Impact Loading (Page 27/28, DDHB)

• A static load is slowly applied, gradually

increasing from zero to its maximum value,
thereafter the load remains a constant.
• An impact load, is applied with some initial
velocity, thus causing vibrations of the structure.
Ex: Collision of two objects
A falling object striking a structure or a member
• Forging machines, Presses for blanking
operations, Extruding machines, etc. are
designed to withstand impact loads.
 Impact Loading (Page 27/28, DDHB)
• The two important properties of a material that
indicate its resistance to impact loading are;
(i) Resilience
(ii) Toughness
• Resilience of a material is its ability to absorb
energy in the elastic range. This energy is the
potential energy and is released after the impact.
• Toughness of a material is its ability to absorb
energy in the plastic range.
• In general, ductile materials offer more resistance
to impact loads than brittle materials.
Expression for impact stress (Longitudinal impact)
Let,
W W = Weight of falling body
h
h= Height of fall
e'
A= area of cross section of member
L = Length of the member
l E  Modulus of elasticity
  Elongation due to static load
  Stress due to static loading
 '  Elongation due to impact load
 '  Stress due to impact loading
 W
Static stress  
A
Static stress 

 
Modulus of elasticty E=
static strain 
L
Impact stress '  'L
  ' 
 
Also, E=
Impact strain ' E
L
 σ'L 
Potential energy P.E = W(h+ ')= W  h+ (i)
 E 
This is stored by the member as resilience 'U'.
 '2
U=  AL (ii) ( Eqn 2.27b,Page29)
2E
   ' L   '2
Equating (i) & (ii), W  h    AL
 E  2E
  'L 
W h   2E
 E  2WE   'l  W
 ' 
2
 h  , But ,
AL AL  E  A
2 E   ' L  2 Eh
 ' 
2
h   2 '
L  E  L
2 Eh
Or  '  2 ' 
2
. Adding  2 on both sides,
L
2 Eh
 '    2 ' 
2 2
 2
L
 2 Eh
 '    2 ' 
2 2
 2
L
2 2Eh  L
 ( '  )   1 
2
 , But 
 L  E
2 2h 
 ( '  )   1   , Taking square root on both sides,
2

  
 2h   2h 
( '  )    1     '      1  
     
 2h 
Hence,  '   1  1   Eqn 2.26a, Page 27
  
Impact deformation under axial load or longitudinal impact
 2h 
 '   1  1    Eqn 2.26 (b), page 27, where;
  
WL
  static deformation under axial load =
AE
Similarly it can be shown that Impact stress under bending load;
 2h 
   b 1  1    Eqn 2.26 (c), page 27 &
'
b
 y 
Deflection under impact action due to bending
 2h 
y '  y 1  1    Eqn 2.26 (d), page 28, where;
 y 
y = static deflection under bending loads for various end conditions
(Refer Table 1.4, Page 15 - 17, DDHB Mahadevan)
Impact stress due to torsion
 2h 
 '   1  1    Eqn 2.26 (e), page 28,
 r 
Angular deformation due to torsional impact
 2h 
 '   1  1    Eqn 2.26 (f), page 28, where;
 r 
TL
 = Angle of twist in radians due to steady torque =
GJ
Note* * *
The term within the bracket is called impact factor.
'  b' ' ' y' '
 impact factor = or or or or or
 b   y 
 Effect of Inertia
• When a body of weight W strikes another body of
weight W’, some of its impact energy is used to
overcome the inertia of weight W’.
• Hence the body is subjected to less impact and the
resulting stresses and deformations in it are
reduced.
• The stresses and deformations may be computed
by substituting ‘nh’ in place of h in those
equations.
Effect Of Inertia :
The value of 'n' (which is less than unity)
can be determined by the formula;
(1  am)
n  Eqn 2.26 (i), Page 28
(1  bm) 2

Weight of the beam W '

where m = 
Weight dropped W
a & b are the coefficients whose values
are given in Table 2.8, Page 34, Mahadevan DDHB
 Prob 1 A weight of 3 KN falls from a height of 3

mm before it strikes a collar provided at

the lower end of a round rod of diameter
d
30 mm and length 500 mm as shown in
Weight fig. Taking E= 200 Gpa, find the maximum
l
W
stress induced & compare with static
h Collar stress.

Also find the stress induced in the bar

considering inertia effect of the bar.
Specific weight of the material is 78
KN/m3.
 Data : W=3000N, h=3 mm, E=2 105 N/mm 2
  302
L  500 mm, d  30mm  A   706.86 mm 2
d
4
Static deformation due to axial load
Weight WL 3000  500
W L    0.01061 mm
AE 706.86  2  10 5

Collar
Static stress due to axial load
h
W 3000
   4.244 MPa
A 706.86
 2h 
Impact stress,  '   1  1   Eqn 2.26 (a), P 27
  
 23 
  '  4.244  1  1    105.256 N / mm
2

 0.01061 

Impact stress σ' 105.256

Impact factor or Shock factor  = = = 24.8
Static stress σ 4.244
Considering the inertia ef fect :
Weight of the bar W '  Volume  Specific weight
( Specific weight of steel = 78 KN / m 3  78  10 6 N / mm3 )

W '  302  500  76.6  10 6 = 27.1 N
4
W ' 27.1
Ratio of weights m =  = 0.009
W 3000
From table 2.8, Page 34, for longitudinal impact;
1 1
coefficients a  , b 
3 2
1  am
The ratio n   Eqn 2.26 (i), Page 28
(1  bm) 2

1
1   0.009
n  3
2
=0.994
 1 
 1   0.009 
 2 
Impact stress considering inertia effect
 2nh 
 '   1  1   Eqn 2.26a, Page 27 (Replace 'h' by 'nh')
  
 2  0.994  3 
i.e.  '  4.244 1  1    4.244  24.73

 0.01061 
 '  104.95 N / m m 2
 2nh 
Impact deformation  '   1  1   Eqn 2.26(b), Page 27
  
 2  0.994  3 
i.e.  '  0.010611  1    0.2624 mm
 0.01061 
 Prob 2
An unknown weight falls from a height of 15
mm on to the end of vertical bar 3m long and
cross section area 500 mm2. The maximum
instantaneous change in length is known to be
2 mm. Taking E= 200 KN/mm2, find the
corresponding stress and the value of the
unknown weight.
 Data : h=15 mm, E=200 103 N/mm 2
L  3m  3000 mm, A  500 mm 2 ,  '  2 mm
W Impact deformation
 2h 
h  '   1  1   Eqn 2.26(b), Page 27
  
e'  2  15  2  30
2   1  1  
   1   1 
      
L  2   e  30
Or    Squaring both sides,
   
4   2  4   30
  (4  34 )  0 ∴   0.1176 mm
 2

But Static deformation due to axial load
WL W  3000
  0.1176  ∴ W = 3921.6 N
AE 500  200  10 3

Static stress due to axial load

W 3921.6
   5.55 MPa
A 706.86
 Prob 3
A steel rod 1.5 m long resists an impact load of 2
KN dropped through a distance of 50 mm along its
axis. Limiting the maximum stress in the rod to 150
MPa & taking E=200 Gpa, determine;

(i) The diameter of the rod required

(ii) Impact factor.

 W
Data :
W = 2000 N, L  1.5 m  1500 mm,
h

e'
E = 200 GPa, h = 50 mm, A = ?
l Solution :
Impact stress
 2hEA 
 '   1  1   Eqn 2.26(a), Page 27
 WL 

2000  2  50  200  10 3  A 
i.e. 150  1  1  
A  2000 1500 

 (0.075 A  1)  1  6.6667 A
 (0.075 A  1)  1  6.6667 A Squaring both sides,
(5.625 103 A2  1  0.15 A)  (1  6.6667 A)
(5.625 103 A2  6.8167 A)  0  A = 1211.85 mm 2
d 2
d 2
For round rod, A   1211.85 
4 4
d = 39.28 ≈ 40 mm
Static stress due to axial load :
W 4  2000
= = 1.6 MPa
A   40 2

' 150
 Imapct (or Shock) factor =   93.75
 1.6
 Prob 4
A steel cantilever beam of rectangular cross section is
loaded 400 mm from the support. The width of the
beam is 15 mm and the depth is 20 mm. Neglecting
inertia of the beam, determine the maximum bending
stress and the deflection of the beam when a weight
of 100 N is dropped on the end of the beam through a
height of 5 mm. Take E=207 Gpa.
Also find the above values by considering the inertia
effect.
 100 N
15
5
20
400

Data :
W = 100 N, l  400 mm, E = 207 GPa, h = 5 mm
B = 15 mm,H = 20 mm  A = (15  20)= 300 mm 2
Solution : (Neglecting inertia effect)
Bending moment M = 100× 400 = 40×10 3 N - mm
6M 6× 40×10 3
Static stress σ = = = 40N / mm 2

BH 2 15× 20 2
BH 3 15  203
Moment of inertia of beam section I = =  10 4 mm 4
12 12
 100 N
15
5
20
400

WL3 100  4003

Static deflection y =   1.031 mm
3EI 3  207 10 10
3 4

Impact stress negle cting inertia effect

 2h 
   1  1   Eqn 2.26(c), Page 27
'
b
 y 
 25 
i.e.  b  40 1  1 
'
  170.84 N / mm 2

 1.031 
 2h 
Impact defle ctio n y '  y 1  1   Eqn 2.26(d), Page 28
 y 
 25 
i.e. y '  1.0311  1    4.4 mm
 1.031 
 100 N
15
5
20
400

Considering the inertia effect :

Weight of the cantilever beam W '  Volume  Specific weight
( Specific weight of steel = 76.6 KN / m 3  76.6  10 6 N / mm 3 )
W '  15  20  400  76.6  10 6 = 9.192 N
W ' 9.912
Ratio of weights m =  = 0.09192
W 100
From table 2.8, Page 27, for cantilever beam;
4 3
coefficients a  , b 
17 8
 1+ am
The ratio n = 2
 Eqn 2.26 (i), Page 28
(1+bm)
4
1   0.09192
n = 17
2
=0.955
 3 
 1   0.09192 
 8 
Impact stress considering inertia effect
 2nh 
 '   1  1   Eqn 2.26(a), Page 27 (Re place ' h ' by ' nh ')
 y 
 2  0.955  5 
i.e.  '  40 1  1    168.14 N / mm
2

 1.031 
 2nh 
Impact deflection y '  y 1  1   Eqn 2.26(d) Page 28
 y 
 2  0.955  5 
i.e. y '  1.0311  1    4.334 mm
 1.031 
 Prob 5
A 5 kg block is dropped from a height of 200 mm on to
a beam as shown in fig. The material has an allowable
stress of 50 MPa. Determine the dimensions of the
rectangular cross section where depth is 1.5 times the
width. Take E= 70 Gpa.
M 5 Kg

h=200 mm B

H=1.5B

0.4 m 0.8 m
 M 5 Kg

h=200 mm B

H=1.5B

0.4 m 0.8 m

Data :
W = Mg = (5  9.81) = 49.05 N, l  1200 mm, E = 70 GPa,
H = 1.5B  A = 1.5B 2 ,  '  50MPa
Solution :
Bending moment 'M' occurs under the point load
 ab   400  800 
M  F   49.05    13080 N - mm
 l   1200 
(Table 1.4, Sl No 5, Page11, Mahadevan DDHB)
6M 6 13080 34880
Static stress     N / mm 2

BH 2 B  (1.5B ) 2 B3
 M 5 Kg

h=200 mm B

H=1.5B

0.4 m 0.8 m

Moment of inertia of beam section

B (1.5 B )3
I  0.28125 B 4 mm 4
12
Static deflection under point l oad
mga 2b 2 5  9.81 4002  8002 70867.3
y  
3EIl 3  70 103  0.28125 B 4  1200 B4
 2h 
Impact stress  '   1  1   Eqn 2.26(d), Page 28
 y 

34880  2  200  B 4 
i.e. 50  1  1  
B 
3
70867.3 

 M 5 Kg

h=200 mm B

H=1.5B

0.4 m 0.8 m

34880  2  200  B 4 
i.e. 50  1  1  
B 
3
70867.3 

(1.433 103 B 3  1)  1  5.644 103 B 4 Squaring both sides,
(2.053 106 B 6  2.866 103 B 3  1)  (1  5.644 103 B 4 )
2.053 103 B3  5.644 B  2.866  0
 B 3 - 2749.15B - 1396 = 0, Solving
 B = 52.66»53 mm & H = 1.5B = 79.5 mm
 Prob 6
A beam of symmetrical I-section is resting on two supports
5m apart. It is loaded by a weight of 5000 N falling through a
height ‘h’ and striking the beam at its mid point. Modulus of
elasticity is 21x104 N/mm2. Determine the permissible value
of h if the stress is limited to 130 MPa.

5000 N

h 100
20
300

5m 20
 5000 N

h 100
20
300

5m 20

Data :
W = 5000 N , l  5m  5000 mm, E = 21  10 4 N / mm 2 ,  '  130MPa.
Solution : Maximum Bending moment 'M' occurs under the point load
 W ×l   5000× 5000  6
M =  
=  = 6.25×10 N - mm
 4   4 
(Table 1.4,Sl No 4, Page15,Mahadevan DDHB)
Moment of inertia of I section beam
BH 3  bh3 100(300)3  80(260)3
I   10.782 × 107 mm 4
12 12
(Table 1.3(a),Sl No c,Page 12,Mahadevan DDHB)
 5000 N

h 100
20
300

5m 20

Section modulus of I section :

BH 3 - bh3 100(300)3 - 80(260)3
Z   71.884 ×10 4 mm 3
6H 6  300
M 6.25 106
Static stress σ    8.6945 N / mm 2

Z 71.884 10 4

Static deflection under central point load :

Wl 3 5000  50003
y   0.5751 mm
48EI 48  2110 10.782 10
4 7
 5000 N

h 100
20
300

5m 20

Impact stress due to bending :

 2h 
 '   1  1  
 y 
 2h 
i.e. 130  8.6945 1  1  
 0.5751 
13.95  1  3.478h Squaring both sides,
194.6  1  3.478h  h = 55.67 mm
 Prob 7 (Torsional Impact)
Determine the impact shear stress and the angular twist of
the machine element of diameter 20 mm shown in fig when
1 KN weight is dropped from a height of 10 mm. Take G=80
GPa. W

m m
10 2 0 0
0m
m
 W

mm
10
0m 20 0
m

Data :
W = 1000 N , l  200 mm, G = 80  10 3 N / mm 2 , h  10 mm
d  20 mm, Torque arm r  100 mm
Solution :
d4   204
Polar moment of inertia J   = 15.71 ×10 3 mm 3
32 32
Twisting moment or torque T  W  r  1000  100 10 5 N - mm
16T 16 105
Shear stress in the shaft  =   63.662N / mm 2

 d 3   203
Tl 105  200
Angular twist in the shaft  =   0.0159 rad
GJ (80 10 )  (15.7110 )
3 3
 W

Impact shear stress : 100 20 0

mm
mm
 2h 
 '= 1  1   Eqn 2.26 (e), Page 28
 r 
where r  torque arm  100 mm
 2 10 
  '=63.662 1  1    298.25 N / mm 2

 100  0.0159 
Impact angular deflection :
 2h 
 '= 1  1   Eqn 2.26 ( f ), Page 28
 r 
 2 10 
  '=0.0159 1  1    0.0745 rad
 100  0.0159 
 Prob 8 (Torsional Impact)
A solid flywheel of 120 mm diameter and 20 mm thick
is mounted on a 20 mm diameter overhanging steel
shaft. The length of the shaft from the nearest bearing
is 250 mm. The flywheel runs at 2400 rpm and the
density of the flywheel a material is 2000 kg/m3.
Estimate the resulting maximum torsional stress and
deflection in the shaft if it is desired to stop the
flywheel instantly. Take the modulus of rigidity of steel
shaft as 79 Gpa. Neglect the weight of the shaft.
Data :
Dimater of flywheel = 120 mm, thickness t = 20 mm
Density of flywheel material  = 2000 kg / m 3
Rigidity modulus of shaft G = 79 GPa = 79  10 3 N / mm 2
length of shaft l = 250mm, Diameter ofshaft d = 20mm
RPM of shaft N = 2400 rpm
Solution :

Mass of flywheel M   D2  t  
4

M   0.122  0.02  2000  0.4524 kg
4
 DN   0.12  2400
Linear speed of flywheel v   15.08m / sec
60 60
 
Cross sec tion area of shaft A  d 2
 202  314.16 mm 2
4 4
 Mv 2 0.4524 15.082
Kinetic energy of flywheel 'K' = 
2 2
 K  51.44 N - m  51.44 10 3 N - mm
 '2  Al  '2  314.16  250
Resilience of shaft in shear 'U s' = =
2G 2  79 103
 U s  0.4971  '2 N - mm
Equating Kinetic energy of load & resilience of shaft
51.44 103  0.4971  '2  ' = 328.687 MPa
The general torsion equation (for impact load) is
G '  '  ' l
  ' 
l r Gr
321.687  250
 '   0.1018 rad  5.833 0

79 103 10
 Prob 9
A weight of 2 KN is being lowered with a velocity of
2 m/sec with the help of wire rope & a sheave as
shown in fig. When the sheave stops suddenly after
the weight reaches a distance of 10 m, find the
maximum stress in the wire rope. The stress area
of the rope is 636 mm2 and the modulus of
elasticity is 190 Gpa. Neglect inertia effect.
 Data :
W = 2 KN, v = 2m / sec = 2000 mm / sec
V
L
E = 190 GPa = 190  10 3 N / mm 2 , A = 636 mm 2
Solution : Sheave stops after reahing 10 m
W  Length of the rope, L = 10 m
Equating Kinetic energy of load &
resilience of rope,
Wv 2  '2  Al

2g 2E
2000  (2000) 2  '2  636  (10  103 )
 
2  9810 2  190  103
∴ Instantaneous stress σ' = 156.1 N / mm 2
 Prob 10
An elevator carrying a load of 10 KN is descending
by means of a steel rope at a speed of 1 m/sec. The
cross section area of the rope is 400 mm2. The rope
is suddenly brought to rest by braking after 30
seconds of descent. Calculate the stress induced in
the rope due to sudden stoppage, if the young’s
modulus for the rope is 80 GPa.
 Data :
W = 10 KN, u = 1m / sec, v = 0, t = 30 sec,
E = 80 GPa, A = 400 mm 2
Solution :
V
L
Acceleration of the rope :
v  u 0 1 1
a   - m / sec 2
t 30 30
Distance travelled by load in 30 sec
= Length of the rope, L
W

1 1  1 
 L  ut  at 2  (1 30)       302  15m
2 2  30 
Equating Kinetic energy of load & resilience of rope,
Wu 2  '2  Al

2g 2E
100 103 10002  '2  400 15 103
 
2  9810 2  80  103
∴ Instantaneous stress σ' = 116.6 N / mm 2