Earthquake Engineering

Table of Contents
Area of Interest 4

1 Seismic Codes and Relevant Data Layer for Hazard and Risk Assessment 4

1.1 Description of National Code Development 4

1.1.1 Objective and General Principles 5

1.1.2 Design Basis Ground Motion 6

1.1.3 Seismic Zones 6

1.1.4 Site-specific Hazard Analysis 6

1.1.5 Modeling of Ground Motion 6

1.2 Recent code situation 6

1.2.1 Elaboration of National Seismic Zoning Maps 6

1.2.2 Specification of Code Provisions 8

1.2.3 Basic Equation for Predicting the Equivalent Horizontal Forces 12

1.2.3.1 Structure Period 13

1.2.3.2 Vertical Distribution of Force 13

1.3 Elaboration of Further Information 14

2 Seismic Forces for an Idealized RC Frame System 19

Dead Load 19

Live load 19

Earthquake loads 19

2.1 Analysis of concrete frame 23

3 Behavior of Building Types During Recent Earthquake 28

3.1 Recent Earthquakes 28

3.1.1 2005 Kashmir earthquake 28

3.1.2 2008 Pakistan earthquake 28

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3.2 Damage cases 29

3.2.1 Damages in Masonry Buildings 29

3.2.2 Damages in RC Buildings 29

3.3 Building Code and Construction Practices Before and After the Earthquake 30

3.3.1 Before the Earthquake 30

3.3.2 After the Earthquake 30

Building Codes 30

Design and Construction Practices 31

4 Elaboration of the Typical National Building Types and its Vulnerability Classes 32

4.1 Typical Building Types 32

4.2 Macroseismic Intensity Scale 33

4.3 Vulnerability Class 34

4.3.1 Masonry 34

4.3.2 Reinforced Concrete 35

4.3.3 Steel 35

4.3.4 Wood 35

4.4 Damage Grades 36

4.4.1Masonry 36

4.4.2 Reinforced Concrete 39

4.5 After Earthquake 40

5 Conclusions and Comments 41

List of Tables 42

List of Figures 42

References 44

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Area of Interest:

Pakistan

Figure 1: Topographic map of Pakistan with elevation from MSL

1 Seismic Codes and Relevant Data Layer for Hazard and Risk
Assessment

1.1 Description of National Code Development

The devastating earthquake of October 08, 2005 made it abundantly clear that the earthquake provisions

of the Pakistan Building Code 1986 need to be comprehensively bolstered so that public health and safety

for all communities are ensured. This has been encapsulated in the “Seismic Provisions”.

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Figure 1.1: Building Code of Pakistan

• The thrust of these provisions is to establish minimum regulations for earthquake considerations

in building systems.

• These Seismic Provisions in the Pakistan Building Code are founded on broad-based principles

that make possible the use of new materials and new construction systems.

• The Seismic Provisions are compatible with the Uniform Building Code 1997 (of USA), the

American Concrete Institute ACI 318–05, American Institute of Steel Construction ANSI/AISC

341–05, American Society of Civil Engineers SEI/ASCE 7–05 and ANSI/ASCE 7–93.

• Revisions to these provisions will be done every three years. This will ensure a debate to make

the provisions of the code continuously relevant.

1.1.1 Objective and General Principles

The objective of the provisions described in this code is to prescribe the minimum requirements for the

earthquake design and construction of buildings and building-like structures and/or their components

subjected to earthquake ground motions.

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Requirements of these provisions shall be applicable to reinforced concrete buildings, steel buildings,

building-like structures and masonry buildings.

1.1.2 Design Basis Ground Motion

Unless otherwise required, buildings shall be designed for a level of earthquake ground motion that has a

10% probability of exceedance in 50 years.

1.1.3 Seismic Zones

For the purpose of seismic design of buildings, Pakistan has been divided into five zones. These zones

are based on the peak ground acceleration ranges summarized in Table 1.1.

1.1.4 Site-specific Hazard Analysis

The requirements of the seismic zoning map shall be superseded if a site-specific hazard analysis,

probabilistic, deterministic or both, is carried out for a building or structure.

1.1.5 Modeling of Ground Motion

The results of site-specific seismic hazard analysis may be represented by response spectra and

acceleration-time histories.

1.2 Recent code situation:

1.2.1 Elaboration of National Seismic Zoning Maps

For the purpose of seismic design of buildings, Pakistan has been divided into five zones. These zones

are based on the peak ground acceleration ranges summarized in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Seismic Zones

The seismic zoning map of Pakistan is given in Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1.2: Seismic Zoning Map of Pakistan

Figure 1.3: Peak ground acceleration (g) with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years

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1.2.2 Specification of Code Provisions

Various variables and coefficients used in the code are listed here.

Ca = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 5.16 (BCP).

Ct = numerical coefficient given in Section 5.30.2.2 (BCP).

Cv = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 5.17 (BCP).

D = dead load on a structural element, kN/m2 (psf)

E = earthquake load set forth in Section 5.30.1 (BCP), kN (lb)

Fi, Fn, Fx = Design Seismic Force applied to Level i, n or x, respectively.

Ft = that portion of the base shear, V, considered concentrated at the top of the structure in addition

to Fn.

hi, hn , hx = height in meter (ft) above the base to Level i, n or x, respectively.

I = importance factor given in Table 5.10 (BCP).

L = live load on a structural element, kN/m2 (psf)

Level i = level of the structure referred to by the subscript i. “i = 1” designates the first level

above the base.

Level n = that level that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure.

Level x = that level that is under design consideration. “x = 1” designates the first level above the

base.

Na = near-source factor used in the determination of Ca in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the

proximity of the building or structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in

Tables 5.18 and 5.20 (BCP).

Nv = near-source factor used in the determination of Cv in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the

proximity of the building or structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in

Tables 5.19 and 5.20 (BCP).

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SA, SB, SC, SD, SE and SF = Soil Profile Types as set forth in Table 4.1(BCP).

R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over strength and global ductility capacity

of lateral force-resisting systems, as set forth in Table 5.13 or 5.15 (BCP).

T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction under

consideration.

V = the total design lateral force or shear at the base given by Formula (5.30-4), (5.30-5), (5.30-6),

(5.30-7) or (5.30-11) (BCP).

Vx = the design storey shear in Storey x.

W = the total seismic dead load defined in Section 5.30.1.1 (BCP).

wi, wx = that portion of W located at or assigned to Level i or x, respectively.

Z = seismic zone factor as given in Table 5.9 (BCP).

The values of these parameters can be found from the table below.

Table 1.2: Soil Profile Types

Table 1.3: Seismic Zone Factor Z

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Table 1.4: Occupancy Category

Table 1.5: Seismic Coefficients Ca

Table 1.6: Seismic Coefficient Cv

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Table 1.7: Structural Systems

Table 1.8: Near Source Factor Na

Table 1.9: Near Source Factor Nv

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Table 1.10: Seismic Source Type

1.2.3 Basic Equation for Predicting the Equivalent Horizontal Forces

Static Force Procedure is used in the code to calculate Design base shear. The total design base shear in a

given direction shall be determined from the following formula:

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:

The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the following:

1.2.3.1 Structure Period

The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:

Method A: For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following formula:

Where:

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Ct = 0.0853 (0.035) for steel moment-resisting frames.

Ct = 0.0731 (0.030) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames.

Ct = 0.0488 (0.020) for all other buildings.

Method B: The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and

deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The value of T

from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A

in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3. The fundamental period T may be

computed by using the following formula:

The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with the principles of

Formulas (5.30-13), (5.30-14) and (5.30-15) or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, δi,

shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.

1.2.3.2 Vertical Distribution of Force

The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Formulas (5.30-

13), (5.30-14) and (5.30-15) in the absence of a more rigorous procedure.

The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be determined from the formula:

The value of T used for the purpose of calculating Ft shall be the period that corresponds with the design

base shear as computed using Formula (5.30-4). Ft need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero

where T is 0.7 second or less. The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height

of the structure, including Level n, according to the following formula:

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At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in accordance

with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be

calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate levels above the base.

Figure 1.4: Design Response Spectra

1.3 Elaboration of Further Information

Provinces Territories

1. Balochistan 5. Islamabad Capital Territory

2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 6. Federally Administered Tribal Areas

3. Punjab 7. Azad Jammu and Kashmir

4. Sindh 8. Gilgit-Baltistan

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Figure 1.5: Political administration map of Pakistan

Figure 1.6: Geological map of Pakistan [GSP]

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Figure 1.7: Population Density Map of Pakistan [Wikipedia]

Figure 1.8: Seismic Hazard Map of Pakistan [PMD]

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Figure 1.9: Seismic Risk map of Pakistan [PMD]

Figure 1.10: Seismic Hazard Zones of Pakistan [GSP]

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Figure 1.11: Extreme northern parts and areas surrounding Islamabad to lie in significant to serious
seismic danger zones with peak ground acceleration from 0.15 to 0.6g [GSP]

Figure 1.12: Topographical map of Pakistan

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2 Seismic Forces for an Idealized RC Frame System

Dead Load
RC slab = 0.16 x 25 x 5 = 20 kN/m
Plaster and covering = 1.25 x 5 = 6.25 kN/m
Lightweight partitions = 1.25 x 5 = 6.25 kN/m
Total superimposed dead load = 32.5 kN/m

Roof total dead load = 5.75 x 5 = 28.75 kN/m

Live load
Live load = 2x5 = 10 kN/m
Note: no Live Load is required for calculation of seismic forces according to BCP

Eartquake loads

300mm square column = 0.3 x 0.3 x 25 = 2.25 kN/m

400mm square column = 0.4 x 0.4 x 25 = 4 kN/m
300x450mm beam = 0.3 x 0.45 x 26 = 3.375 kN/m

5m 5m 5m

Story-4 w4

3.2m
Story-3 w3

3.2m
Story-2 w2

3.2m
Story-1 w1

3.05m
Base

Idealized RC frame structure Equivelant Lumped mass beam

w = Superimposed dead + Beam + Column

w1 = 32.5x3x5+3.375x3x5+2x2.25x(3.2/2+3.05/2)+2x4x(3.2/2+3.05/2)
= 577.2 kN

w2 = 32.5x3x5+3.375x3x5+6x2.25x(3.2/2)+2x4x(3.2/2)
= 572.5 kN

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w3 = 32.5x3x5+3.375x3x5+8x2.25x(3.2/2)
= 566.9 kN

w4 = 28.75x3x5+3.375x3x5+4x2.25x(3.2/2)
= 496.3 kN

W = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4
= 577.2 + 572.5 + 566.9 + 496.3
= 2212.9 kN

Ca = 0.16
Cv = 0.16

I = 1
R = 3.5
Ct = 0.0371

T = Ct h(3/4) = 0.0731 x (3.05 + 3 x 3.2)(3/4)

= 0.49 sec < 0.7 sec
so, Ft = 0
V = (Cv . I / R . T) .W = 206.3 kN

Vmax = 2.5 Ca I/R W = 252.9 kN

Vmin = 0.11 Ca I W = 38.9 kN

Ft = 0.07 T V = 7.1 kN (Not Required)

w1 h1 = 1760.4 kN
w2 h2 = 3578.3 kN
w3 h3 = 5357.4 kN
w4 h4 = 6277.9 kN

Σ(wi . hi) = 16974.0

Fx = (V - Ft) wx. hx / Σ(wi . hi)

F1 = 21.4 kN
F2 = 43.5 kN
F3 = 65.1 kN
F4 = 76.3 kN

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F4 Ft
=0

F3

F2

F1

Seismic Coefficients Ca
Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32

Seismic Coefficients Cv
Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32

Na = 1
Nv = 1

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
V = (Cv . I / R . T) .W (kN)
8.5 31.9 63.7 85.0 127.4 169.9
R 5.5 49.2 98.5 131.3 196.9 262.6
3.5 77.4 154.7 206.3 309.5 412.6
Vmax = 2.5 Ca I/R W (kN)
8.5 39.1 78.1 104.1 156.2 208.3
R 5.5 60.4 120.7 160.9 241.4 321.9
3.5 94.8 189.7 252.9 379.4 505.8
Vmin = 0.11 Ca I W (kN)
14.6 29.2 38.9 58.4 77.9

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Figure 2.1: Comparison of Upper and Lower limits and Base shear for frame with different R-value

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2.1 Analysis of concrete frame

All the loads at each story level are calculated and base shear is determined. After that seismic forces

are distributed as shown above.

According to structural system the computer model is made using ETABS. In the model those

earthquake forces are used for which detailed calculation is shown as above.

The analysis is run using 3 load cases which are

• Dead Load

• Live Load

• Earthquake

After analysis is finished Axial force, Shear force and Bending moment diagrams can be obtained for

different Load cases.

Figure 2.2: Cross-sections used in the analysis.

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Figure 2.3: 2D frame model for Analysis

Figure 2.4: Dead Load on the Model

Figure 2.5: Live Load on the Model

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Figure 2.6: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Dead Load

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Figure 2.7: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Live Load

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Figure 2.8: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Earthquake Load

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3 Behavior of Building Types During Recent Earthquake

3.1 Recent Earthquakes

3.1.1 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Time = October 8, 2005 at 08:50 am local time

Magnitude Mw = 7.6
Location = North-Western Frontier Province of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir
Main shock = shallow-focused earthquake with a focal depth of 25 km
Aftershocks = 2,000 measuring mostly in the range from 3 to 5 on Richter scale
Epicenter = latitude of 34.49ºN and longitude of 73.63º E
Distance = 10 km in the North-East direction of Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Azad Kashmir
Area = 30, 000 sq. km
Damage = districts each of North-Western Frontier Province of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir with
Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Balakot and Garhi Habibullah
Death toll = about 73,000 people
Iinjured = 80,000 people
Homeless = more than 3 millions people
Direct loss = estimated US $5.2 billion, equal to 4.3% of the annual GDP of Pakistan
(ADB-WB 2005).

3.1.2 2008 Pakistan earthquake

Time = October 29, 2008

Magnitude Mw = 6.4
Location = 60 km (37 mi) north of Quetta
Main shock =
Aftershocks = magnitude 6.4 earthquake at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) approximately 12 hours after
the initial shock, at 30.546°N, 67.447°E
Epicenter = depth of 15 km (9.3 mi), at 30.653°N,
Distance = epicenter was 70 miles (110 km) north of Quetta 67.323°E
Area =
Damage =
Death toll = 215
Iinjured = More than 200
Homeless = 120,000 were homeless
Direct loss =

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3.2 Damage cases

The buildings which were partially or fully damaged by this earthquake were estimated at about 450,000

and include buildings constructed with reinforced concrete and unreinforced stone, concrete block, and

brick masonry. Buildings constructed with rubble stone masonry suffered the heaviest damage while the

performance of reinforced concrete buildings was relatively better.

3.2.1 Damages in Masonry Buildings

Damages suffered by the masonry buildings may be classified as under:

• Diagonal shear failure of wall pier

• Flexure failure of pier

• Combined in-plane and out-of-plane effects

• Lateral thrust from inclined roofs

• Failure of building corners

• Separation of orthogonal walls

• Damages at walls adjacent to roof

• Collapse of external veneer of masonry walls

• Out of plane failure of gables

• Failure of boundary and parapet walls

3.2.2 Damages in RC Buildings

Details of these damages with possible causes are reported in Amjad et al. (2007). In the case of concrete

structures, the observed structural damages are:

• Insufficient concrete confinement

• Improper location and insufficient length of lap splice

• Strong beam-weak column

• Soft story failures

• Poor quality concrete

• Notching of columns for non-structural attachments

• Construction joint

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• Out-of-plane failure of infill walls

• In-plane failure of infill walls

• Failures of appendages supported on un-reinforced masonry

3.3 Building Code and Construction Practices Before and After the

Earthquake

3.3.1 Before the Earthquake

It is very unfortunate that the historical record of earthquakes in Pakistan is very sparse. An earthquake of

almost same magnitude as Kashmir earthquake occurred in 1935 in Quetta, a city located in the south-

west of Pakistan, killing about 30,000 people. This earthquake resulted from the rupture of Chaman fault,

a transform fault located to the east of Quetta. Building code was developed and enforced by the then

British Government for the affected region which proposed eight modular building designs with a height

limit of 30 ft. It was also made mandatory to provide reinforced concrete bands at plinth, lintel and roof

levels in the case of masonry structures. It was mentioned in the code that building structures, if

constructed in full compliance with the provisions of this code, would resist safely lateral forces

developed from ground shaking with peak horizontal ground acceleration of 0.125g (Pakistan Building

Code 2007). These post-earthquake constructions performed extremely well in an earthquake of

magnitude 7.1 in September 1941.

This code was enforced at a local level and not extended to other parts of the country.

3.3.2 After the Earthquake

Building Codes

Soon after the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005, the Government of Pakistan created Earthquake

Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) with a mandate to organize, manage and regulate

the construction of buildings and other structures in the earthquake-affected areas. It was made

mandatory that the design of structures be carried out by a competent person possessing a minimum of

Master degree in structural engineering. Complete structural designs of buildings and other structures are

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required to be sent to ERRA for complete compliance with International codes such as Uniform Building

Code 1997.

The Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan also assigned National Engineering

Services of Pakistan (NESPAK), a semi-government institution, the task of revising and updating the

Pakistan Building Code of 1986 so that it can be made an up-to-date seismic building code. Several task

groups were formed with members taken from all over the country. The task group members comprised

university professors, researchers, and professional engineers working both in the Government and the

private construction industry. It was also decided to adopt 1997 edition of Uniform Building Code and

modify its provisions so as to make it compatible with the indigenous environment of Pakistan.

The task of revision and updating of Pakistan Building Code was then handed over to Pakistan

Engineering Council which is a federal government institution having the responsibility to regulate

engineering education and construction industry in the country. The 2007 edition of Pakistan Building

Code containing recommendations for detailed seismic design parameters and criteria for seismic

resistant design of buildings was developed by Pakistan Engineering Council and issued by the Ministry

of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan. The new code is mostly based on 1997 edition of the

Uniform Building Code and will be applicable immediately to the whole country.

Design and Construction Practices

In the post-earthquake era, buildings and other structures are now analyzed, deigned and detailed by

competent structural engineers in accordance with the provisions of 1997 edition of Uniform Building

Code 1997 and/or 2007 edition of Pakistan Building Code. The structural designs carried out by

structural engineers must be submitted to Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority in

order to be checked for complete compliance with the above-mentioned codes. Only those structural

designs endorsed and approved by the competent authority are permitted to be constructed.

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4 Elaboration of the Typical National Building Types and its Vulnerability

Classes
4.1 Typical Building Types

Using national statistics/studies typical building types have to be identified as.

• Masonry

Rubble Stone, Field Stone

Adobe

Simple Stone

Unreinforced with RC Floors

Reinforced or Confined

• Reinforced Concrete

Frame without Earthquake Resistant Design

Frame with Moderate Level of Earthquake Resistant Design

Walls with Moderate Level of Earthquake Resistant Design

• Steel

Steel Structures

• Wood

Timber Structures

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4.2 Macroseismic Intensity Scale

Classifications used in the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS)

Table 4.1: Differentiation of structures (buildings) into vulnerability classes (Vulnerability Table)

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4.3 Vulnerability Class

4.3.1 Masonry

These structures made with stones are the most common types in rural areas where as brick masonry is

common in urban areas.

Figure 4.1: Typical simple stone masonry house, mud mortar with earthen roof.

Figure 4.2: Typical stone masonry wall construction, with mud mortar

Figure 4.3: A typical house of Brick masonry with Reinforced Concrete Slab

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4.3.2 Reinforced Concrete

These structures are more common for commercial purposes in urban areas.

Figure 4.4: Typical Reinforced concrete structure.

4.3.3 Steel
These structures are more common for industrial purposes.

Figure 4.5: Typical Steel structure.

4.3.4 Wood
These structures are more common for mountainous regions.

Figure 4.6: Typical Wooden structure.

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4.4 Damage Grades

Table 4.2: Classification of damage to masonry buildings and buildings of reinforced concrete

4.4.1 Masonry

Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X
Figure 4.7: Rubble Stone/Adobe houses completely destroyed after Earthquake.

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Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X

Figure 4.8: [Left] Typical cracks in a two story brick masonry house at Muzaffarabad, Kashmir
[Right] Typical cracks in pier, Manserhra Hospital NWFP Pakistan

Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X

Figure 4.9: [Left] Various damages in a mosque after the earthquake,

[Right] out of plane flexural failure of load bearing wall constructed with block masonry. 6ft high parapet
wall constructed with brick masonry is still standing. Shinkiari (NWFP Pakistan).

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Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X

Figure 4.10: [Left] lintel in a 4.5 inch (125 mm) thick wall in a partition wall in a house at Muzaffarabad,
Kashmir, [Right] Corner failure in in a two story brick masonry house at Muzaffarabad, Kashmir,

Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X

Figure 4.11: [Left] complete collapse of a house after earthquake. [Right] the earthquake was felt as far
south as Lahore, where this building collapsed. Scared residents fled into the streets as the tremors began.

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4.4.2 Reinforced Concrete

Damage Grade Damage Grade

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
X X
Figure 4.12: [Left] Failure of reinforced concrete column, [Right] Margalla Towers.

Damage Grade
1 2 3 4 5
X

Figure 4.13: Margalla Towers.

Extremely poor quality of construction materials, including concrete and steel. Extremely poor

workmanship, resulting into leakages, sagging of beams, etc. Extremely poor supervision during

construction, Several major and minor violations of building plans and construction standards. The lift

wells not monolithic with the floor slab. Non-uniform column support reinforcement. Improper design

and placement of re-bar hooks.

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4.5 After Earthquake

Figure 4.13: [Left] Stone masonry house with dressed stones in cement sand mortar with RCC roof.
[Right] Seismic strengthening technique; column repaired after the earthquake.

Figure 4.13: [Left] A recently built stone masonry house in cement sand mortar and earthen roof.
Horizontal and vertical wooden bands are clearly visible. [Right] Inner view of building in previous
figure.

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5 Conclusions and Comments

The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis of data collected in the post-earthquake

damage:

• Most of the buildings were non-engineered.

• Low quality mortar was used in the construction of stone masonry walls.

• No through stone was used to connect external and internal veneers of stone masonry walls.

• Concrete blocks were fabricated from lean concrete mix resulting in low strength masonry units.

• Lack of adequate connections between walls and, between walls and roof.

• No seismic band was provided in the buildings to ensure box-type behavior.

• Effective implementation of the code can lead to significant improvement in the seismic safety of

buildings in the country.

• The rapid advances of technology require updating of building codes even in developed

countries.

• The instant adaptation of code is the prime requirement but we should look forward to the next

step right from today till we achieve a truly country specific code based on local research

supplemented by international provinces.

Most of the buildings are either non-engineered or semi-engineered before October 08, 2005 earthquake.

The development of new building code is not enough. The main thing which matters is the

implementation of the code for the building design. Now design of building and verification is made

mandatory in the earthquake affected area in Pakistan.

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List of Tables
Table 1.1: Seismic Zones
Table 1.2: Soil Profile Types
Table 1.3: Seismic Zone Factor Z
Table 1.4: Occupancy Category
Table 1.5: Seismic Coefficients Ca
Table 1.6: Seismic Coefficient Cv
Table 1.7: Structural Systems
Table 1.8: Near Source Factor Na
Table 1.9: Near Source Factor Nv
Table 1.10: Seismic Source Type
Table 4.1: Differentiation of structures (buildings) into vulnerability classes (Vulnerability
Table)
Table 4.2: Classification of damage to masonry buildings and buildings of reinforced concrete

List of Figures
Figure 1: Topographic map of Pakistan with elevation from MSL
Figure 1.1: Building Code of Pakistan
Figure 1.2: Seismic Zoning Map of Pakistan
Figure 1.3: Peak ground acceleration (g) with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years
Figure 1.4: Design Response Spectra
Figure 1.5: Political administration map of Pakistan
Figure 1.6: Geological map of Pakistan [GSP]
Figure 1.7: Population Density Map of Pakistan [Wikipedia]
Figure 1.8: Seismic Hazard Map of Pakistan [PMD]
Figure 1.9: Seismic Risk map of Pakistan [PMD]
Figure 1.10: Seismic Hazard Zones of Pakistan [GSP]
Figure 1.11: Extreme northern parts and areas surrounding Islamabad to lie in significant to
serious seismic danger zones with peak ground acceleration from 0.15 to 0.6g [GSP]
Figure 1.12: Topographical map of Pakistan
Figure 2.2: Cross-sections used in the analysis.
Figure 2.3: 2D frame model for Analysis
Figure 2.4: Dead Load on the Model
Figure 2.5: Live Load on the Model
Figure 2.6: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Dead Load
Figure 2.7: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Live Load
Figure 2.8: Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams under Earthquake Load

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 Earthquake Engineering

Figure 4.1: Typical simple stone masonry house, mud mortar with earthen roof.
Figure 4.2: Typical stone masonry wall construction, with mud mortar
Figure 4.3: A typical house of Brick masonry with Reinforced Concrete Slab
Figure 4.4: Typical Reinforced concrete structure.
Figure 4.5: Typical Steel structure.
Figure 4.6: Typical Wooden structure.
Figure 4.7: Rubble Stone/Adobe houses completely destroyed after Earthquake.
Figure 4.8: [Left] Typical cracks in a two story brick masonry house at Muzaffarabad, Kashmir
[Right] Typical cracks in pier, Manserhra Hospital NWFP Pakistan
Figure 4.9: [Left] Various damages in a mosque after the earthquake,
[Right] out of plane flexural failure of load bearing wall constructed with block masonry. 6ft
high parapet wall constructed with brick masonry is still standing. Shinkiari (NWFP Pakistan).
Figure 4.10: [Left] lintel in a 4.5 inch (125 mm) thick wall in a partition wall in a house at
Muzaffarabad, Kashmir, [Right] Corner failure in in a two story brick masonry house at
Muzaffarabad, Kashmir,
Figure 4.11: [Left] complete collapse of a house after earthquake. [Right] the earthquake was
felt as far south as Lahore, where this building collapsed. Scared residents fled into the streets as
the tremors began.
Figure 4.12: [Left] Failure of reinforced concrete column, [Right] Margalla Towers.
Figure 4.13: Margalla Towers.
Figure 4.13: [Left] Stone masonry house with dressed stones in cement sand mortar with RCC
roof. [Right] Seismic strengthening technique; column repaired after the earthquake.
Figure 4.13: [Left] A recently built stone masonry house in cement sand mortar and earthen roof.
Horizontal and vertical wooden bands are clearly visible. [Right] Inner view of building in
previous figure.

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References:
[1] Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Hazard Evaluation Studies (2007),
Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan.

[2] UBC (1997) Uniform Building Code,

International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, California, USA.

[3] Seismic Hazard Analysis and Zonation for the northern Areas of Pakistan and Kashmir
By Zahid Rafi and Ameer Hyder , PMD, NORSAR

[4] Seismic Hazard Analysis and Zonation for Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir
By PMD, NORSAR

[5] Building Code of Pakistan: Before and After the October 08, 2005 Kashmir Earthquake
By Amjad Naseer, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Zakir Hussain and Syed Muhammad Ali

[6] USGS (United States Geological Survey): Earthquake Hazard Assessment Products and Tools,
http://neic.usgs.gov, 2009.

[7] Field Practicing Manual

Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil Engineering, NWFP, University of
Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

[8] European Macroseismic Scale 1998

European Seismological Commission

[9] Seismic safety assessment of unreinforced masonry low-rise buildings in Pakistan and its
neighborhood
K. A. Korkmaz Suleyman Demirel University, Civil Engineering Department, Isparta, Turkey

[10] Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan

http://www.pakmet.com.pk/

[11] Geological Survey of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan

http://www.gsp.gov.pk/

[12] Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/

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