CHAPTER 2

1. An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporator temperature of –

16 C and a condensing temperature of 32 C. Determine the coefficient of
performance (a) for an ideal saturation cycle, (b) for wet compression with
saturated vapor leaving the compressor, and (c) if the vapor at suction to the
compressor is superheated 6 degrees.

Solution:

(a)

State points t, C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1442.60
2 105 1239.60 1690.00
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1442.6 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.41
h2 − h1 1690 − 1442.6

(b)

State points t, C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1288.0
2 32 1239.60 1487.18
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1288 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.70
h2 − h1 1487.18 − 1442.6
 CHAPTER 2

(c)

State points t, C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -10 227.04 1456
2 113 1239.60 1713
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1456 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.29
h2 − h1 1713 − 1442.6

2. A standard vapor compression system produces 20 tons of refrigeration using R-

12 as a refrigerant while operating between a condenser temperature of 42 C and
an evaporator temperature of –25 C. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in
kJ/kg, (b) the circulating rate in kg/s, (c) the power supplied, (d) the COP, (e) the
heat rejected in kW, and (f) the volume flow rate in L/s.

Solution:

Table of important properties:

State points t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
 CHAPTER 2

2 42 377
3 42 240.6
4 -25 240.6

(a) Refrigerating Effect:

QA = h1 − h4 = 340.4 − 240.6 = 99.8 kJ kg

20 tons (20)(3.516)
(b) m& = = = 0.7046 kg s
QA 99.8

(c) W& = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.7046)(377 − 340.4) = 25.79 kW

Q&
(d) COP = &A =
(20)(3.516) = 2.73
W 25.79

(e) Q& R = m& (h2 − h4 ) = (0.7046 )(377 − 240.6 ) = 96.10 kW

(f) V& = m& v1 = (0.7046)(131.3) = 92.5 L s

3. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser

temperatures of –20 C and 35 C, respectively. The system is to be used in
producing 5000 kg of ice at –12 C from water at 29 C in 20 hrs. Assuming losses
to be 20 percent of the heat to be absorbed from the water, determine (a) the mass
flow rate, (b) the heat rejected in the condenser, and (c) the power required by the
compression.

Solution:
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t, C h , kJ/kg

1 -20 1437.2
2 1735
3 35 366.1
4 -20 366.1

With losses
Q& A = [m& wcw (t1 − 0 ) + m& w L + m& w (0 − t 2 )](1.2 )
where
L = 335 kJ kg , t1 = 29 C , t2 = −12 C
 5000 
Q& A =  [(4.187 )(29) + 335 + (2.093)(12)](1.2)
 20 
Q& A = (120,385 kJ hr )(1 hr 3600 s )(1.2 ) = 40.13 kW

Q& A 40.13
(a) m& = = = 0.03747 kg s
h1 − h4 1437.2 − 366.1

(b) Q& R = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (0.03747 )(1735 − 366.1) = 51.29 kW

(c) W& = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.03747 )(1735 − 1437.2 ) = 11.16 kW

4. A 15-ton refrigeration system is used to make ice. The water is available at 20 C.

Refrigerant 12 is used with saturated temperature limits of –25 C and 54 C.
Determine (a) the COP, (b) the refrigerant flow rate, (c) the temperature at
discharge of the compressor, (d) the volume flow rate, and (e) the maximum kg of
ice manufactured per day.

Solution:
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
2 65 382.0
3 54 253.1
4 -25 253.1

h1 − h4 340 − 253.1
(a) COP = = = 2.09
h2 − h1 382 − 340.4

(b) m& =
Q& A
=
(15)(3.516) = 0.6069 kg s
h1 − h4 340 − 253.1

(c) t2 = 65 C = discharge temperature

(d) V& = m& v1 = (0.6069)(131.3) = 79.7 L s

(e) Q& A = m& i (cw ∆t + L ) = m& i [(4.187 )(20 − 0) + 335] = (15)(3.516 )

m& i = 0.1259 kg s

kg of ice per day = (0.1259)(3600 )(24 ) = 10,878 kg

5. An R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporating pressure of 386

kPa and a condensing pressure of 1009 kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the
vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating
effect, (b) COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, (d) power, (e)
mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow rate.
 CHAPTER 2

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 386 354.4 44.713
2 1009 370.0
3 1009 240.6
4 386 240.6

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 354.4 − 240.6 = 113.8 kJ kg

h1 − h4 354.4 − 240.6
(b) COP = = = 7.295
h2 − h1 370 − 354.4

(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 370 − 354.4 = 15.6 kJ kg

Q& 1 kW
(d) W& = A = = 0.14 kW
COP 7.295

Q& A 1 kW
(e) m& = = = 8.8 × 10 − 3 kg s = 0.0088 kg s
QA 113.8 kJ kg

(f) Q& R = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (0.0088)(370 − 240.6) = 1.14 kW

(g) V& = m& v1 = (0.0088)(44.713) = 0.39 L s

 CHAPTER 2

Decreasing vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa.

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 270 349.8 62.89
2 1009 373
3 1009 240.6
4 270 240.6

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 349.8 − 240.6 = 109.2 kJ kg (decreased)

h1 − h4 349.8 − 240.6
(b) COP = = = 4.707 (decreased)
h2 − h1 373 − 349.8

(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 373 − 349.8 = 23.2 kJ kg (increased)

Q& 1 kW
(d) W& = A = = 0.22 kW (increased)
COP 4.707

Q& A 1 kW
(e) m& = = = 9.2 × 10 −3 kg s = 0.0092 kg s (increased)
QA 10 9.8 kJ kg

(f) Q& R = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (0.0092)(373 − 240.6 ) = 1.22 kW (increased)

 CHAPTER 2

(g) V& = m& v1 = (0.0092)(62.89) = 0.58 L s (increased)

6. An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 76-mm bore by 102-mm stroke, 800
rpm, single-acting compressor for use with refrigerant 12. Proposed operating
conditions for the compressor are 38 C condensing temperature and 5 C
evaporating temperature. It is estimated that the refrigerant will enter the
expansion valve as a saturated liquid that the vapor will leave the evaporator at a
temperature of 7 C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature of 13 C.
Assume a compressor volumetric efficiency of 70%. Assume frictionless flow.
Calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW for a system equipped with this
compressor.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 7 355
1’ 13 0.050
2
3 38 236.5
4 5 236.5

π π
V&D = D 2 LN × (no. of cyl.) = (0.076 ) (0.102 )(800 )(4 ) = 1.481 m 3 min
2

4 4

V&1′ = ηvV&D = (0.70)(1.481) = 1.037 m3 min = 1037 L min

 CHAPTER 2

V&1′ 1.037
m& = = = 20.740 kg min
v1′ 0.050
20.740
m& = = 0.3457 kg s
60

Refrigerating capacity = Q& A = m& (h1 − h4 ) = (0.3457 )(355 − 236.5) = 40.96 kW

7. A Refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of 54 kW at an evaporator

pressure of 270 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is
subcooled 10 degrees before entering the expansion valve and vapor is
superheated 14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twin-cylinder
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used at a speed of 27
r/s. The volumetric efficiency is 84 percent. Determine (a) the quantity of cooling
water in the condenser for an 11-degree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and
stroke, and (c) the compressor power.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 270 10 358.5 0.070
2 1009 383.5
3 1009 32 230.5
4 270 -4 230.5

Q& A = 54 kW

Q& A 54
m& = = = 0.422 kg s
h1 − h4 358.5 − 230.5

(a) Q& R = m& (h2 − h3 ) = m& wcw (∆t )

 CHAPTER 2

m& w = quantity of cooling water

cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 11 F

(0.422)(383.5 − 230.5) = m& w (4.187 )(11)

m& w = 1.40 kg s

(b) For D × L

π
V&D = D 2 LN × (no. of cyl.)
4

V&1′ = m& v1 = (0.422)(0.070) = 0.0295 m3 s

V& 0.0295
V&D = 1′ = = 0.0351 m3 s
ηv 0.84
L = 1.25 D
π
V&D = D 2 (1.25 D )(27 )(2 ) = 0.0351
4
D = 0.087 m = 8.7 cm
L = 1.25(8.7 ) = 10.9 cm

(c) W& = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.422)(383.5 − 358.5) = 10.6 kW

8. A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of 82 kW at an evaporator

pressure of 354 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant
is subcooled by 4 degrees before entering the expansion valve and the vapor is
superheated by 5 degrees before entering the compressor. The compressor
operates at 28 r/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the twin-cylinder compressor is
82%. Determine (a) mass flow rate of refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling
water in the condenser for a 7-degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and
stroke.

Solution:
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 354 -5 405 0.0667
2 1460 438
3 1460 34 241.8
4 354 -10 241.8

Q& A = 82 kW

Q& A 82
(a) m& = = = 0.5025 kg s
h1 − h4 405 − 241.8

(b) Q& R = m& (h2 − h3 ) = m& wcw (∆t )

m& w = quantity of cooling water

cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 7 F

(0.5025)(438 − 241.8) = m& w (4.187)(7)

m& w = 3.36 kg s

(c) For D × L
V&
V&D = 1′ , η v = 0.82
ηv
V&1′ = m& v1 = (0.5025)(0.0667 ) = 0.0335 m3 s
 CHAPTER 2

V& 0.0335
V&D = 1′ = = 0.0408 m3 s
ηv 0.82

L = 1.20 D
π
V&D = D 2 LN × (no. of cyl.)
4
π
V&D = D 2 (1.20 D )(28)(2 ) = 0.0408
4
D = 0.092 m = 9.2 cm
L = 1.20(9.2) = 11.0 cm

9. A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with a condenser temperature of

42 C and an evaporating temperature of 0 C. (a) If the liquid line from the
condenser is soldered to the suction line from the evaporator to form a simple heat
exchanger and if as a result of this saturated vapor leaving the evaporator is
superheated 10 degrees, how many degrees will the saturated liquid leaving the
condenser be subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the
compressor work.

Solution:
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 10 412.5 0.050
2 443
3 42 252.4
4
5 0
6 0 405.4

(a) For heat exchanger

h1 − h2 = h3 − h4
412 − 405.4 = 252.4 − h4
h4 = 245.8 kJ kg
then t4 = 37 C

subcooled = t3 − t4 = 42 − 37 = 5 C

(b) For volume flow rate:

Consider Q& A = 1 ton = 3.516 kW

Q& A
m& = , h5 = h4
h6 − h5
3.516
m& = = 0.022 kg s per ton of refrigeration
405.4 − 245.8

V&1′ = m& v1 = (0.022)(0.050 ) = 0.0011 m 3 s TR = 1.10 L s TR

 CHAPTER 2

(c) W& = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.022)(443 − 412.5) = 0.67 kW TR