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Chapter # 7

Introduction to
Python
Programming Language

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Basics Concepts of Python

• It supports functional and structured programming style as well as OOP.

• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for

building large applications.

• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, Java …..etc

• Python files have extension .py

• A Python script can be executed at command line by invoking the interpreter on

your application without passing a script file, as following:

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Basic Python Syntax

• A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module,

or other object. However, python is case sensitive
• Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space
• Python provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function
definitions or flow control such as loops and branchs.
• A single code block are called Suite in Python.
• Compound or complex statements, such as if, while, def, and class require a
header line and a suite.
• The semicolon ( ; ) only needed if you have multiple statements on the single line
• Arithmetic, Logic and Comparison operators are very similar to C`
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Naming Conventions for Python Identifiers

 Python is a case sensitive programming language and does not support

access control (NO access specifiers such as protected in C++ & Java).

 Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with
a lowercase letter.

 Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore ( _ ) indicates that

the identifier is protected.

 Starting an identifier with two leading underscores ( _ _ ) indicates a

strongly private identifier.

 If the identifier ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a

language-defined special name.

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Line Indentation & Compound Statement

 Header lines, such as “IF”, begin a statement and terminate with a

colon ( : ) and are followed by one or more lines which make up the
suite.
 Blocks of code are specified using line indentation. For Example:
if True:
print ("Answer " )
print ("True“)
else:
print ("Answer“)
print ("False“)

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Input Statement

• Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text from

standard input (Keyboard):

• input([prompt]) function is equivalent to raw_input, except that

it assumes the input is a valid Python expression and returns
the evaluated result to you.
str = input("Enter your input: ");
print ("Received input is : ", str)

• A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment

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Output Format & String Functions

• Output Format can be used very similar to C, Python uses conversion characters such as
%c, %s, %d , %f , %e , %u ….etc. for example:

print ("My name is %s & weight is %d kg!", 'Zara', 21)

• String Functions
Sr. No. Methods with Description
1 capitalize() Capitalizes first letter of string.
2 center(width, fillchar) Returns a space-padded string with the original
string centred to a total of width columns.
3 count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string)) Counts how many times str
occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and
ending index end are given.
4 isdigit() Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise

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Output Statement & Strings

• Example using command Line
C:\....> Python str = 'Hello World!'
>>>> print ("Hello, Python!“) print (str) # Prints complete string
The output : Hello, Python! print (str[0]) # Prints 1st character
print (str[2:5]) # Print chars from 3rd - 5th
• Example using IDE or *.py file print (str[2:]) # Print string start from 3rd
counter = 100 print (str* 2) # Prints string two times
miles = 1000.0 print (str + "TEST“) # Prints concatenated string
name = "John”
print (counter) The Output
print (miles) Hello World!
print (name) H
The output llo
100 llo World!
1000.0 Hello World!Hello World!
John Hello World!TEST

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Python Operators
 Python operators are very similar to C
 Arithmetic +, - , * , / ,% , ++ , - =, += ..etc
 Logic and , or , not
 Comparison == , != , < , > , <> , >= ..etc
 Member Ship operator
 This operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples.
 There are two membership operators as explained below:
Operator Description Example
in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in x in y, This returns 1 if x is
a specified sequence and false otherwise. a member of sequence y.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a x not in y, This returns 1 if x
variable in the specified sequence and x is not a member of sequence y.
false otherwise.

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Example of Membership Operators

a = 10 ; b = 20
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
# If the “if” clause consists only one line, it can be on the same line
if ( a in list ): print("Line 1 - a is available in the given list“)
else: print("Line 1 - a is not available in the given list“)
if ( b not in list ): print("Line 2 - b is not available in the given list“)
else: print("Line 2 - b is available in the given list“)
a=2
if ( a in list ): print("Line 3 - a is available in the given list”)
else: print("Line 3 - a is not available in the given list“)
The OUTPUT

Line 1 - a is not available in the given list

Line 2 - b is not available in the given list
Line 3 - a is available in the given list

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Control Statements (for Loop)

• It has the ability to iterate over the items of for i in ‘EC252':
any sequence, such as a list or a string. print('Current Letter :', i)
for iterating_var in sequence: fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']
statements(s) for j in fruits:
• If a sequence contains an expression list, it is print('Current fruit :', j)
evaluated first. Then, the first item in the The OUTPUT
sequence is assigned to the iterating variable Current Letter : E
iterating_var. Current Letter : C
Current Letter : 2
• Next, the statements block is executed. Current Letter : 5
Current Letter : 2
• Each item in the list is assigned to Current fruit : banana
iterating_var, and the statement(s) block is Current fruit : apple
executed until the entire sequence is Current fruit : mango
exhausted.

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Function in Python
 Functions: The heading (prototype) contains
Keyword def … Function name
 Parentheses; and finally a colon.

The syntax of defining a function.

def function_name(parameters):
Statement1
statement2
...
...
return [expr]

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Functions Examples
Example #1 Example #2

def SayHello() : def SayHello(name) :

print ("Hello! Welcome") print ("Hello {}!.".format(name))
return return

To call the function we write We can call the function as

SayHello()
SayHello(“Ali”)
The output will be
The Output will be
Hello! Welcome Hello Ali

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Functions (Examples)
def result(m1,m2,m3):
ttl=m1+m2+m3
percent=ttl/3
if percent>=50:
print ("Result: Pass")
else:
print ("Result: Fail")
return

p=int(input("Enter your marks in physics: "))

c=int(input("Enter your marks in chemistry: "))
m=int(input("Enter your marks in maths: "))
result(p,c,m)

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Pass-by Reference
In Python, arguments are always passed by reference. For
example:

def myfunction (list) :

list.append(40)
print ("Modified list inside a function: ", list)
return

The following statements tests the above function:

>>> mylist=[10,20,30]
>>> myfunction(mylist)
Modified list inside a function: [10, 20, 30, 40]
>>> mylist
[10, 20, 30, 40]

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Functions Arguments
Arbitrary Arguments: If you do not know how many arguments that will
be passed into your function, add a * before the parameter name in the
function definition.

Example
def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is " + kids[2])

my_function("Emil", "Tobias", "Linus")

Default Argument Value
def my_function(country = “Libya"):
print("I am from " + country)
my_function("Sweden")  I am from Sweden
my_function()  I am from Libya

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Library Functions: sinh(x)

The problem is solve the sinh(x) function: Solving sinh(x) in Python

// Python program
sinh(x) = ½ ( e x - e –x ) from math import sinh, exp, e, pi
x = 2 * pi
w1 = sinh(x) # 1st way
We can evaluate sinh (x) in three ways: w2 = 0.5*(exp(x) - exp(-x)) # 2nd way
i) Calling math.sinh, w3 = 0.5*(e**x - e**(-x)) # 3rd way
ii) Computing the right-hand side using print(w1, w2, w3)
math.exp
iii) Computing the right-hand side using OUTPUT
the power expressions math.e**x and
math.e**(-x). 267.744894 267.744894 267.744894

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Chapter # 8

Python

Data Types (Structures)

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New Data Types (Structures) in Python

• Lists
• Arrays
• Tuples
• Sets
• Dictionaries

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Lists in Python
• Lists are the most flexible Python's compound data types.
• Python’s lists are similar to arrays in C, BUT python list can be of different data
type.
• Items are separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([ ])
• The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:]) with
indexes starting from 0 till end-1
Example
list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]
tinylist = [123, 'john'] The OUTPUT
print (list) # complete list ['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2]
print(list[0]) # first element list abcd
print(list[1:3]) # 2nd & 3th elements (4th no) [786, 2.23]
print(list[2:]) # 3rd element and upward [2.23, 'john', 70.2]
print(tinylist * 2) # Prints list two times [123, 'john', 123, 'john']
print(list + tinylist) # Prints concatenated lists ['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123,
'john']
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Loops over List in Python

• EXAMPLE
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
for obj in list1: print(obj)
The OUTPUT
physics
chemistry
1997
2000
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
for obj in enumerate(list1): print(obj)
The OUTPUT
(0, 'physics')
(1, 'chemistry')
(2, 1997)
(3, 2000

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Deleting Elements from a List

• To remove a list element, you can use either the del statement if you know exactly
which element(s) you are deleting.
EXAMPLE
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
print(list1)
del list1[2]
print("After deleting value at index 2 : " )
print(list1)
The OUTPUT
['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
After deleting value at index 2 :
['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]

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Library Functions on List

Function Description
cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.
len(list) Gives the total length of the list.
max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.
min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.
EXA MPLE

list1, list2 = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc'], [456, 700, 200] The OUTPUT
print("Max value element : ", max(list1)) Max value element : zara
print("Max value element : ", max(list2))
print("min value element : ", min(list1))
Max value element : 700
print("min value element : ", min(list2))
min value element : 123
min value element : 200

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Library Functions on List

Function Description
append(…) add item to the end of the list
extend(list) add contents of one list to another
sum(List) calculate sum of elements (Numeric values) in a list

EXAMPLE

list1, list2 = [1, 'x', 'a', 'a'], [4, 7, 2]

list1.append(“EC251”)
print(list1) [1, 'x', 'a', 'a', 'EC251']
Print(sum(list2) 13
List2.extend(list1)
Print(list2) [4, 7, 2, 1, 'x', 'a', 'a', 'EC251']

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Problem Answer in C++

Remove duplicated numbers from the a int list[10]={2, 5, 3, 5 ,6, 4, 2, 8, 6, 4 };
given list int NewList[10], NLIndex=0;
bool foundflg=false;
for (int I = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++) {
Answer in Python foundflg = false;
list = [2, 5, 3, 5 ,6, 4, 2, 8, 6, 4 ] for(int j = 0 ; j < NLIndex ; j++) {
NewList=[ ] if ( list[ i ] == NewList[ j ]) {
foundflg = true;
for j in list: break;
if ( j not in NewList ): }
NewList.append( j ) }
print(NewList) if ( foundflg == false ) {
NewList[ NLIndex ] = list[ i ];
OUTPUT NLIndex++;
[2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 8] }
}
for (int j = 0; j < NLIndex; j++)
cout << NewList[j] << "\t";
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Arrays in Python
Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be
used instead.

 Great an Array:
cars = ["Ford", "Volvo", "BMW"]

• Loop through array

for x in cars: print(x)

• Adding an element
cars.append("Honda")

• Removing array element

cars.pop(1) // remove second element
OR cars.remove("Volvo")

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Arrays in Python
Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be
used instead.

Assume that we have L=[“a”, “c”, “b”]

 Insert element:
L . insert(1,”x”)  =[“a”, “x”,“c”, “b”]

• Sort Array
L . sort ()  =[“a”, “b”,“c”, “x”]

• Reverese array
L . reverse()  =[“x”, “c”,“b”, “a”]

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Python Functions on Arrays

Method Description
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
clear() Removes all the elements from the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

insert() Adds an element at the specified position

reverse() Reverses the order of the list

sort() Sorts the list

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Tuples
• A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects.
• Tuples are sequences, just like lists, BUT tuples cannot be changed
• Tuples use parentheses (), whereas lists use square brackets [ ].

1- Access tuples
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[1]) == banana

2- Negative indexing (means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the

last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.)
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[-1]) = charry

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Tuples
3- Range of indexs
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon")
print( thistuple[2:5])  ('cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi')

4- Change Tuple Values

You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert
the list back into a tuple.
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)
print(x) = ("apple", "kiwi", "cherry")

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Tuples
6- Loops on tuples
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for x in thistuple:
print(x)
7- Check if Item exist
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
if "apple" in thistuple:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple")
8- Joint two tuples
tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c")
tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)

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Functions (Methods) on Tuples

Method Description
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple
index() Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found

tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c")

tuple1.count(‘a’) 1
tuple1.index(‘a’) 0
tuple1.index(‘c’) 2

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Problem (Using Negative index in C++)

class Array { int main() {
float arr[10]; Array A1;
public: cout << A1[2] << "\t" << A1[-2] << endl;
Array() { return 0;
for(int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) }
arr[ I ] = i;
}
float& operator[] (int index ) {
if ( index < 0 ) // In Case Negative
index=10+index;
return arr [ index ];
}
};

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Sets
• A set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed.
• Sets are written with curly brackets { } , Tuples use parentheses ( )
whereas lists use square brackets [ ].
• You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index, But you can
loop through the set items using a for loop

1- Access tuples
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for x in thisset:
print(x)
2- Check if Item exist
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print("banana" in thisset) = true
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Sets
3- Add One Item to a set (at the beginning of the set)
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.add("orange")
4- Add multiple Items to a set
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.update(["orange", "mango", "grapes"])
Output : {'mango', 'cherry', 'orange', 'apple', 'banana', 'grapes'}
5- Remove last Item from a set
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
x = thisset.pop()
print(x)  charry
print(thisset)  {'banana', 'apple'}

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Sets Methods (functions)

Method Description
add() Adds an element to the set
clear() Removes all the elements from the set
copy() Returns a copy of the set
discard() Remove the specified item
intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two other sets
isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not
issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not
issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not
pop() Removes an element from the set
remove() Removes the specified element
union() Return a set containing the union of sets
update() Update the set with the union of this set and others

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Python Dictionaries
• Python's dictionaries consist of key-value pairs such as associative arrays
• A dictionary key can be any Python type, but are usually numbers or strings.
• Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ }) and values can be assigned and
accessed using square braces ([]).

tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 5: ‘You'} The OUTPUT

print(tinydict[5]) # print(value of key 5 You
print(tinydict) # complete dictionary {'name': 'john', 'code': 6734, 5: 'You'}
print(tinydict.keys()) # Prints all the keys ['name', 'code', 5]
print(tinydict.values()) # Prints all the values ['john', 6734, 'You']

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Python Dictionaries
dict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 5: ‘You'}

1- get() : print(dict.get("code"))  6734

2- change item
dict["name"] = "Ali“ {'name': 'Ali', 'code': 6734, 5: 'You'}
3 Loop on dictionary
for i in dict: print(i) // print only the keys
for i in dict: print(dict[ i ]) // print only the values
4- Use Items to get keys and value // THE OUTPUT
for i , j in dict . items(): print( i , j ) name Ali
code 6734
5 You
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Chapter # 9

Classes

Python

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Reviewing OO Concepts in C++

 A class contains data members and member functions
 A class, similar to Struct, is heterogeneous structure (different types at a time ).
 Object can be used the same way AS variables or arrays of built-in data type
Example Assume we have a class called Car, we then can declare the following:
Car X; // X is scalar object (or variable) of type car
Car Y[10] ; // Y is array of objects of type car
Car *Z ; // Z is a pointer to an object of type car
 In C++, there three members access specifies: Public, Private and Protected
 Member of class can be accessed using:
 Object and direct access operator (.) such as X . Display();
 Pointer and arrow symbol () such as ZDisplay();

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Class Definition in Python

 Class :
class ClassName: # class Name must start with class
definition ( or class suite) # capital letter

 Constructor: Only one constructor that defines and initializes data members
def _ _init_ _ ( self , argument list ) :
constructor body

 Destructor: i def _ _del_ _ ( ):

destructor-body,

 Data member must be accessed via the special self parameter

 Class Identifier
EC252-Fall2019
function Id() : returns
( Chapter 9 )
unique identifier (ID) of a given
Dr. Youssef Omran Gdura 41
object. It is similar to pointers in C++
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Build-in Class Attributes

 Every Python class has 3 main built-in attributes and they
can be accessed using dot operator like any other attribute

1. Class documentation string or none, if undefined.

_ _doc_ _:

2. Class name.
_ _name_ _:

3. Tuple containing base classes in the order of their occurrence in the

base class list. It is possibly empty.
_ _bases_ _:

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Example (Classes)
class Point:
def __init__( self, x=0, y=0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def __del__(self):
x = self.__class__.__name__
print(x, "destroyed“)
pt1 = Point()
pt2 = pt1 ; pt3 = Point()
print(id(pt1), id(pt2), id(pt3))
del pt1 ; del pt2 Output
45952712 45952712 45952832
Point destroyed
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Example Using Build-in Class Attributes

class Employee: E1 = Employee("Zara",2000)
'My class Employee in Python' E2 = Employee("Fatema",2400)
empCount = 0 E2.displayCount()
def __init__(self, name, salary): E2.displayEmployee()
self.name = name print("Employee.__doc__:", Employee.__doc__)
self.salary = salary print("Employee.__name__:", Employee.__name__)
Employee.empCount +=1 print("Employee.__bases__:", Employee.__bases__)
def displayCount(self): OUTPUT
print("Total Employee %d“, Total Employee 2
Employee.empCount) Name : Fatema , Salary: 2400
def displayEmployee(self): Employee.__doc__: My class Employee in Python
print("Name : ", self.name Employee.__name__: Employee
Salary: ", self.salary) Employee.__bases__: ()

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Class Inheritance
 Derived classes are declared like a base class with a list of base classes after
the class name:

Syntax :
class DerivedClassName ( BaseClass1 , BaseClass2 , … ) :
'Optional class documentation string'
class_suite

Example:
class A: # define your class A
.....
class B: # define your calss B
.....
class C(A, B): # subclass of A and B

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Class Inheritance
Example:
class Parent: # define parent class c = Child() # instance of child
parentAttr = 100 c.childMethod()
def __init__(self): c.getAttr()
print("Calling parent constuctor“) c.parentMethod()
def parentMethod(self): c.setAttr(200)
print('Calling parent function' ) c.getAttr()
def setAttr(self, attr):
Parent.parentAttr = attr ) OUTPUT
def getAttr(self): Calling child constructor
print(Parent.parentAttr) 100
class Child(Parent): # define child class Calling child function
def __init__(self): Calling parent function
print("Calling child constructor“) Parent attribute : 200
def childMethod(self):
print(“Calling child function” )

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 Access Specifiers
 Python does NOT have any mechanism that restricts access to
any data or functions.

 So, all members ib a Python class are public by default

 Python uses prefixing name (data or function) with single ( _ ) or

double ( _ _ ) underscore to emulate protected and private
access specifiers respectively.

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Example (Eccesses Specifiers)

class Point:
def __init__( self, x=0, y=0):
self . _x = x
self . _y = y
self . __z = 0
def _display(self)
print ( self._x , self._y , self.__z )

p = Point()
p._x = 3 # p.x NOT same as p._x
p.display()
p.z = 5 # it did not give me error

EC252-Fall2019 ( Chapter 9 ) 45952712 45952712

Dr. Youssef Omran Gdura 45952832 48
Point destroyed
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Example (Accesses Specifiers / Inheratance)

class Point2D:
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self._x = x
self._y = y
class Point3D(Point2D):
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, z=0):
Point2D.__init__(self , x , y)
self.__z = z;
def display(self):
print(self._x, self._y, self.__z)

p = Point3D(1,2,3) 1, 2 , 3
p.display()
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Chapter # 10
• Modules
• Packages
• Simple Python Projects
• File Handing (spreadsheet files)
• Graphic Projects
• Web sites ( Design & Extracting data
from Web pages)

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Modules
 Consider a module to be the same as a code library.

 A file containing a set of functions you want to include in your

application.

 Use Module to organize our application instead of putting our

code in one file

 The first time a module is loaded into a running Python script, it

will not be loaded again even If your code imports the same
module again

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Packages
 A package is a collection of Python modules, i.e., a package is a directory
of Python modules containing an additional __init__.py file.

 A package in Python is a directory which MUST contain a special file

called __init__.py. This file can be empty.

 The __init__.py distinguishes a package from a regular directories.

 A package, which contains module or even sub-packages, can be imported

the same way a module can be imported.

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Important Modules
 Modules
Search on the internet |Python 3 Module index, and we will see the following list of modules
..\Python\Python Module Index — Python 3.8.1 documentation.html
 Packages: See
 ..\Python\Anaconda Python_R Distribution - Free Download.html

 Important Modules & Packages

 Sys Hand system commands (dir)
 Visual 3D graphic
 Numpy Numerical Library
 SciPy Scientific Library
 Email Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and
generating email messages
 Matplotlib ( Chapter 10 )
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Example Using Module& Package

from visual import * def find_max(numbers):
class Point2D: mx=numbers[0]
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0): for x in numbers:
if x > mx:
self._x = x
mx=x
self._y = y print(mx)
return mx
class Point3D(Point2D):
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, z=0): from pp import *
Point2D.__init__(self,x,y) from MyPackage.maximum import *
self.__z = z
p = Point3D(1,2,3)
def display(self): p.display()
print(self._x, self._y, self.__z) Foo()
list=[31, 25, 111, 20, 14]
def Foo(): m=find_max(list)
print (m)
print("this is my pp module")

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File Handling
 So far, we have seen lose their data at the end of their execution, BUT most
applications require saving data to be available whenever it is needed.

 A C++ program, for example, could be stored in a file named Myprog.cpp, or an

Excel data can be stored in MyData.xlsx

 Python’s standard library has a file class that makes it easy for programmers to make
objects that can store data to, and retrieve data from, disk.

 The TextIOWrapper is the Python class that can be used to can store data to, and
retrieve data from, disk, and it is defined in the io module.

 Since file processing is such a common activity and it will be imported automatically,
and no import statement is required.

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Python File Methods

open
A function that returns a file object (instance of io.TextIOWrapper).

read
A method that reads the contents of a text file into a single string.

write
A method that writes a string to a text file.

close
A method that closes the file from further processing. When writing to a file, the
close method ensures that all data sent to the file is saved to the file.

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Python Methods on Files

The statement

F = open('myfile.txt', 'r')

- Open the file called “myfile.txt”) for reading and returns a file object named “F”

- The first argument to open is the file, and the second argument is a mode.

- The open function supports the following MODES:

- 'r' opens an existing file for reading
- 'w' opens the file for writing
- If file not exist , it will creates a new file
- If the file exist, it will write the new data over the existing data. This
previous data in the file will be lost
- 'a' opens the file to append data to it

- The default MODE is “r” // F = open('myfile.txt')

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Python Methods on Files

• The method “write” can be used to save data in a given file object

• For example

F = open('myfile.txt', ‘w') // open file to write data

F . write(‘This Course is\n ') // write the given strings

F . write(‘Object – Oriented\n ') // Notes “\n” new line , it is
F . write(‘Programming\n') // useful when reading each line

• We must close the file using close() method after we finish writing to a file in order
to commit the saving process

• In other words, The saving to the file will be done only after you close the file

F . close()
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Python Methods on Files

• We can read the contents of the entire file into a single string using the file
object’s read method:

Data = F . read()

• We can also read one line at a time from a text file

for line in F:
print(line . strip()) // reads one line and print it

• The variable “line” is a string, and the strip method removes the trailing newline
('\n') character.

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