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Assessment Exam

The document contains an assessment exam with questions about chemistry concepts. It distinguishes between industrial chemistry and classical chemistry, and discusses factors used to classify industries as heavy or light. Specialty chemicals are defined as specialized products relied on by many sectors. The lithosphere is an important source of natural raw materials for the chemical industry. The key difference between unit operations and unit processes is that unit operations involve only physical changes while unit processes involve chemical reactions. Block diagrams show raw materials and final products but not details of operations. Common process flow diagram symbols are explained. Mass balance equations account for accumulation, inflows, outflows, production and consumption of materials in a chemical process.

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Cristine Concepcion
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140 views5 pages

Assessment Exam

The document contains an assessment exam with questions about chemistry concepts. It distinguishes between industrial chemistry and classical chemistry, and discusses factors used to classify industries as heavy or light. Specialty chemicals are defined as specialized products relied on by many sectors. The lithosphere is an important source of natural raw materials for the chemical industry. The key difference between unit operations and unit processes is that unit operations involve only physical changes while unit processes involve chemical reactions. Block diagrams show raw materials and final products but not details of operations. Common process flow diagram symbols are explained. Mass balance equations account for accumulation, inflows, outflows, production and consumption of materials in a chemical process.

Uploaded by

Cristine Concepcion
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSESSMENT EXAM

Answered by: Cristine Concepcion (2018-02771)


September 16, 2020

1. Distinguish between industrial and classical chemistry?

Classical Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances, of


which matter is constituted, the study of their characteristics and processes, and the use of
those reactions in the creation of new materials. Classical chemistry is essential in
improving the science of chemistry, by exploring and researching new materials, ways
and techniques.
Industrial Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals in the application and
introduces physical and chemical processes to the transformation of raw materials into
goods of value to humanity. The study deals with knowledge linkages in engineering,
chemical processing, economics and industrial management. The scope of industrial
chemistry therefore includes exploitation of materials and energy in appropriate scale and
applying science and technology to enable humanity to experience benefits of chemistry
in areas such as health, comfort, shelter, protection, decoration, recreation and
entertainment.

2. What factors are used to classify an industry as heavy or light?

Factors Light Industry Heavy Industry

Amount of raw material Small Large

Amount of space required Small Extensive

Nature of goods Lightweight Considered bulk and weight

Amount of pollution Less pollutive More pollutive

Light industry makes small products, mainly to be bought by individuals. They


are small in scale, suitable for factory units on industrial estates. They need only limited
amounts of capital investment and light industries are manufacturers whose products are
mostly consumed by customers
Heavy industry tends to large-scale businesses. The industry involves big plants
covering large areas of land. They are capital intensive, needing big investments to set
up. Heavy industries are the sellers, and they believe in being oriented towards the
business rather than towards the end users.
3. Define speciality chemicals.
Speciality chemicals are specialized chemical products that have a wide range of
effects that many other sectors of the industry rely on. Some of the specialty chemicals
types are adhesives, agrichemicals, cleaning products, paints, cosmetic additives, building
chemicals, elastomers, flavours, food additives, fragrances, industrial gasses.

Specialty chemicals are materials which are used according to their efficiency or
purpose. Consequently they are often referred to as "output" chemicals or "formulation"
chemicals in addition to "impact" chemicals. They may be individual molecules, or
mixtures of compounds known as formulations.

4. Explain how the lithosphere is an important source of natural raw materials for the
chemical industry.

Lithosphere is critically significant as it is the environment in which the biosphere


(the living things on earth) exist and work. It is also the source of nearly all our energy,
and it is rich in elements such as iron, aluminum, calcium , copper and magnesium that
humans used for millennial tools, machinery, and chemical industry.

5. What is the difference between unit operations and unit processes?

In unit operations there is only physical transition, and there is no chemical


change or we may say there is no chemical reaction. In these operations there is only
physical change as phase will shift or two or more substances will be separated from each
other or particle size will decrease. Their chemical composition is similar to those sent
for function.It requires splitting, carrying, combining, blending, and the size of
components only physically (no chemical reaction). Unit operations can be used before
and after unit processing according to the raw material and product properties required.
Whereas only chemical reaction occurs in the unit process. It requires the
chemical conversion of the raw material into a product (through a chemical reaction)
meaning that the raw material that has some chemical compound is converted into a
product that has different chemical compounds.

Unit operations Unit process


● Mixing (Solid-Solid, Solid- ● Neutralization
Liquid, Solid-Gas, Liquid- ● Oxidation / Reduction
Liquid, Liquid-Gas, Gas-Gas) ● Esterification / Saponification
● Separating (Sieving, ● Nitration
Filtration, Distillation, ● Sulfonation
Fractional crystallization, ● Polymerization
Fractional freezing, ● Diazotization
Centrifugation)
● Chlorination
● Transporting (Solids,
● Alcylation
Granulates, Liquids, Slurries,
Pastes, Gases)
● Measuring (Weighing,
Volumetrizing, Counting)

6. What information would you expect to find in a block diagram for chemical
processes?

Block diagrams show what is done and not how it is done. It is like a schematic
diagram, and the unit operations and unit processes are not given. Information that needs
to be present in a block diagram are raw materials, and the final products.

7. Discuss the use of symbols in the process flow diagram.

Symbol Name Description

Process symbol Represents a process, action, or function. It’s the


most widely-used symbol in flowcharting.

Start/End symbol Represents the start points, end points, and potential
outcomes of a path. Often contains “Start” or “End”
within the shape.

Document symbol Represents the input or output of a document,


specifically. Examples of and input are receiving a
report, email, or order. Examples of an output using a
document symbol include generating a presentation,
memo, or letter.
Decision symbol Indicates a question to be answered — usually yes/no
or true/false. The flowchart path may then split off
into different branches depending on the answer or
consequences thereafter.

Connector symbol Usually used within more complex charts, this symbol
connects separate elements across one page.

Off-Page Frequently used within complex charts, this symbol


Connector/Link connects separate elements across multiple pages with
symbol the page number usually placed on or within the shape
for easy reference.

Input/output Represents data that is available for input or output as


symbol well as representing resources used or generated.
While the paper tape symbol also represents
input/output, it is outdated and no longer in common

Comment/Note Placed along with context, this symbol adds needed


symbol explanation or comments within the specified range. It
may be connected by a dashed line to the relevant
section of the flowchart as well.

Database symbol Represents data housed on a storage service that will


likely allow for searching and filtering by users.

Paper tape symbol An outdated symbol rarely ever used in modern


practices or process flows, but this shape could be
used if you’re mapping out processes or input
methods on much older computers and CNC
machines.

8. What assumptions are made at the initial stages of carrying out material balance for
a chemical process?

Two assumptions have been made in the inital stage of doing material balance for
a chemical process. One is that there is no transfer of mass to energy, and the mass is
conserved for each element or compound on either molar or weight basis.

9. Write the mass balance equation.


Accumulation = Flow in - Flow out + Production - Consumption

10. Solution

Basis: 100kg gas burned.

The labeled flowchart is as follows:

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