Database Management System (KCS-501)

Computer Science & Engineering

Himanshu Srivastava
Department of Computer Science
United College of Engineering & Management
Advantages of DBMS

o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the
data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of
data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces

Disadvantages of DBMS

o Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and large
memory size to run DBMS software.
o Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
o Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
o Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of the
organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due to
electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.

Structure of Database Management System

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software that allows access to data stored in a
database and provides an easy and effective method of –
 Defining the information.
 Storing the information.
 Manipulating the information.
 Protecting the information from system crashes or data theft.
 Differentiating access permissions for different users.
The database system is divided into three components: Query Processor, Storage Manager, and
Disk Storage. These are explained as following below.
1. Query Processor :
It interprets the requests (queries) received from end user via an application program into
instructions. It also executes the user request which is received from the DML compiler.
Query Processor contains the following components –
 DML Compiler –
It processes the DML statements into low level instruction (machine language), so that they
can be executed.
 DDL Interpreter –
It processes the DDL statements into a set of table containing meta data (data about data).
 Embedded DML Pre-compiler –
It processes DML statements embedded in an application program into procedural calls.
 Query Optimizer –
It executes the instruction generated by DML Compiler.
2. Storage Manager :
Storage Manager is a program that provides an interface between the data stored in the database
and the queries received. It is also known as Database Control System. It maintains the
consistency and integrity of the database by applying the constraints and executes
the DCL statements. It is responsible for updating, storing, deleting, and retrieving data in the
database.
It contains the following components –
 Authorization Manager –
It ensures role-based access control, i.e,. checks whether the particular person is privileged
to perform the requested operation or not.
 Integrity Manager –
It checks the integrity constraints when the database is modified.
 Transaction Manager –
It controls concurrent access by performing the operations in a scheduled way that it
receives the transaction. Thus, it ensures that the database remains in the consistent state
before and after the execution of a transaction.
  File Manager –
It manages the file space and the data structure used to represent information in the
database.
 Buffer Manager –
It is responsible for cache memory and the transfer of data between the secondary storage
and main memory.
3. Disk Storage :
It contains the following components –
 Data Files –
It stores the data.
 Data Dictionary –
It contains the information about the structure of any database object. It is the repository of
information that governs the metadata.
 Indices –
It provides faster retrieval of data item.

DBMS Architecture
o The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic client/server architecture is
used to deal with a large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.
o The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation which are
connected via the network.
o DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected to the database to get their
request done.

Types of DBMS Architecture

Database architecture can be seen as a single tier or multi-tier. But logically, database
architecture is of two types like: 2-tier architecture and 3-tier architecture.

1-Tier Architecture
o In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means the user can
directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
o Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself. It doesn't provide a
handy tool for end users.
o The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local application, where
programmers can directly communicate with the database for the quick response.

2-Tier Architecture
o The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the two-tier architecture,
applications on the client end can directly communicate with the database at the server
side. For this interaction, API's like: ODBC, JDBC are used.
o The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.
 o The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like: query processing and
transaction management.
o To communicate with the DBMS, client-side application establishes a connection with
the server side.

3-Tier Architecture
o The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and server. In this
architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
o The application on the client-end interacts with an application server which further
communicates with the database system.
o End user has no idea about the existence of the database beyond the application server.
The database also has no idea about any other user beyond the application.
o The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.

References:-

 Database Systems 7th EDITION  by RamezElmasri ,Shamkant B. Navathe.