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Classification of Control Systems

A control system is a system that provides a desired output response by controlling the input. It consists of subsystems and processes assembled to obtain a specified output given an input. Control systems can be natural, man-made, or a combination. They can also be classified as continuous or discrete time, linear or non-linear, time-variant or invariant, lumped or distributed parameter, single-input single-output or multiple-input multiple-output, and open-loop or closed-loop. Open-loop systems do not use feedback while closed-loop systems incorporate feedback to automatically regulate the process variable to a set point.

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781 views6 pages

Classification of Control Systems

A control system is a system that provides a desired output response by controlling the input. It consists of subsystems and processes assembled to obtain a specified output given an input. Control systems can be natural, man-made, or a combination. They can also be classified as continuous or discrete time, linear or non-linear, time-variant or invariant, lumped or distributed parameter, single-input single-output or multiple-input multiple-output, and open-loop or closed-loop. Open-loop systems do not use feedback while closed-loop systems incorporate feedback to automatically regulate the process variable to a set point.

Uploaded by

sandesh kelam
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Control Systems

DEFINITION: A Control System is a system , which provides the desired


response by controlling the output.
 A Control System consists of subsystems and processes assembled for
the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance,
given a specified input.
The following figure shows the simplest form, of a control system

INPUT CONTROL OUTPUT


SYSTEM

Since, The output is controlled by varying input, the control system got this
name. The input is varied with some mechanism.
EXAMPLES: Intelligent Systems, Smart Transportation Systems, Steering
Control of an Automobile, Idle-Speed Control of an Automobile.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS :


Natural control system: The system inside a human being or biological system.
Man-made control system: Control system that are designed and developed by
man.
Combinational control system: This control system is a combination of natural
and man-made control system.
Example: Driving a car
Continuous Time Control Systems :If the signals in all parts of a control system
are continuous functions of time, the system is continuous time feedback
control system. Ex. Speed
control of dc by tacho-generator
Linear Control Systems: If a system obeys superposition principle the system is
said to be a linear system.
Ex.  linear voltage and current characteristic.
Non-Linear Control Systems: If it does not obey superposition principle is said
to be a non-linear system.
Ex. magnetization curve or no load curve of a dc machine
Time-variant control system: It is a control system where any one or more
parameters of the control system vary with time i.e. driving a vehicle.
Time-invariant control system: It is a control system where none of its
parameters vary with time i.e. control system made up of inductors, capacitors
and resistors only.
Lumped-parameter control system: It is a control system where its
mathematical model is represented by ordinary differential equations.
Distributed-parameter control system: It is a control system where its
mathematical model is represented by an electrical network that is a
combination of resistors, inductors and capacitors.
SISO control system: It is a control system that has only one input and one
output.
Ex. Temperature control, position control system etc.
MIMO control system: It is a control system that has only more than one input
and more than one output.
Ex. PLC type system
Open-loop control system: It is a control system where its control action only
depends on input signal and does not depend on its output response. Simply
all manual control systems are Open loop Systems.
Example: Mechanical systems consisting of a mass, spring, and damper with a
constant force positioning the mass
G
Gain = 1+ GH ¿
¿

Fig : OPEN CONTROL SYSTEM


Closed-loop control system: A closed loop control system is a set of
mechanical or electronic devices that automatically regulates a process
variable to a desired state or set point without human interaction.
Example: Thermistor, a variable resistor
Gain = G

Fig : CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM


Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems
The feedback element is absent. The feedback is always present.
An error detector is not present An error detector is always present.
It is stable one. It may become unstable.
Easy to construct Complicated construction.
It is an economical. It is costly
Having small Bandwidth. Having large Bandwidth
It is inaccurate. It is accurate.
Less maintenance More maintenance.
it is unreliable. It is reliable.
Ex: hand drier, tea maker Ex: Servo voltage Stabilizer

Effect of feedback on overall Gain:


The value of [(1+GH)<1]
 Overall gain increases
 “GH” value is negative .
The value of [(1+GH) >1]
 Overall gain decreases
 “GH” value is positive .

Block diagram reduction rules:


1. Combining the blocks in Cascade.

2.Combining Parallel Blocks.


3.Moving the Summing point before of the block

4. Moving the Summing point ahead of the block

5. Moving the Summing point ahead of the block

6. Moving the Summing point before of the block


7.Elimination of feedback loop

8.Swapping with two adjacent summing points

Block Diagram Reduction Rules :


 Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
 Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
 Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
 Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it
towards right.
 Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it
towards left.
 Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single
block.
We’ll discuss Examples in next Slide.

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