us in the course of the project. Last but not the least, we
acknowledge our friends for their encouragement in the completion of the project.

Names of the students.

 Annexure D

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled “PROJECT TITLE” is a bonfide

work duly completed by us. It does not contain any part of the project
or thesis submitted by any other candidate to this or any other
institute or university.

All such materials that have been obtained from other sources have
been duly acknowledged.

(signature)

STUDENT’s NAME

(REG.NO.)
 Annexure E

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “TITLE OF PROJECT WORK”

submitted by “NAME OF STUDENTS” in partial fulfillment for the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering to the VR Siddhartha

Engineering College affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada is a record of the bonafide work

carried out under my guidance and supervision. The results presented in this project

report have not been submitted to any other university or Institute for the award of any

degree.

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE: HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

NAME NAME
Date Date
 Annexure F

ABSTRACT

The present site under investigation at Ajitsingh Nagar in

Vijayawada of Andhra Pradesh is initially a low lying area and used for
disposing the urban solid waste for the last few years, through open
dumping with out taking any measures to protect the Ground water
against pollution. The present study has been taken up to measure the
degree of pollution of ground water due to leachate produced in the
landfill site. Bore holes were made at eight random locations to measure
the depth and characteristics of solid waste. Four sampling wells were
made for the collection of ground water samples and they were analyzed
for various parameters. All parameters were measured based on Standard
methods. It is found that the ground water is contaminated due leachates
of Landfill to the large extent and is not suitable for Drinking, Domestic
and Irrigation purposes.

Key Words: Landfill, Leachate, Soil profile, Sampling wells

 Annexure G

CONTENTS

Title Page

CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................i
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
....................................................................................................................................
iii

LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................v
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................
NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 ..................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 8
2.2 ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 ...................................................................................................................25
...........................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………
……
REFERENCE.........................................................................................................50
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS....................................................................................55
 Annexure H

List of Tables

Page
Table Title

3.1 ...................................................................................................................55

3.2 ...................................................................................................................57

4.1 ...................................................................................................................90

4.2 ...................................................................................................................90

4.3 ...................................................................................................................94

4.4 ...................................................................................................................99
 Annexure I

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

3.1 ........................................................................................................................70

4.1 ........................................................................................................................95

4.2 ........................................................................................................................95
 Annexure J

NOMENCLATURE

Cu Uniformity Coefficient

Cc Curvature Coefficient
 Annexure K

ABBREVIATIONS

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

MDD Maximum Dry Density

LL Liquid Limit

PI Plasticity Index

SI Shrinkage Index

Annexure L

CHAPTER -1
 INTRODUCTION

A common problem of the storage of wastes in

landfills, is the potential contamination of soil,

groundwater and surface waters that may occur as

leachate. This is usually produced by water or liquid

wastes moving into, through and out of the landfill and

migrates into adjacent areas.

The quantity of leachate produced is affected

to some extent by decomposition reactions and initial

moisture content; however it is largely governed by

the amount of external water entering the landfill, the

climate and geomorphology of the area.

The chemical quality of leachate varies as a

function of a number of factors. It includes the

original nature of the buried waste materials and the

various chemical and biochemical reactions that may

occur as well as the conditions prevailing throughout

the waste materials decomposition.

…………………………………………………………
……………………………………

…………………………………………………………
…………………………
 Annexure M

REFERENCES

Abraham, J., F.V. Bracco, and R.D. Reitz (1985) Comparison of Omputed and
Measured Premixed Charge Engine Combustion. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 60, 309
– 322.

Affes, H., N. Trigui., D. Smith, and V. Griaznov (1998) Shape Optimization of IC

Engine Ports and Chambers. SAE Paper No.980127.

Arcoumanis, C., A.F. Bicen, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Measurments in a Motored
Four Stroke Reciprocating Model Engine. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.104.

Arcoumanis, C., J.H. Whitelaw, W. Hentschel, K.P. Schindler (1994) Flow and
Combustion in a Transparent 1.9 Litre Direct Injection Diesel Engine. Proc. Instn.
Mech. Engrs., Vol. 208.

Arcoumanis, C., Z. Hu, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Steady Flow Characterization of
Tumble-Generating Four – Valve Cylinder Heads. Proc.Instn. Mech. Engrs. Vol 207.

Babu, S.S., P.I. Haneef, P.A. Lakshminarayanan, P. Deshpande, N. Bhalla, P.

Sagar, and J. Sekar (2005) Two Methods for Improving Torque of a Diesel Engine in
the Low Speed Range. SAE Paper No. 2005-26-001.
 Annexure N

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
I
I REFEREED JOURNALS

1. Paul,B and V. Ganesan (2008) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on in-

cylinder air motion and turbulence in DI Diesel engine . Journal of Engineering
Application of Computational Fluid Mechanics. (Communicated).

II PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) Study of air motion inside the cylinder of a DI
th
diesel engine with spiral intake port. 14 International Conference of Indian
Society of Mechanical Engineers in the Knowledge Age, New Delhi,
December 2005.

2. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2006) Effect of manifold configuration in turbulence

inside the cylinder of a direct injection diesel Engine by CFD Simulation. Third
BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, December 2006.
4 Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on swirl
and emissions in a DI diesel engine - A CFD study. Third International
Conference on Thermal Engineering. Jordan, May 2007.
5 Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of helical-spiral combined manifold
configuration on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine A CFD study.
International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, IIT Madras, India,
December 2007.
II PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) CFD Analysis of the effect of port

configurations
th
on air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine. 19 National
Conference on IC Engine Combustion, The Combustion Institute,
Chidambaram, India, December2005