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PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Determination
of
Reservoir Pressure

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Methods for Determining Reservoir Pressure

• From field production data (average reservoir pressure)


• Field pressure isobaric maps (average reservoir pressure)
• Reservoir limit tests
• Build-up tests
• Wireline tester pretests
• Distributed layer pressures in multilayer reservoirs
• Selective Inflow Performance (SIP)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
from
Field Production Data

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Average Reservoir Pressure from Field Production Data

The average reservoir pressure in a


producing field can be estimated by
performing a global material balance
over the field.
(P(j)Q(j))
P(j) is the static pressure of well (j). ∑
dP(j) dt
Q(j) is the flow rate of well (j). Pavg =
Q(j)

dP(j) dt
The fluid must be of constant
compressibility, and the reservoir
must be isotropic.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
from
Isobaric Maps

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Average Reservoir Pressure from Isobaric Maps

Using updated single well reservoir pressures over the


entire field:
- Draw the field-wide isobaric maps, with as narrow
a curve spacing as possible.
- Using a planimeter, measure the differential areas,
Ai, within contiguous isobars of pressure Pi.
- The average pressure is calculated as

Σ(Ai.Pi)
Pavg =
Σ(Ai)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
from
Limit Tests

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Limit Tests

No-flow boundary
A reservoir limit test is a well test that has as a
main objective the determination of the drainage
volume of the well.
For this, the drawdown must be extended until the
reservoir boundaries are felt.
Boundaries can be
- A no-flow contour surrounding the well Constant pressure
boundary
(closed system).
- A surrounding pressure condition imposed
by other producing wells in the field.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Limit Tests

The reservoir pressure, and the drainage


volume of the reservoir, can be estimated on
the condition that the reservoir achieve
- Steady-state flow regime (constant
pressure and flow),

or

- Semi-steady-state flow regime (linear


pressure decline with time), also called
‘depletion’ regime.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Drawdown Pressure in Semi-Steady State Flow

In semi-steady-state flow

Pi − Pwf = mt + 70.6

Kh
[
ln 2.2458 A + 2S
CARw²
]
with

m = −0.23395 Q
φCthA
determined from a plot of Pwf versus time, from which A is calculated.

Q
The connected reservoir volume is: φhA = −0.23395
Ctm
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Material Balance in Semi-Steady State Flow

In semi-steady-state flow

Q.tp
Pi − Pwf = −0.23395
φCthA

where tp is the production (drawdown) time at rate Q.


This can be written as

dP = m = −0.23395 Q
dt φCthA

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Average Pressure of a Bounded Reservoir: the MBH Plot

The Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek (MBH) method consists


in plotting
PD versus tDA, with tDA = .000264 Kt = tD A
φµCtA Rw²

The MBH plot provides the value of P* - Pavg, where P* is


the extrapolated pressure obtained from a Horner plot
following IARF during the buildup.

This supposes that the tDA function can be built, which means
that A can be extracted from the semi steady-state portion of
the drawdown.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Dietz Shape Factor, CA

CA depends on the geometry of the reservoir and on the position of the well within
this geometry.
Catalogs of CA values can be consulted, which besides give the minimum value of
tDA to reach semi steady-state flow regime.
CA can be evaluated as follows
- Evaluate kh and S from the radial flow regime
- Evaluate A from the semi-steady state decline (material balance)
- Bring these values into

Pi − Pwf = mt + 70.6

Kh
[
ln 2.2458 A + 2S
CARw²
]
to solve in reverse for CA.
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
from
Buildup Tests

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Single Flow Period Superposition for Build-up Analysis

Considering a single flow period of duration tp:

∆pBu= pi− pwf +∆pDd(∆t )−∆pDd(tp+∆t )

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Build-up Semi-Log Analysis: the Horner Plot

For a single flow period, the superposition


function is the Horner time:

tp + ∆t
∆t
On a semi-log plot, the extrapolated pressure
is the static reservoir pressure, provided that
- The reservoir has not entered
depletion regime during the drawdown.
- No late-time effects will affect the
buildup after the end of the buildup (this
is impossible to ascertain without
testing longer).
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Generalized Superposition for Build-up Analysis

When the well has been submitted to a series of flow periods prior to build-up, one
must consider a ‘generalized superposition function’ as follows:

Sn( t ) =  ( qi − qi −
i = N( t ) 1 ) ln( t − ti ) 
∑ 
i =1  qN( t ) 

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Multi-Rate Build-up Analysis

When the pressures are plotted versus


Sn(∆t), the solution is identical to the
case of a single flow period (Horner
plot).

On a semi-log plot, the extrapolated


pressure is the static reservoir pressure,
with the same restrictions as apply to
the Horner plot.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
from
Wireline Tester Pretests

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Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
History of Wireline Testing Tools
FT RFT MDT Modular
Formation Repeat Formation Dynamics
Tester Formation Tester Tester

Electrical Power

Hydraulic Power

Probe

Dual-probe Dual
Packer
Flow control

Optical Fluid Analyzer

Multisample

Sample

Sample

Pumpout

1955 - 1975 1975 - Present 1991 - Present

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Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pretest – Formation Pressures

If the pretest buildup pressure stabilizes,


it can be taken as the reservoir pressure
(except supercharged tests).

If the pressure does not stabilize, the


reservoir pressure must be found by
extrapolation. For this, radial flow must
be detected (rather infrequent).

The same restrictions to the validity of


the extrapolated pressure apply as in the
analysis of standard buildup tests.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pretest Flow Regime Identification: Theory

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pretest Flow Regime Identification: Example

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Spherical and Radial Flow Regimes Identification

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Wettability and Contact Angle

• Wettability expresses the relative tendency of one fluid to displace the other from
the surface of a solid. It can be characterized by the measure of the contact angle, Θ.
• In presence of two fluids, if the contact angle is less than 70° (fluid A), that fluid
will displace the other (fluid B). The rock is said to be wetted by fluid A.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Capillary Pressure in Reservoirs

Po + ρogH = P
• For a given
capillary (pore Pw + ρwgH = P
throat) size, the
water rises above the Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH
point where the
capillary pressure is Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
zero. rcap

• The rise depends


on the density
difference, on the
pore throat size, and
on the wettability.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Vertical Distribution of Saturation in Reservoirs

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Capillary Pressure Example

Po + ρogH = P
What is the capillary rise in an oil reservoir with
• ρw = 1.0 g/cm3, ρo = 0.8 g/cm3 Pw + ρwgH = P

• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH

• σ = 30 dyne/cm (oil-water)
Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
• cosθ = 1. rcap

Answer ?

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Capillary Pressure Example

Po + ρogH = P
What is the capillary rise in an oil reservoir with
• ρw = 1.0 g/cm3, ρo = 0.8 g/cm3 Pw + ρwgH = P

• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH

• σ = 30 dyne/cm (oil-water)
Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
• cosθ = 1. rcap

Answer
• Pc = (2 x 30)/ 0.0001 = 6E5 dyne/cm2 = 6E5 x 1.45E-5 psi = 8.7 psi
• Pc = 0.0135 (1.0 – 0.8)gH, with g = 32.17 ft/s²
• From which H = 100 ft.
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Capillary Pressure
Effect on
Formation Pressures
(Water-Wet Rock)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Capillary Pressure
Effect on
Formation Pressures
(Oil-Wet Rock)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Supercharging

Supercharging is the extra


3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 pressure read by a wireline
8200
tester due to mud pressure
8250
charging the near wellbore
8300 region.
8350
8400 It depends on overbalance,
Depth

8450 Supercharged mud and formation


8500 points permeability, fluid
8550 saturations and time of
8600 survey after exposing the
8650 zone to mud.
8700
Formation Pressure (psia)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Supercharging Correction by Multiple Pretests

Hydrostatic
Transients
Tool set Tool
retract
Initial buildup
(Supercharged)
Step4
Step3
Pretest
Step 2
Bleed off
Step 1
Hydrostatic

Time

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Supercharging Correction: Extrapolation Plot

EXTRAPOLATION PLOT
2949.00
2948.50
2948.00
PROBE PRESSURE

Vprobe = Vhyd LINE


2947.50
2947.00
2946.50
2946.00 Extrapolation LINE
2945.50
2945.00
2944.50
2944.00
2940 2990 3040 3090 3140
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Packer Pretests Overcome Supercharging

Test No Packer Depth Overbalance Packer Pressure Probe Pressure Drawdown


Mobility
ft psi psi psi md/cp
1* xx428 1000 2459 2470 1.3
2* xx551 1000 2449 2465 1.0
3* xx570 1000 2381 2647 0.1
4* xx587 1000 2306 2552 0.1
5 xx03 1600 2409 2443 0.8
6 xx58 1222 2775 2773 7
7 xx48 557 3102 3115 0.3
8 xx30 1400 2308 2305 7

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Layer Pressures
in
Multilayer Reservoirs

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pressure Profile in a
Development Well:
the Montrose Field

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Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pressure Profiles
in a
Developing Field:
Montrose

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Correlation between Wells
in a Developed Reservoir

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Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Measured versus
Simulated Pressures
in a Developing
Field: Jene

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Pressure Gradient Exercise: Shengli
MDT data have given the following formation pressures in this vertical well:

Depth (ft) Pressure (psi)


• 4280 1050
• 4415 1095
• 4520 1130
• 6702 2104
• 7940 2940
• 9095 3745

Plot the pressures versus depth, and draw fluid gradients where appropriate.
Calculate the corresponding fluid densities (water gradient is 0.433 psi/ft).

Does this data set come from a virgin reservoir or from a development well?

Answers:
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Layer Pressures in Multilayer Reservoirs

• Some multilayer reservoirs (deltaic deposits) can be composed literally of


hundreds of different layers.

• Because of differential depletion, the layer pressures are never uniform.

• Differential depletion can cause severe production engineering problems:


crossflows, changes in fluid contacts, by-passed oil, lost reserves.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Layer Pressures in Multilayer Reservoirs (cont’d)

• Wireline formation testing is the only method for complete layer


pressure profiling when a new well is drilled in a field being
developed.

• When a new well is put on line, it is no longer possible to measure


directly the individual layer pressures, except sparsely by cased hole
wireline testing.

• The SIP (Selective Inflow Performance) technique offers a practical


method to determine individual layer pressures when production logs
are run.

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Crossflow in a Multilayer Gas Well

Which is the
producing
interval with the
highest pressure?
The lowest?

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Crossflow in a Multilayer Gas Well

Which is the
producing interval
with the highest
pressure? The
lowest?

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Two-Phase Crossflow in a Shut-in Producing Well

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Crossflow in a Producing Well

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Crossflow in a Multilayer Injection Well

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Hydrostatic Potential
and
Prediction of Crossflows

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Hydrostatic Potential Ψ Depth

1800
The hydrostatic potential of a layer is z0
its pressure corrected to an arbitrary
1825
datum depth reference z0.
1840

Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
1860
1870
1890
P is reservoir pressure
ρ is reservoir fluid density 2005

z is the depth (TVD) z


z0 is any reference depth (TVD)
2040
For a layer or group of layers in
hydrostatic equilibrium, the Pressure
hydrostatic potential has a unique Ψ = 1800 psi Potential

value. ΓΧ Gamma Experts


Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Four Layers in Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Depth

z0

1825

1870

2005
z
2040

Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure


Potential ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Depth
Four Layers Affected
by Differential Depletion z0 Original pressure gradient

A
What will be the crossflow
pattern in this well?
B
- Well flowing?
- Well shut-in? C

D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure


Potential

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Flowing Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
What will be the crossflow
pattern in this flowing well?

Answer: B

C
Flowing
wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Flowing Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
Each of A, C and D will
produce.

B will take some fluid. B

C
In order to get B to also
Flowing
produce, the flowing pressure wellbore pressure
must be reduced further. D
z
The same conclusion can be Original
reached by analyzing the hydrostatic potential
hydrostatic potential values.
Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Flowing Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
Each of A, C and D will
produce.

B will take some fluid. B


Flowing well C
In order to get B to also hydrostatic
potential
produce, the flowing pressure
must be reduced further. D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Ψ = 1800 psi Potential

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Shut-in Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
What will be the crossflow
pattern in this shut-in well?

Answer: B

C
Shut-in
wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Shut-in Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
C will flow into B.

A and D will be about neutral.


B
The same conclusion can be C
reached by analyzing the
Shut-in
hydrostatic potential values. wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Shut-in Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient

A
C will flow into B.

A and D will be about neutral.


B

D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Shut-in well Ψ = 1800 psi Potential


hydrostatic
potential ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Exercise: Calculation of the Hydrostatic Potential

Example:

P = 2335 psi
z – z0 = 500 ft Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
ρ = 0.785 g/cm3
or

Answer?
Ψ = P – .433ρ (z – z0)

(The gradient of water is 0.433 psi per foot)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Exercise: Calculation of the Hydrostatic Potential

Example:

P = 2335 psi
z – z0 = 500 ft Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
ρ = 0.785 g/cm3
or

Answer:
Ψ = P – .433ρ (z – z0)
Ψ = 2335 – 0.785 x 500 x 0.433
Ψ= 2335 – 170
(The gradient of water is 0.433 psi per foot)
Ψ = 2165 psi

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure

Layer Pressures
from
Selective Inflow Performance

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Single Layer Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

Pressure The Inflow Performance


of a well represents its
Pr ability to produce the
reservoir fluids.
1/PI
The IPR represents the
Pwf
reservoir performance in
a P vs Q plane. The IPR
IP has a slope equal to 1/PI.
R
Q
PI = . AOF
(Pr - Pwf)

1 atm.
Q
Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Layer IPRs for a System in Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Pressure
(datum corrected)

Pr

1/PI

Pwf

IPR

Zone A Zone B Zone C

Qa Qb Qc
Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Multi-Rate PL Data with SIP Plot
SELECTIVE INFLOW PERFORMANCE (SIP)
L8-14 Wintershall Noordzee BV

480

470 4196-4206m
4216-4230m
460
4233-4245m
450 4247-4252m
4212-4231m
440
4232-4252m
Linear (4216-4230m )
430
Linear (4212-4231m )
420 Linear (4232-4252m )
Linear (4196-4206m )
410

400

390

Pressure (bar)
380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280
-250 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Flow rate at dow nhole conditions (m 3/d)

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
SIP on a High Rate Producer

Shut-in

52000 B/D

84000 B/D

145000 B/D

ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel


PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Wellbore Pressure and Crossflow Rates when Shutting-in

Pressure
(datum corrected)
P1

Pwf Pwf is such that (+ Q – Q) = 0

P2

Zone A Zone B

-Q +Q Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts


Petroleum Engineering

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

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