EC6801 Wireless Communication

Revision - Unit 3 & 4

 Syllabus

UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS

Structure of a wireless communication link, Principles of Offset-QPSK,

pi/4-DQPSK, Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying(GMSK), Error performance in fading channels, OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) principle – Cyclic
prefix, Windowing, PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio).
1. In linear modulation technique __________ of transmitted
signal varies linearly with modulating digital signal.

a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Angle
2. Which of the following is not a linear modulation
technique?

a) OQPSK
b) π/4 QPSK
c) FSK
d) BPSK
3. In DPSK system, input signal is differentially encoded and
then modulated using a ________ modulator.

a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) BPSK
d) QPSK
4. The bandwidth of OQPSK is _______ to QPSK.

a) Identical
b) Twice
c) Half
d) Four times
5. Which of the following is not a detection technique used
for detection of π/4 QPSK signals?

a) Baseband differential detection

b) IF differential detection
c) FM discriminator detection
d) Envelope detection
6. Which of the following is a combined linear and constant
envelope technique?

a) MPSK
b) PSK
c) BPSK
d) QPSK
7. In an M-ary signaling scheme two or more bits are
grouped together to form a _______

a) Chip
b) Symbol
c) Byte
d) Pattern
8. The number of possible signal in M-ary signalling is
given by M and M = __________ where n is an integer.

a) n
b) 2n
c) 2n
d) n2
9. The constellation of M-ary PSK is ____________
dimensional.

a) One
b) Does not exist
c) Two
d) Three
10. What is the radius of the circle in M-ary PSK on which
message points are equally spaced?

a) √Es
b) √Eb
c) Eb
d) Es
11. The power efficiency of the M-ary PSK decreases
because of the _____

a) Freely packed constellation

b) Increment of bandwidth efficiency
c) Fixed null bandwidth
d) Densely packed constellation
12. In comparison to M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM bandwidth
efficiency is _____ and power efficiency is ________

a) Identical, superior
b) Less, superior
c) Identical, identical
d) Superior, superior
13. The name minimum phase shift keying implies
minimum _________

a) Frequency separation
b) Amplitude separation
c) Phase change
d) Amplitude deviation
14. MSK is sometimes also referred as _________

a) Slow FSK
b) Fast FSK
c) Slow PSK
d) Fast PSK
15. Which of the following is not a property of MSK?

a) Variable envelope
b) Spectral efficiency
c) Good BER performance
d) Self synchronizing capability
16. GMSK is a ________ of MSK.

a) Integral
b) Opposite
c) Derivative
d) Similar
17. Which of the following holds true for GMSK?

a) Minimum ISI
b) Minimum error rate
c) Good spectral efficiency
d) Variable envelope property
18. OFDM is a technique of

1. encoding digital data

2. multiple carrier frequencies
3. wide band digital communication
4. 4G mobile communication

a. 1,2 and 3 are correct

b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
d. All the four correct
19. Advantages of using OFDM include

1. Avoids complex equalizers

2. Low symbol rate and guard interval
3. Avoids ISI
4. Multiple users at same frequency

a. 1,2 and 3 are correct

b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
d. All the four correct
20. The guard interval is provided in OFDM

a. To eliminate the need of pulse shaping filter

b. To eliminate ISI
c. High symbol rate
d. Both (a) and (b)
e. Both (b) and (c)
21. The technique that may be used to reduce the side band
power is

a. MSK
b. BPSK
c. Gaussian minimum shift keying
d. BFSK
22. In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower
frequency is

a. Same as the bit rate

b. Half of the bit rate

c. Twice of the bit rate

d. Four time the bit rate

23. To reduce the need for linearity, π/4 DQPSK uses:

a. angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees

b. angles of 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees

c. angles of π/4, 2π/4, 3π/4, and 4π/4

d. double phase-shift angles

24. Why is a cyclic prefix required in an OFDM?

a) To ensure symbol time is an integer number

b) To help overcome multipath and ISI

c) To maintain orthogonality

d) To make OFDMA scalable

25. When we divide band of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) into sub bands, it
diminishes effects of __________

a) Noise
b) collision
c) interference
d) signals absence
26. Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital
communication system is called

A. Bit rate
B. Data rate
C. Symbol rate
D. Baud rate
27. Which is a constant envelope modulation scheme?

A. MSK

B. BFSK

C. QPSK

D. all the above

28. In OFDM, cyclic prefix is added to

a. Avoid inter symbol interference

b. Avoid inter block interference

c. To reduce subcarrier bandwidth

d. To increase size of IFFT

29. The modulation scheme commonly used for
transmission from GSM mobile terminals is

a) 4-QAM
b) 16-PSK
c) Walsh-Hadamard orthogonal codes
d) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
30. When we divide band of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) into sub bands, it
diminishes effects of __________

a) noise

b) collision

c) interference

d) signals absence
Sl.No Answer Sl.No Answer
1 a 11 d
2 c 12 a
3 c 13 a
4 a 14 b
5 d 15 a
6 a 16 c
7 b 17 c
8 c 18 d
9 c 19 d
10 a 20 d
Sl.No Answer Sl.No Answer
21 c 26 d
22 b 27 a
23 b 28 b
24 b 29 d
25 c 30 c
 Syllabus

UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

Equalisation – Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization,

zero forcing and LMS Algorithms. Diversity – Micro and Macro diversity,
Diversity combining techniques, Error probability in fading channels with
diversity reception, Rake receiver.
1. Equalization is used to compensate __________

a) Peak signal to noise ratio

b) Inter symbol interference
c) Channel fading
d) Noises present in the signal
2. Training and tracking are the operating modes of _________

a) Diversity techniques
b) Channel coding techniques
c) Equalization techniques
d) Demodulation techniques
3. Time for convergence of an equalizer is not a function of
_______

a) Equalizer algorithm
b) Equalizer structure
c) Time rate of change of multipath radio channel
d) Transmitter characteristics
4. Equalizer is usually implemented in __________

a) Transmitter
b) Baseband or at IF in a receiver
c) Radio channel
d) Modulator stage
5. ______ controls the adaptive algorithm in an equalizer.

a) Error signal
b) Transmitted signal
c) Received signal
d) Channel impulse response
6. The adaptive algorithms in equalizer that do not require
training sequence are called ________

a) Linear adaptive algorithms

b) Blind algorithms
c) Non-linear adaptive algorithms
d) Spatially adaptive algorithms
7. A rake receiver uses multiple ______

a) Delay circuits
b) Correlators
c) Detectors
d) Flip flops
8. Equalization techniques can be categorized into _______ and
______ techniques.

a) Linear, non linear

b) Active, passive
c) Direct, indirect
d) Slow, fast
9. Which of the following is not a non-linear equalization
technique?

a) Decision feedback equalization

b) Maximum likelihood symbol detection
c) Minimum square error detection
d) Maximum likelihood sequence detection
10. Diversity decisions are made by ____________

a) Receiver
b) Transmitter
c) Channel
d) Adaptive algorithms
11. ____________ is used to prevent deep fade for rapidly
varying channel.

a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
c) Macroscopic diversity technique
d) Microscopic diversity technique
12. Large scale fading can be mitigated with the help of
_________

a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
c) Macroscopic diversity technique
d) Microscopic diversity technique
13. In maximal ratio combining, the output SNR is equal to
__________

a) Mean of all individual SNRs

b) Maximum of all SNRs
c) Sum of individual SNR
d) Minimum of all SNRs
14. Which of the following factor could not determine the
performance of algorithm?

a) Structural properties
b) Rate of convergence
c) Computational complexity
d) Numerical properties
15. Rate of convergence is defined by __________ of algorithm.

a) Time span
b) Number of iterations
c) Accuracy
d) Complexity
16. Choice of equalizer structure and its algorithm is not
dependent on ________

a) Cost of computing platform

b) Power budget
c) Radio propagation characteristics
d) Statistical distribution of transmitted power
17. For N symbol inputs, LMS algorithm requires ______
operations per iterations.

a) 2N
b) N+1
c) 2N+1
d) N2
18. Stochastic gradient algorithm is also called ________

a) Zero forcing algorithm

b) Least mean square algorithm
c) Recursive least square algorithm
d) Mean square error algorithm
19. Which of the following does not hold true for RLS
algorithms?

a) Complex
b) Adaptive signal processing
c) Slow convergence rate
d) Powerful
20. Which of the following algorithm uses simple
programming?

a) LMS Gradient DFE

b) FTF algorithm
c) Fast Kalman DFE
d) Gradient Lattice DFE
21. The performance of algorithms for Adaptive Equalization are
given by
1. Rate of convergence
2. Computational complexity
3. Numerical properties
4. Frequency change

a. 1 and 2 are correct

b. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All are correct
22. The methods used for non linear equalization are

a. Decision Feedback Equalization

b. Maximum Likelihood Symbol Detection
c. Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation

a. 1 and 2 are correct

b. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. None of the above
23. The maximum likelihood sequence estimator adjusts
_______ according to _____ environment.

a) Receiver, transmitter
b) Transmitter, receiver
c) Receiver, receiver
d) None of the mentioned
24. The RAKE receiver involves the steps

a. estimation of transmitted signal, correlator, demodulation, bit

decision
b. estimation of transmitted signal, demodulation, correlator, bit
decision
c. estimation of transmitted signal, demodulation, bit decision,
correlator
d. Correlator, estimation of transmitted signal, demodulation, bit
decision
25. Working of Adaptive Equalizers include

a. Training
b. Tracking
c. Modulation
d. Both a and b
e. All a, b and c are correct
26. Which of the following is a drawback of zero forcing
algorithm?

a) Long training sequence

b) Amplification of noise
c) Not suitable for static channels
d) Non zero ISI
27. LMS equalizer minimizes __________

a) Computational complexity

b) Cost

c) Mean square error

d) Power density of output signal

28. In maximal ratio combining, the output SNR is equal to
__________

a) Mean of all individual SNRs

b) Maximum of all SNRs
c) Sum of individual SNR
d) Minimum of all SNRs
29. Which of the following is not an algorithm for
equalizer?

a) Zero forcing algorithm

b) Least mean square algorithm
c) Recursive least square algorithm
d) Mean square error algorithm
30. The time span for which the equalizer converges depends upon
1. Equalizer algorithm
2. Equalizer structure
3. Rate of change of multipath radio channel
4. Amplitude of signal

a. 1 and 2 are correct

b. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All the four are correct
Sl.No Answer Sl.No Answer
1 b 11 d
2 c 12 c
3 d 13 c
4 b 14 a
5 a 15 b
6 b 16 d
7 b 17 c
8 a 18 b
9 c 19 c
10 a 20 a
Sl.No Answer Sl.No Answer
21 b 26 b
22 b 27 c
23 a 28 c
24 d 29 d
25 d 30 b