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    Elimination of Arbitrary Constant

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    Jomar Del Barrio
    (1) The document provides examples of first order partial differential equations and their solutions. (2) It discusses determining the characteristic equations from a given PDE and using them to find the general solution. (3) The solutions are expressed in terms of arbitrary functions of the characteristic variables, satisfying any initial or boundary conditions.

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    Elimination of Arbitrary Constant

    Uploaded by

    Jomar Del Barrio
    110 views3 pages
    (1) The document provides examples of first order partial differential equations and their solutions. (2) It discusses determining the characteristic equations from a given PDE and using them to find the general solution. (3) The solutions are expressed in terms of arbitrary functions of the characteristic variables, satisfying any initial or boundary conditions.

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    (1) The document provides examples of first order partial differential equations and their solutions. (2) It discusses determining the characteristic equations from a given PDE and using them to find the general solution. (3) The solutions are expressed in terms of arbitrary functions of the characteristic variables, satisfying any initial or boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views3 pages

    Elimination of Arbitrary Constant

    Uploaded by

    Jomar Del Barrio
    (1) The document provides examples of first order partial differential equations and their solutions. (2) It discusses determining the characteristic equations from a given PDE and using them to find the general solution. (3) The solutions are expressed in terms of arbitrary functions of the characteristic variables, satisfying any initial or boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    1

    Problem sheet 8
    (a) Eliminate the arbitrary functions from the following to obtain first order partial
    differential equations for u: (i) u = f (x + y)
    (ii) u = f (xy)
    (iii) u = xn f (y/x).
    (b) Solve the first order PDE
    yux + xuy = 0
    subject to i) u = y on x = 0 and ii) u = cos x on x2 + y 2 = 1.
    (c) Consider the first order linear PDE
    (x − y)y 2 ux + (y − x)x2 uy = (x2 + y 2 )u
    and show that the general solution is of the form
     
    3 3 u
    F x +y , =0
    (x − y)
    for arbitrary F .
    (d) Solve the initial value problem
    ut + exp(x)ux = 0, u(x, 0) = x.
    (e) Consider the linear first order PDE
    tvx + xvt = cv
    determine the characteristics and show that the general solution has the form
    v(x, t) = (x + t)c F (x2 − t2 ).
    2
    (a) This example is going “backwards” and shows how the arbitrary function naturally
    appears. (i) u = f (x + y). We take ux = f ′ (x + y), uy = f ′ (x + y) and so ux − uy = 0.
    (ii) u = f (xy). We take ux = yf ′ (xy), uy = xf ′ (xy) so xux − yuy = 0.
    (iii) u = xn f (y/x) so ux = nxn−1 f (y/x) − xn−2 yf ′ (y/x) and uy = xn−1 f ′ (y/x). If we
    look at ux we notice that
    ux = nu/x − yuy /x
    and so xux + yuy = nu
    (b) A linear first order homogeneous PDE. The characteristic equations
    dx dy du
    = =
    y x 0
    so u =constant and y 2 − x2 = constant. The latter defines the characteristic equations.
    Since y 2 − x2 is an integral of the PDE we have that
    u(x, y) = F (y 2 − x2 )
    as our general solution. p
    i) If u(0, y) = y then y = F (y 2 ) and so u = (y 2 − x2 ). This solution is only valid in
    the sectors y > x and y < −x. If we sketch the characteristics that intersect the y axis
    then we see that they only continue into those regions.
    ii) If u = cos x on the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 then
    cos x = F (1 − 2x2 )
    we have to invert this relation so we set t = 1 − 2x2 and see that
    p p
    x = ((1 − t)/2), F (t) = cos( ((1 − t)/2))
    therefore the solution is
    "  12 #
    1 2 2
    u(x, y) = cos (1 + x − y ) .
    2

    (c) From the characteristic equations we obtain


    dx dy
    =− 2
    y2 x
    and so x3 + y 3 = constant= I1 . Following the hint
    d(x − y) du
    =
    (x − y) u
    and so u/(x − y) =constant= I2 . Thus
     
    u
    F x3 + y 3 , =0
    (x − y)
    as required.
    (d) This is a straightforward example:
    dt du
    = e−x dx =
    1 0
    which gives u = f (t + e−x ) for arbitrary f . The initial condition gives x = f (e−x ), set
    z = e−x and we get f (z) = − log z so
    u = − log(t + e−x ).
    3
    (e) The characteristic equations are
    dx dt dv
    = t, = x, = cv
    ds ds ds
    from which
    xdx = tdt, x2 − t2 = constant
    and
    dv d(x + t)
    =
    cv (x + t)
    and thus v = A(x + t)c for some constant A. Putting this together we get
    v(x, t) = (x + t)c F (x2 − t2 ).

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