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ECE 4316: Digital Signal Processing: Dr. Hany M. Zamel

This document provides an overview of digital filter design. It discusses the differences between analog and digital filters, as well as the importance and advantages of digital filters. It describes different realization structures for finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Methods for calculating filter coefficients are presented, including the bilinear z-transform method. Examples are provided to demonstrate designing low-pass and high-pass filters using the bilinear z-transform method.

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68 views19 pages

ECE 4316: Digital Signal Processing: Dr. Hany M. Zamel

This document provides an overview of digital filter design. It discusses the differences between analog and digital filters, as well as the importance and advantages of digital filters. It describes different realization structures for finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Methods for calculating filter coefficients are presented, including the bilinear z-transform method. Examples are provided to demonstrate designing low-pass and high-pass filters using the bilinear z-transform method.

Uploaded by

lovelearn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ECE 4316: Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Hany M. Zamel


Electronics Research Institute (ERI)

5/8/2018 1
ECE 4316: Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 11

DESIGN OF DIGITAL FILTERS

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Lectures
https://zhiet3.wixsite.com/lectures

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Digital Filter Design
Analog Filter Digital Filter

Finite Impulse Response (FIR)


Active Filter
Filters whose present output samples depend on the
present and previous input samples

Passive Filter Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)

Filters whose the present output samples depend on the


present input, past input sample, and output sample
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Importance and Advantages of Digital Filter
1. Digital filters can have characteristics that are not possible with analog
filters, such as linear phase response.
2. Unlike analog filters, the performances of digital filters do not vary with
environmental changes, for example thermal variations.
3. The frequency response of a digital filter can be automatically adjusted if it
is implemented using a programmable processor, that is why they are
widely used in adaptive filters.
4. Several input signals or channels can be filtered by one digital filter without
the need to replicate the hardware.
5. Both filtered and unfiltered data can be saved for further use.
6. Digital filters can be used at very low frequencies, found in many
biomedical applications for example.
7. small in size, to consume low power, and to keep the cost down.
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Disadvantages of Digital Filter
1. Speed Limitation
The maximum bandwidth of signals that digital filters can handle, in real time,
is much lower than for analog filters.

2. Finite Word-Length Effects


When the digital filters are implemented in hardware, there are some effects of
using finite register length to represent all relevant filter parameters.

3. Long Design and Development Times


The design and development times for digital filters, especially hardware
development, can be much longer than for analog filters

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Realization Structures for FIR and IIR Filters
 The following are the methods commonly used in realization
structures for FIR and IIR filters:

• Frequency Sampling Realization (FIR)


• Fast convolution (FIR)
• Direct form I (IIR)
• Direct form II, Transversal (IIR & FIR)
• Cascade (IIR)
• Parallel (IIR)
• Lattice (All Pole Filters) (IIR)
• Lattice Ladder (IIR)

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Realization Form of IIR Filters
 A transfer function in
z-transform form is
given below

 The difference eq.


y(n)

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Example 1
 If the transfer function

 Find the difference equation for realizing the structure.


Solution

Then,

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Example 1

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Filters Coefficient Calculation Methods
 There are several methods of calculating filter coefficients of which the
following are the most widely used:

• Window (FIR)
• Optimal (FIR)
• Frequency sampling (FIR)
• Pole-zero placement (IIR)
• Impulse invariant (IIR)
• Bilinear transformation (IIR)

 Selection of one of the approximation methods to calculate the values of


the coefficients, h(k), for FIR, or aK and bK for IIR, such that the filter
characteristics are satisfied.
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Bilinear z-Transform (BZT) Method
 This method convert analog filter H(s) into equivalent digital filter H(z).
 The following steps must be followed:
1. Determine the normalized transfer function H(s).
2. Determine the cutoff frequency 𝝎𝒑 .
3. Calculate the analog frequency Ωp using the pre-warping relationship:

4.Using the relationship of frequency transformation, the analog filter


by frequency scaling:

5. Apply the bilinear transformation to obtain the desired digital filter


transfer function H(z) by replacing
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Example 2
 Determine, using the BZT method, the transfer function and difference
equation for the digital equivalent of the resistance-capacitance (RC)
low-pass filter. Assume a sampling frequency of 150 Hz and a cutoff
digital frequency (pass-band edge frequency) of 30 Hz.

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Example 2

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Example 2

 By comparing the
coefficients

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Example 2
 The block diagram representation:

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Example 3
 Determine, using the BZT method, the transfer function for the digital
equivalent of the resistance-capacitance (RC) high-pass filter. Assume a
sampling frequency of 2000 Hz and a cutoff digital frequency (pass-
band edge frequency) of 8000 Hz.

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Example 3

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Example 3

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