03 Discounted Dividend Valuation
03 Discounted Dividend Valuation
Question #1 of 133 Question ID: 463100
If the growth rate in dividends is too high, it should be replaced with:
✓ A) a growth rate closer to that of gross domestic product (GDP).
✗ B) the growth rate in earnings per share.
✗ C) the average growth rate of the industry.
Explanation
A firm cannot, in the long term, grow at a rate significantly greater than the growth rate of the economy in which it operates. If
the growth rate in dividends is too high, then it is best replaced by a growth rate closer to that of GDP.
Question #2 of 133 Question ID: 463117
An analyst for a small European investment bank is interested in valuing stocks by calculating the present value of its future
dividends. He has compiled the following financial data for Ski, Inc.:
Earnings per Share
(EPS)
Year 0 $4.00
Year 1 $6.00
Year 2 $9.00
Year 3 $13.50
Note: Shareholders of Ski, Inc., require a 20% return on their investment in the high growth stage compared to 12% in the
stable growth stage. The dividend payout ratio of Ski, Inc., is expected to be 40% for the next three years. After year 3, the
dividend payout ratio is expected to increase to 80% and the expected earnings growth will be 2%. Using the information
contained in the table, what is the value of Ski, Inc.'s, stock?
✗ A) $43.04.
✗ B) $39.50.
✓ C) $71.38.
Explanation
The dividends in the next four years are:
Year 1: 6 × 0.4 = 2.4
Year 2: 9 × 0.4 = 3.6
Year 3: 13.5 × 0.4 = 5.4
Year 4: (13.5 × 1.02) × 0.8 = 11.016
The terminal value of the firm (in year 3) is 11.016 / (0.12 − 0.02) = 110.16. Value per share = 2.4 / (1.2)1 + 3.6 / (1.2)2+ 5.4 / (1.2)3 +
110.16 / (1.2)3 = $71.38.
Question #3 of 133 Question ID: 463067
The value per share for Burton, Inc. is $32.00 using the Gordon Growth model. The company paid a dividend of $2.00 last
year. The estimates used to calculate the value have changed. If the new required rate of return is 12.00% and expected
growth rate in dividends is 6%, the value per share will increase by:
✗ A) 4.17%.
✗ B) 9.51%.
✓ C) 10.42%.
Explanation
The value per share using the new estimates is $35.33 = [$2.0(1.06) / 0.12 0.06)] and the percentage increase in the value
per share will be 10.42% = [(35.33 32.00) / 32.00] × 100%.
Question #4 of 133 Question ID: 463095
If the value of an 8%, fixedrate, perpetual preferred share is $134, and the par value is $100, what is the required rate of return?
✓ A) 6%.
✗ B) 8%.
✗ C) 7%.
Explanation
The required rate of return is 6%: V0 = ($100par × 8%) / r = $134, r = 5.97%
Question #5 of 133 Question ID: 463030
Multistage growth models can become computationally intensive. For this reason they are often referred to as:
✗ A) quadratic models.
✗ B) Rsquared models.
✓ C) spreadsheet models.
Explanation
The computationally intensive nature of these models make them a perfect application for a spreadsheet program, hence the name
spreadsheet models.
Question #6 of 133 Question ID: 463146
Which of the following is least likely a valid approach to determining the appropriate discount rate for a firm's dividends?
✗ A) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM).
✗ B) Arbitrage pricing theory (APT).
✓ C) Free cash flow to firm (FCFF).
Explanation
FCFF is another discounted cash flow model, not a method to determine required returns. Each of the other answers is a valid approach
to determining an appropriate discount rate.
Question #7 of 133 Question ID: 463103
Which of the following models would be most appropriate for a firm that is expected to grow at an initial rate of 10%, declining steadily to
6% over a period of five years, and to remain steady at 6% thereafter?
✗ A) A twostage model.
✗ B) The Gordon growth model.
✓ C) The Hmodel.
Explanation
The Hmodel is the best answer, as it avoids an immediate drop to 6% like a twostage would. The Gordon growth model would not be
appropriate.
Question #8 of 133 Question ID: 463071
Suppose the equity required rate of return is 10%, the dividend just paid is $1.00 and dividends are expected to grow at an
annual rate of 6% forever. What is the expected price at the end of year 2?
✓ A) $29.78.
✗ B) $27.07.
✗ C) $28.09.
Explanation
The terminal value is $29.78, and that is the price an investor should be willing to pay at the end of year 2. The correct answer
is shown below.
Year Dividend
1 $1.0600
2 $1.1236
3 $1.1910
V2: $1.191/(0.10 0.06) = $29.78
Question #9 of 133 Question ID: 463107
Which of the following models would be most appropriate for a firm that is expected to grow at 8% for the next three years, and at 6%
thereafter?
✗ A) The Hmodel.
✗ B) The Gordon growth model.
✓ C) A twostage model.
Explanation
A firm that is expected to experience two growth stages with a fixed rate of growth for each stage should be evaluated with a twostage
dividend discount model.
Question #10 of 133 Question ID: 463058
Deployment Specialists pays a current (annual) dividend of $1.00 and is expected to grow at 20% for two years and then at
4% thereafter. If the required return for Deployment Specialists is 8.5%, the current value of Deployment Specialists is closest
to:
✓ A) $30.60.
✗ B) $33.28.
✗ C) $25.39.
Explanation
First estimate the amount of each of the next two dividends and the terminal value. The current value is the sum of the present
value of these cash flows, discounted at 8.5%.
Question #11 of 133 Question ID: 463111
Most firms follow a pattern of growth that includes several stages. The second stage of growth is referred to as the:
✗ A) Hstage.
✗ B) mature stage.
✓ C) transitional stage.
Explanation
The second stage is often referred to as the transitional stage. During this stage, the firm's growth begins to slow as
competitive forces build.
Question #12 of 133 Question ID: 463097
The Gordon growth model is well suited for:
✓ A) utilities.
✗ B) telecom companies.
✗ C) biotech firms.
Explanation
Gordon growth model is best suited to firms that have a stable growth comparable to or lower than the nominal growth rate in
the economy and have well established dividend payout policies. Utilities, with their regulated prices, stable growth and high
dividends, are particularly well suited for this model.
Question #13 of 133 Question ID: 463060
If a stock expects to pay dividends of $2.30 per share next year, what is the value of the stock if the required rate of return is 12% and
the expected growth rate in dividends is 4%?
✗ A) $29.90.
✗ B) $19.17.
✓ C) $28.75.
Explanation
Using the Gordon growth model, the value per share = DPS1 / (r − g) = 2.30 / (0.12 − 0.04) = $28.75.
Question #14 of 133 Question ID: 463118
A company's stock beta is 0.76, the market return is 10%, and the riskfree rate is 4%. The stock will pay no dividends for the
first two years, followed by a $1 dividend and $2 dividend, respectively. An investor expects to sell the stock for $10 at the end
of four years. What price is an investor willing to pay for this stock?
✓ A) $9.42.
✗ B) $10.16.
✗ C) $11.03.
Explanation
The first step is to determine the required rate of return as 4% + [(10% 4%) × 0.76] or 8.56% per year. The second step is to
determine the present value of all future expected cash flows, including the terminal $10 stock price, discounted back four
years to today. The solution is shown below.
Year CF
1 0
2 0
3 1
4 2
4 10
0/1.0856 + 0/(1.0856)2 + 1/(1.0856)3 + (2 + 10)/(1.0856)4 = $9.42
Question #15 of 133 Question ID: 463152
If a firm has a return on equity of 15%, a current dividend of $1.00, and a sustainable growth rate of 9%, what are the firm's current
earnings?
✗ A) $1.50.
✓ B) $2.50.
✗ C) $1.75.
Explanation
The earnings can be determined by solving for earnings in the sustainable growth formula:
9% = [1 − ($1 / $Earnings)] × 0.15 or $1 / 0.4 = $Earnings = $2.50
Question #16 of 133 Question ID: 463116
An analyst has compiled the following financial data for ABC, Inc.:
ABC, Inc. Valuation Scenarios
Year 1, g=20%
Year 2, g=18%
Years 13,
Year 3, g=16%
g=12.0%
g (growth rate in dividends) 0.0% 3.0% Year 4, g=9%
After Year 3,
Year 5, g=8%
g=3.0%
Year 6, g=7%
After Year 6, g=4%
If year 0 dividend is $1.50 per share, the required rate of return of shareholders is 15.2%, what is the value of ABC, Inc.'s stock price
using the HModel? Assume that the growth in dividends has been 20% for the last 8 years, but is expected to decline 3% per year for the
next 5 years to a stable growth rate of 5%.
✓ A) $20.95.
✗ B) $24.26.
✗ C) $19.85.
Explanation
Use the HModel to value the firm. The HModel assumes that the initial growth rate (ga) will decline linearly to the stable growth rate (gn).
The high growth period is assumed to last 2H years. Hence, the value per share = DPSo(1 + gn) / (r − gn) + DPSo × H × (ga − gn) / (r − gn)
(1.5 × 1.05) / (0.152 − 0.05) + [1.5 × (5 / 2) × (0.20 − 0.05)] / (0.152 − 0.05)
1.575 / 0.102 + 0.5625 / 0.102
15.44 + 5.51 = $20.95
Question #17 of 133 Question ID: 463138
If we know the forecast growth rates for a firm's dividends and the current dividends and current value, we can determine the:
✓ A) required rate of return.
✗ B) sustainable growth rate.
✗ C) net margin of the firm.
Explanation
Just as we can determine the current value of the shares from the current dividends, growth forecasts and required return, we can solve
for any one of them if we know the other three factors.
Question #18 of 133 Question ID: 463130
Given that a firm's current dividend is $2.00, the forecasted growth is 7% for the next two years and 5% thereafter, and the current value
of the firm's shares is $54.50, what is the required rate of return?
✗ A) Can't be determined.
✗ B) 10%.
✓ C) 9%.
Explanation
The equation to determine the required rate of return is solved through iteration.
$54.50 = $2(1.07) / (1 + r) + $2(1.07)2 / (1 + r)2 + {[$2(1.07)2(1.05)] / (r 0.05)} / [(1 + r)2
Through iteration, r = 9%
Question #19 of 133 Question ID: 463158
Heather Callaway, CFA, is concerned about the accuracy of her valuation of Crimson Gate, a fastgrowing
telecommunicationsequipment company that her firm rates as a top buy. Crimson currently trades at $134 per share, and
Callaway has put together the following information about the stock:
Most recent dividend per share $0.55
Growth rate, next 2 years 30%
Growth rate, after 2 years 12%
Trailing P/E 25.6
Financial leverage 3.4
Sales $1198 per share
Asset turnover 11.2
Estimated market rate of return 13.2%
Callaway's employer, Bates Investments, likes to use a company's sustainable growth rate as a key input to obtaining the
required rate of return for the company's stock.
Crimson's sustainable growth rate is closest to:
✗ A) 13.2%.
✗ B) 16.6%.
✓ C) 14.8%.
Explanation
Sustainable growth rate = ROE × retention rate
Earnings per share = price / (P/E) = $134 / 25.6 = $5.23
The retention rate represents the portion of earnings not paid out in dividends. = (5.23 − 0.55) / 5.23 = 0.89 or 89%
ROE = profit margin × asset turnover × financial leverage
ROE = 5.23 / 1198 × 11.2 × 3.4 = 16.6%
Sustainable growth rate = 89% × 16.6% = 14.8%
Question #20 of 133 Question ID: 472544
Which of the following dividend discount models (DDMs) is most appropriate for modeling a mature company?
✗ A) Hmodel.
✓ B) Gordon growth model.
✗ C) Twostage DDM.
Explanation
The Gordon growth model assumes that dividends grow at a constant rate forever. It is most suited for mature companies with
low to moderate growth rates and wellestablished dividend payout policies.
Question #21 of 133 Question ID: 463093
A $100 par, perpetual preferred share pays a fixed dividend of 5.0%. If the required rate of return is 6.5%, what is the current value of the
shares?
✓ A) $76.92.
✗ B) $88.64.
✗ C) $100.00.
Explanation
The current value of the shares is $76.92:
V0 = ($100 × 0.05) / 0.065 = $76.92
Question #22 of 133 Question ID: 463066
Jax, Inc., pays a current dividend of $0.52 and is projected to grow at 12%. If the required rate of return is 11%, what is the current value
based on the Gordon growth model?
✗ A) $58.24.
✗ B) $39.47.
✓ C) unable to determine value using Gordon model.
Explanation
The Gordon growth model cannot be used if the growth rate exceeds the required rate of return.
Question #23 of 133 Question ID: 463155
The sustainable growth rate, g, equals:
✗ A) pretax margin divided by working capital.
✗ B) dividend payout rate times the return on assets.
✓ C) earnings retention rate times the return on equity.
Explanation
The formula for sustainable growth is: g = b × ROE, where g = sustainable growth, b = the earnings retention rate, and ROE equals return
on equity.
Question #24 of 133 Question ID: 463154
Sustainable growth is the rate that earnings can grow:
✓ A) indefinitely without altering the firm's capital structure.
✗ B) with the current assets.
✗ C) without additional purchase of equipment.
Explanation
Sustainable growth is the rate of earnings growth that can be maintained indefinitely without the addition of new equity capital.
Question #25 of 133 Question ID: 463115
QPartners is expected to have earnings in ten years of $12 per share, a dividend payout ratio of 50%, and a required return
of 11%. At that time, ROE is expected to fall to 8% in perpetuity and the trailing P/E ratio is forecasted to be eight times
earnings. The terminal value at the end of ten years using the P/E multiple approach and DDM is closest to:
P/E multiple DDM
✓ A) 96.00 89.14
✗ B) 96.32 85.71
✗ C) 96.32 89.14
Explanation
Terminal Value = P/E × EPS
= 8 × 12 = 96
D10 = 0.5 × 12 = 6
g = 0.50 × 0.08 = 4%
Question #26 of 133 Question ID: 463109
The most appropriate model for analyzing a profitable hightech firm is the:
✓ A) threestage dividend discount model (DDM).
✗ B) Hmodel.
✗ C) zero growth cash flow model.
Explanation
Most of hightech firms grow at very high rates and are expected to grow at those rates for an initial period. These rates are
expected to decline as the firm grows in size and loses its competitive advantage. Of the models provided, the threestage
DDM is most appropriate to analyze hightech firms because of its flexibility. Hmodel may not be appropriate, because a
linear decline from the high growth rate to the constant growth rate cannot be assumed and the dividend payout ratio is fixed.
Question #27 of 133 Question ID: 463147
Financial models such as the DDM represent a cornerstone of equity valuation from an academic standpoint. But in the real
life, many analysts do not use the DDM. The least likely reason for this is:
✗ A) some of the assumptions required are impractical.
✓ B) modern research has shown that many of the old standbys do not work.
✗ C) the model lacks the flexibility required to model values in the real world.
Explanation
The DDM requires assumptions that many analysts find impractical. In addition, the model lacks the flexibility to adapt to
changing circumstances. Both of these problems can be overcome, to a large extent, by using spreadsheet modeling to
forecast cash flows and other variables.
Question #28 of 133 Question ID: 463032
If an investor were attempting to capture an asset's alpha returns, the expected holding period return (HPR) would be:
✗ A) lower than the required return.
✗ B) the same as the required return.
✓ C) higher than the required return.
Explanation
Alpha returns are returns in addition to the required returns, so the expected HPR would be higher than the required return.
Question #29 of 133 Question ID: 463087
A firm has the following characteristics:
Current share price $100.00.
Current earnings $3.50.
Current dividend $0.75.
Growth rate 11%.
Required return 13%.
Based on this information and the Gordon growth model, what is the firm's justified trailing price to earnings (P/E) ratio?
✗ A) 8.9.
✗ B) 11.3.
✓ C) 11.9.
Explanation
The justified trailing P/E is 11.9:
P0 / E0 = [($0.75)(1 + 0.11)/$3.50] / (0.13 0.11) = 11.8929
Question #30 of 133 Question ID: 463031
Historical information used to determine the longterm average returns from equity markets may suffer from survivorship bias, resulting in:
✗ A) deflating the mean return.
✓ B) inflating the mean return.
✗ C) unpredictable results.
Explanation
Survivorship bias refers to the weeding out of underperforming firms, resulting in an inflated value for the mean return.
Question #31 of 133 Question ID: 463164
In its most recent quarterly earnings report, Smith Brothers Garden Supplies said it planned to increase its dividend at an
annual rate of 5% for the foreseeable future. Analyst Anton Spears is using a required return of 9.5% for Smith Brothers stock.
Smith Brothers stock trades for $52.17 per share and earned $3.01 per share over the last 12 months. The company paid a
dividend of $2.15 per share during the last 12month period, and its dividendgrowth rate for the last five years was 9.2%.
Using the Gordon Growth model, the share price for Smith Brothers stock is most likely:
✓ A) overvalued.
✗ B) correctly valued.
✗ C) undervalued.
Explanation
The Gordon Growth model is as follows:
Value = [dividend × (1 + dividend growth rate)] / [required return − growth rate]
Value = [2.15 × 1.05] / [0.095 − 0.05]
= 2.2575 / [0.095 − 0.05]
= 50.17
Question #32 of 133 Question ID: 463143
Given an equity risk premium of 3.5%, a forecasted dividend yield of 2.5% on the market index and a U.S. government bond
yield of 4.5%, what is the consensus longterm earnings growth estimate?
✓ A) 5.5%.
✗ B) 10.5%.
✗ C) 8.0%.
Explanation
Equity risk premium = forecasted dividend yield + consensus long term earnings growth rate longterm government bond
yield.
Therefore,
Consensus long term earnings growth rate =
Equity risk premium forecasted dividend yield + longterm government bond yield
Consensus long term earnings growth rate = 3.5% 2.5% + 4.5% = 5.5%
Question #33 of 133 Question ID: 463148
Relative to traditional financial models like the dividend discount model, the biggest advantage of spreadsheet modeling is:
✗ A) simplicity of computations.
✓ B) quantity of computations.
✗ C) accuracy of computations.
Explanation
Computations are no simpler or more complicated on a spreadsheet as opposed to a calculator. Accuracy tends to be
improved with the use of a spreadsheet, because you don't have to punch numbers into a calculator at any stage. However,
someone truly concerned with accuracy can do a fine job with a calculator. The spreadsheet stands out when it comes to
quantity. Analysts can program many permutations and scenarios into a spreadsheet, using minutes to do what would take
hours or even days or weeks with a calculator.
Question #34 of 133 Question ID: 463038
Which of the following dividend discount models has the limitation that a sudden decrease to the lower growth rate in the second stage
may NOT be realistic?
✓ A) Twostage dividend discount model.
✗ B) Gordon growth model.
✗ C) H model.
Explanation
The twostage DDM has the limitation that a sudden decrease to the lower growth rate in the second stage may not be realistic. Further,
the model has the difficulty in trying to estimate the length of the highgrowth stage.
Question #35 of 133 Question ID: 463039
Which of the following is least likely a potential problem associated with the threestage dividend discount model (DDM)? The:
✓ A) stable period payout ratio may be too high resulting in an extremely low value.
✗ B) beta in the stable period is too high, resulting in an extremely low stock value.
✗ C) highgrowth and transitional periods are too long, resulting in an extremely high stock
value.
Explanation
If the stable period payout ratio is too low it may result in an extremely low value because the terminal value will be lower due
to the smaller dividends being paid out.
Question #36 of 133 Question ID: 463091
A firm has the following characteristics:
Current share price $100.00.
Oneyear earnings $3.50.
Oneyear dividend $0.75.
Required return 13%.
Justified leading price to earnings 10.
Based on the dividend discount model, what is the firm's assumed growth rate?
✗ A) 12.4%.
✗ B) 8.6%.
✓ C) 10.9%.
Explanation
The assumed growth rate is 10.9%:
P0 / E1 = ($0.75/$3.50) / (0.13 g) = 10, g = 10.86%
Questions #3742 of 133
Julie Davidson, CFA, has recently been hired by a wellrespected hedge fund manager in New York as an investment analyst.
Davidson's responsibilities in her new position include presenting investment recommendations to her supervisor, who is a
principal in the firm. Davidson's previous position was as a junior analyst at a regional money management firm. In order to
prepare for her new position, her supervisor has asked Davidson to spend the next week evaluating the fund's investment
policy and current portfolio holdings. At the end of the week, she is to make at least one new investment recommendation
based upon her evaluation of the fund's current portfolio. Upon examination of the fund's holdings, Davidson determines that
the domestic growth stock sector is currently underrepresented in the portfolio. The fund has stated to its investors that it will
aggressively pursue opportunities in this sector, but due to recent profittaking, the portfolio needs some rebalancing to
increase its exposure to this sector. She decides to search for a suitable stock in the pharmaceuticals industry, which, she
believes, may be able to provide an above average return for the hedge fund while maintaining the fund's stated risk tolerance
parameters.
Davidson has narrowed her search down to two companies, and is comparing them to determine which is the more
appropriate recommendation. One of the prospects is Samson Corporation, a midsized pharmaceuticals corporation that,
through a series of acquisitions over the past five years, has captured a large segment of the flu vaccine market. Samson
financed the acquisitions largely through the issuance of corporate debt. The company's stock had performed steadily for
many years until the acquisitions, at which point both earnings and dividends accelerated rapidly. Davidson wants to determine
what impact any additional acquisitions will have on Samson's future earnings potential and stock performance.
The other prospect is Wellborn Products, a manufacturer of a variety of overthecounter pediatric products. Wellborn is a
relatively new player in this segment of the market, but industry insiders have confidence in the proven track record of the
company's upper management who came from another firm that is a major participant in the industry. The market cap of
Wellborn is much smaller than Samson's, and the company differs from Samson because it has grown internally rather than
through the acquisition of its competitors. Wellborn currently has no longterm debt outstanding. While the firm does not pay a
dividend, it has recently declared that it intends to begin paying one at the end of the current calendar year.
Select financial information (yearend 2005) for Samson and Wellborn is outlined below:
Samson:
Current $36.00
Price:
Sales: $75,000,000
Net $5,700,000
Income:
Assets: $135,000,000
Liabilities: $95,000,000
Equity: $60,000,000
Wellborn:
Current Price: $21.25
Dividends expected to be received at the end of $1.25
2006:
Dividends expected to be received at the end of $1.45
2007:
Price expected at yearend 2007: $27.50
Required return on equity: 9.50%
Riskfree rate: 3.75%
Other financial information:
Oneyear forecasted dividend yield on market 1.75%
index:
Consensus longterm earnings growth rate: 5.25%
Shortterm government bill rate: 3.75%
Mediumterm government note rate: 4.00%
Longterm government bond rate: 4.25%
It is the beginning of 2006, and Davidson wants use the above data to identify which will have the greatest expected returns.
She must determine which valuation model(s) is most appropriate for these two securities. Also, Davidson must forecast
sustainable growth rates for each of the companies to assess whether or not they would fit within the fund's investment
parameters.
Question #37 of 133 Question ID: 463045
Using the Gordon growth model (GGM), what is the equity risk premium?
✗ A) 5.50%.
✓ B) 2.75%.
✗ C) 3.25%.
Explanation
The GGM calculates the risk premium using forwardlooking or expectational data. The equity risk premium is estimated as
the oneyear forecasted dividend yield on market index, plus the consensus longterm earnings growth rate, minus the long
term government bond yield. Note that because equities are assumed to have a long duration, the longterm government
bond yield serves as the proxy for the riskfree rate.
Equity risk premium = 1.75% + 5.25% − 4.25% = 2.75%
(Study Session 10, LOS 31.b)
Question #38 of 133 Question ID: 463046
Davidson is familiar with the use of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and arbitrage pricing theory (APT) to estimate the
required rate of return for an equity investment. However, there are some limitations associated with both models that should
be considered in her analysis. Which of the following is least likely a limitation of the CAPM and/or APT?
✓ A) Risk premium exposure, because it fails to consider the implications of an
asset's sensitivity to the various risk factors in the market.
✗ B) Input uncertainty, because it is difficult to estimate the appropriate risk premiums
accurately.
✗ C) Model uncertainty, because it is unknown if the use of either model is theoretically
correct and appropriate.
Explanation
Both CAPM and APT consider the sensitivity of an asset's return to various risk factors. CAPM measures an asset's sensitivity
relative to the market portfolio with beta, while APT measures an asset's sensitivity to a variety of risk factors, such as investor
confidence, time horizon, inflation, businesscycle and markettiming. (Study Session 10, LOS 31.c)
Question #39 of 133 Question ID: 463047
Which of the following valuation models would be most appropriate in the valuation analysis of Wellborn Products?
✓ A) The free cash flow model, because the firm does not have a steady dividend
payment history.
✗ B) The residual income approach, because the firm is likely to have negative free cash
flow for the foreseeable future.
✗ C) The dividend discount model (DDM), because the hedge fund's investment would
represent a minority interest in the company.
Explanation
Free cash flow models are appropriate for firms such as Wellborn that do not have a dividend payout history. (Study Session
11, LOS 35.a)
Question #40 of 133 Question ID: 472542
Davidson needs to determine if the shares of Wellborn are currently undervalued or overvalued in the market relative to the
shares' fundamental value. The estimated fair value of Wellborn shares, using a twoperiod dividend discount model (DDM),
is:
✓ A) $25.29.
✗ B) $27.58.
✗ C) $27.69.
Explanation
The value of Wellborn using a twoperiod DDM is:
($1.25 / 1.095) + (($1.45 + $27.50) / 1.0952) = $25.29 (Study Session 11, LOS 35.b)
Question #41 of 133 Question ID: 463049
As a part of her analysis, Davidson needs to calculate return on equity for both potential investments. What is last year's return
on equity (ROE) for Samson shares?
✗ A) 17.10%.
✓ B) 9.50%.
✗ C) 5.28%.
Explanation
ROE can be calculated using the DuPont formula, which is:
ROE = Net Income / Stockholder's Equity
ROE = (net income / sales) × (sales / total assets) × (total assets / stockholders' equity)
Therefore: ROE = (5,700,000 / 75,000,000) × (75,000,000 / 135,000,000) × (135,000,000 / 60,000,000) = (0.076) × (0.556) ×
(2.25) = 0.095 = 9.50%.
(Study Session 11, LOS 35.o)
Question #42 of 133 Question ID: 463050
Davidson determines that over the past three years, Samson has maintained an average net profit margin of 8 percent, a total
asset turnover of 1.6, and a leverage ratio (equity multiplier) of 1.39. Assuming Samson continues to distribute 35 percent of
its earnings as dividends, Samson's estimated sustainable growth rate (SGR) is:
✗ A) 17.8%.
✓ B) 11.6%.
✗ C) 6.2%.
Explanation
Utilizing the PRAT model, where SGR is a function of profit margin (P), the retention rate (R), asset turnover (A) and financial
leverage (T):
g = P × R × A × T
g = 0.08 × (1 − 0.35) × 1.6 × 1.39 = 0.116 = 11.6%.
(Study Session 11, LOS 35.o)
Question #43 of 133 Question ID: 463135
Which of the following groups of statistics provides enough data to calculate an implied return for a stock using the twostage
DDM?
✗ A) Shortterm growth rate, longterm growth rate, stock price, trailing 12month
profits.
✓ B) P/E ratio, trailing 12month profits, shortterm PEG ratio, longterm PEG ratio, yield.
✗ C) Yield, stock price, historical dividendgrowth rate, historical profitgrowth rate.
Explanation
To calculate an implied return using the twostage DDM, we need the stock price, the dividend, a shortterm growth rate, and
a longterm growth rate. In the correct answer, we can derive the stock price from the P/E ratio and profits, then derive the
dividend from the price and the yield. Given the P/E ratio, we can also distill growth rates using the PEG ratios. Admittedly,
earningsgrowth rates aren't the same as dividendgrowth rates, but analysts routinely use either in their models. More to the
point, this is the only answer in which we can come up with even imperfect data for all the needed variables. One choice does
not provide us with a way to find the dividend. The other option does not give us the needed shortterm and longterm growth
rates.
Question #44 of 133 Question ID: 463040
The Hmodel is more flexible than the twostage dividend discount model (DDM) because:
✗ A) terminal value is not sensitive to the estimates of growth rates.
✓ B) initial high growth rate declines linearly to the level of stable growth rate.
✗ C) payout ratio changes to adjust the changes in growth estimates.
Explanation
A sudden decline in high growth rate in twostage DDM may not be realistic. This problem is solved in the Hmodel, as the
initial high growth rate is not constant, but declines linearly over time to reach the stablegrowth rate.
Question #45 of 133 Question ID: 463098
Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for the Gordon growth model?
✓ A) Hightech startup firm with no dividends.
✗ B) Regulated utility company.
✗ C) Mature, slow growth automotive manufacturer.
Explanation
The Gordon growth model is inappropriate for a firm with supernormal growth that cannot be expected to continue. A multistage model is
appropriate for such a firm.
Question #46 of 133 Question ID: 463079
Analyst Louise Dorgan has put together a short fact sheet on two companies, Benson Orchards and Terra Firma
Development.
Benson Orchards Terra Firma Development
Price/earnings ratio 18.5
Estimated stock return 15%
Estimated market return 13%
Trailing profits $5.16 per share
Shares outstanding 875 million
The riskfree rate is 3.6%, and Dorgan estimates the stock market's equity risk premium as 7.5%.
Using only the data presented above, can Dorgan create a Gordon Growth model for:
Benson Orchards Terra Firm
Development
✗ A) No No
✗ B) Yes No
✓ C) Yes Yes
Explanation
To calculate a growth rate using the Gordon Growth model, we use four variables (one being the growth rate itself). If we have
any three of the variables, we can solve for the fourth. The four variables are: stock price, dividend, required return, and
dividend growth rate. The data presented are sufficient for the calculation of three of the variables for both companies.
Benson Orchards
We know the most recent dividend and the estimate stock return. From the P/E ratio and the trailing profits, we can determine
the stock price. From those three pieces of data, we can calculate the dividend growth rate.
Terra Firma
We have the dividend. We can determine the stock price by dividing market value by shares outstanding. We can derive the
estimated stock return using the capital asset pricing model. From those three statistics, we can create a Gordon Growth
model and solve for the dividendgrowth rate.
Question #47 of 133 Question ID: 463092
What is the value of a fixedrate perpetual preferred share (par value $100) with a dividend rate of 11.0% and a required return of 7.5%?
✓ A) $147.
✗ B) $138.
✗ C) $152.
Explanation
The value of the preferred is $147:
V0 = ($100par × 11%) / 7.5% = $146.67
Question #48 of 133 Question ID: 463119
An analyst has forecast that Apex Company, which currently pays a dividend of $6.00, will continue to grow at 8% for the next two years
and then at a rate of 5% thereafter. If the required return is 10%, based on a twostage model what is the current value of Apex shares?
✗ A) $127.78.
✓ B) $133.13.
✗ C) $126.24.
Explanation
The current value of Apex shares is $133.13:
V0 = [($6 × 1.08) / 1.10] + [($6 × (1.08)2) / 1.102] + [ ($6 × (1.08)2 × 1.05) / (1.102 × (0.10 0.05))] = $133.13
Question #49 of 133 Question ID: 463064
IAM, Inc. has a current stock price of $40.00 and expects to pay a dividend in one year of $1.80. The dividend is expected to
grow at a constant rate of 6% annually. IAM has a beta of 0.95, the market is expected to return 11%, and the riskfree rate of
interest is 4%. The expected stock price two years from today is closest to:
✓ A) $43.49.
✗ B) $41.03.
✗ C) $43.94.
Explanation
Question #50 of 133 Question ID: 463160
Supergro has current dividends of $1, current earnings of $3, and a sustainable growth rate of 10%. What is Supergro's return on equity?
✓ A) 15%.
✗ B) 12%.
✗ C) 20%.
Explanation
The ROE for Supergro can be determined by solving for ROE in the sustainable growth formula:
ROE = 10% / [1 ($1/$3)] = 15%
Questions #5156 of 133
Bernadine Nutting has just completed several rounds of job interviews with the valuation group, Ancis Associates. The final
hurdle before the firm makes her an offer is an interview with Greg Ancis, CFA, the founder and senior partner of the group.
He takes pride in interviewing all potential associates himself once they have made it through the earlier rounds of interviews,
and puts candidates through a grueling series of tests. As soon as Nutting enters his office, Ancis tries to overwhelm her with
financial information on a variety of firms, including AlphaBetaHydroxy, Inc., Turbo Financial Services, Aultman Construction,
and Reality Productions.
He begins with AlphaBetaHydroxy, Inc., which trades under the symbol AB and has an estimated beta of 1.4. The firm
currently pays $1.50 per year in dividends, but the historical dividend growth rate has varied significantly, as shown in the table
below.
AlphaBetaHydroxy, Inc.
Historical Dividend Growth
Dividend Growth
Year
Rate (%)
−1 +20
−2 +58
−3 −27
−4 −19
−5 +38
−6 +17
−7 and earlier +3
Ancis says that, given AB's wildly varying historical dividend growth, he wants to value the firm using 3 different scenarios. The
LowGrowth scenario calls for 3% annual dividend growth in perpetuity. The MiddleGrowth scenario calls for 12% dividend
growth in years 1 through 3, and 3% annual growth thereafter. The HighGrowth scenario specifies dividend growth year by
year, as follows:
AlphaBetaHydroxy, Inc.
HighGrowth Scenario
Dividend Growth
Year
Rate (%)
1 20
2 18
3 16
4 9
5 8
6 7
7 and thereafter 4
Nutting suggests that the scenarios are incomplete, saying that she'd like to include some additional assumptions for the
various scenarios. For example, while she would estimate the return on the S&P 500 to be 12% regardless of AB's
performance, she would want to vary the outlook for interest rates depending on the scenario. In specific, she'd use a long
term Treasury bond rate of 4% for the lowgrowth scenario, but raise it to 5% for the middle and highergrowth scenarios.
Ancis then moves on to Turbo Financial Services. Ancis has been following Turbo for quite some time because of its
impressive earnings growth. Earnings per share have grown at a compound annual rate of 19% over the past six years,
pushing earnings to $10 per share in the year just ended. He considers this growth rate very high for a firm with a cost of
equity of 14%, and a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of only 9%. He's especially impressed that the firm can achieve
these growth rates while still maintaining a constant dividend payout ratio of 40%, which he expects the firm to continue
indefinitely. With a market value of $55.18 per share, Ancis considers Turbo a strong buy.
Ancis believes that Turbo will have one more year of strong earnings growth, with EPS rising by 20% in the coming year. He
then expects EPS growth to fall 5 percentage points per year for each of the following two years, and achieve its longterm
sustainable growth rate of 5% beginning in year four.
Finally, Ancis turns to Aultman Construction, trading at $22 per share (with current EPS of $2.50 and a required return of
18%), and Reality Productions, which currently trades at $30 per share. Reality Production's current dividend is the same as
AB's ($1.50), but the historical dividend growth rate has been a stable 10%. Dividend growth is expected to decline linearly
over six years to 5%, and then remain at 5% indefinitely.
Ancis begins the valuation test by asking Nutting to value AB with both the twostage DDM model and the Gordon Growth
model, using the scenario most suited to each modeling technique. Nutting answers that the Gordon Growth model gives a
valuation for AB that is $1.32 higher than the valuation using the DDM model. After reviewing her analysis, Ancis says that her
valuation is incorrect because she should have applied the Gordon Growth model to the HighGrowth scenario.
Unhappy with her misuse of the Gordon Growth Model, Ancis asks Nutting to explain the appropriate uses of two other
valuation tools: the Hmodel and threestage DDM. She says that the Hmodel is most suited to sustained highgrowth
companies while threestage DDM is only appropriate to companies where the dividend growth rate is expected to decline in
stages. Ancis says that threestage DDM does not require a company's growth rate to decline it could equally well apply
when a company's growth is expected to be higher in the final stage than in the first. Nutting loses the job.
Question #51 of 133 Question ID: 463124
Which of the following statements is least accurate? The twostage DDM is most suited for analyzing firms that:
✗ A) own patents for a very profitable product.
✓ B) are in an industry with low barriers to entry.
✗ C) are expected to grow at a normalized rate after a fixed period of time.
Explanation
The twostage DDM is well suited to firms that have high growth and are expected to maintain it for a specific period. The
assumption that the growth rate drops sharply from highgrowth in the initial phase to a stable rate makes this model
appropriate for firms that have a competitive advantage, such as a patent, that is expected to exist for a fixed period of time.
The model is not useful in analyzing a firm that is in an industry with low barriers to entry. Low barriers to entry are likely to
result in increased competition. Therefore, the length of the initial phase of the growth period is indeterminate and probably
uneven. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.i)
Question #52 of 133 Question ID: 463125
Regarding the statements made by Ancis and Nutting about the correct valuation models and values for AB:
✓ A) both are incorrect.
✗ B) only Nutting is correct.
✗ C) only Ancis is correct.
Explanation
Both Ancis's and Nutting's statements are incorrect.
The Gordon Growth Model assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate perpetually. That fits the LowGrowth scenario,
not the Middle or HighGrowth scenarios. Thus, Ancis's statement is incorrect.
In the LowGrowth scenario:
The required rate of return is (r) = 0.04 + 1.4(0.12 − 0.04) = 0.152.
The value per share is DPS0(1 + gn) / (r − gn) = [(1.50)(1.03)] / (0.152 − 0.03) = $12.66.
The twostage DDM model is most suited to a company that has one dividend growth rate for a specified time period and then
shifts suddenly to a second dividend growth rate. That best fits the MiddleGrowth scenario. In the MiddleGrowth scenario,
The required rate of return is (r) = 0.05 + (1.4)(0.12 − 0.05) = 0.148.
The value per share is:
The twostage DDM gives a value for AB that is ($16.44 − $12.66) = $3.78 higher than the value given by the Gordon Growth
Model. Thus Nutting"s statement is also incorrect. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.l, m)
Question #53 of 133 Question ID: 463126
What is the implied required rate of return for Reality Productions?
✗ A) 11.75%.
✗ B) 12.50%.
✓ C) 11.00%.
Explanation
The Hmodel applies to firms where the dividend growth rate is expected to decline linearly over the highgrowth stage until it
reaches its longrun average growth rate. This most closely matches the anticipated pattern of growth for Reality Productions.
The Hmodel can be rewritten in terms of r and used to solve for r given the other model inputs:
r = D0 / P0 × [(1 + gL) × [H × (gS &£8722; gL)] + gL
Here, r = 1.5 / 30 × [(1 + 0.05) + [(6.0 / 2) × (0.10 &£8722; 0.05)] + 0.05 = 0.11 (Study Session 11, LOS 35.m)
Question #54 of 133 Question ID: 463127
Regarding the statements made by Ancis and Nutting about the appropriate uses of the Hmodel and threestage DDM:
✗ A) both are correct.
✗ B) both are incorrect.
✓ C) only one is correct.
Explanation
Ancis's statement is technically correct. Although threestage DDM traditionally uses progressively lower growth rates in each
stage, that is not necessary. Threestage DDM applies when growth rates vary in any manner, as long as they do so in three
distinct stages. Nutting's statement is incorrect because the Hmodel is not appropriate for a company with sustained dividend
growth at any level (high or not). The Hmodel assumes that the company's dividend growth rate declines linearly. (Study
Session 11, LOS 35.i)
Question #55 of 133 Question ID: 463128
Based upon its current market value, what is the implied longterm sustainable growth rate of Turbo Financial Advisors?
✗ A) 19.0%.
✗ B) 0.3%.
✓ C) 4.0%.
Explanation
The implied longterm rate is the rate that will cause the present value of expected dividends to equal its current market value.
Since Ancis provides specific growth rates for Turbo over the next three years, we can use a multistage dividend discount
model and solve for the longterm growth rate that makes the present value equal to the current market value.
First, we calculate Turbo's expected dividends.
D0 = $10.00 current EPS times the dividend payout ratio of 40%
D0 = $4.00 dividend per share in year 0.
Note that the 19% historical dividend growth rate is irrelevant to the current value of the firm. Since the dividend payout ratio is
expected to remain constant at 40%, we can use the expected growth rate in earnings to estimate future dividends. EPS
growth is forecast at 20% in year 1, 15% in year 2, and 10% in year 3.
Multiplying each year's expected dividend times the relevant forecast growth rate, we calculate:
D1 = ($4.00 dividend in year 0) × (1.20) = $4.80
D2 = ($4.80 dividend in year 1) × (1.15) = $5.52
D3 = ($5.52 dividend in year 2) × (1.10) = $6.07
Discounting these back to their present value in year 0 using the cost of equity (the WACC is irrelevant), we find:
Present Value (D1 + D2 + D3) = ($4.80 / 1.141) + ($5.52 / 1.142) + ($6.07 / 1.143)
= $4.21 + $4.25 + $4.10
= $12.56
Thus, we know that $12.56 of the current $55.18 market value represents the present value of the expected dividends in years
1, 2 and 3. Therefore, the present value of the firm's dividends for years 4 and beyond must equal ($55.18 $12.56) = $42.62.
Since the present value of the firm's dividends beginning in year 4 equals $42.62, the future value in year four will equal
($42.62 × 1.143) = $63.14.
Now that we know the value in year 4 of the future stream of steadygrowth dividends, we can solve for the growth rate using
the Gordon Growth Model:
P3 = [($6.07)(1 + x)] / (0.14 − x ) = $63.14
63.14 (0.14 − x) = 6.07 (1+x)
8.84 − 63.14x = 6.07 + 6.07x
2.77 = 69.21x
x = 0.04
The longterm growth rate that makes Turbo fairly valued is 4% per year.
We can check our calculation by plugging the 4% growth rate we just solved for into the Gordon Growth Model and then
plugging that result into the basic multistage dividend discount model:
P3 = [($6.07)(1 + 0.04)] / (0.14 − 0.04)
P3 = 6.313 / (.10)
P3 = 63.13
(Note that this value varies from the previous calculation by 0.01 because of rounding error.)
P0 = ($4.80 / 1.141) + ($5.52 / 1.142) + ($6.07 / 1.143) + ($63.13 / 1.143) = $55.18, which is the current market value. At a 4%
growth rate, Turbo is fairly valued.
Note that on the exam, it may be faster to plug each growth rate into the Gordon Growth Model and then plug each of those
terminal values into the basic multistage formula than to solve for the growth rate. This trial and error method is especially
effective if you start with the "middle" growth rate and then decide which value to test next depending on the results of the first
calculation. For example, if the first growth rate gives a value for the firm that is too high, you can eliminate all the higher
growth rates and try the next lower one. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.o)
Question #56 of 133 Question ID: 463129
What is the present value of Aultman's future investment opportunities as a percentage of the market price?
✗ A) 13.9%.
✗ B) 8.1%.
✓ C) 36.9%.
Explanation
The present value of the company's future investment opportunities is also known as PVGO, which can be calculated using the
formula: Value = (E / r) + PVGO
where:
E = earnings per share
r = required return
(E / r) is the value of the assets in place
Here, $22 = ($2.5 / 0.18) + PVGO
PVGO = $8.11
The PVGO as a percentage of the market price equals ($8.11 / $22.00) = 36.9%. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.e)
Question #57 of 133 Question ID: 463131
Recent surveys of analysts report longterm earnings growth estimates as 5.5% and a forecasted dividend yield of 2.0% on the
market index. At the time of the survey, the 20year U.S. government bond yielded 4.8%. According to the Gordon growth
model, what is the equity risk premium?
✗ A) 7.5%.
✓ B) 2.7%.
✗ C) 0.4%.
Explanation
Equity risk premium = 2.0% + 5.5% 4.8% = 2.7%
Question #58 of 133 Question ID: 463065
A firm currently pays a dividend of $1.77, which is expected to grow at a rate of 4%. If the required return is 10%, what is the current
value of the shares using the Gordon growth model?
✓ A) $30.68.
✗ B) $29.50.
✗ C) $29.76.
Explanation
The current value of the shares is $30.68:
V0 = [$1.77(1 + 0.04)] / (0.10 0.04)] = $30.68
Question #59 of 133 Question ID: 463035
If the threestage dividend discount model (DDM) results in extremely high value, the:
✗ A) transition period is too short.
✗ B) growth rate in the stable growth period is lower than that of gross national product
(GNP).
✓ C) growth rate in the stable growth period is probably too high.
Explanation
If the threestage DDM results in an extremely high value, either the growth rate in the stable growth period is too high or the
period of growth (high plus transition) is too long. To solve these problems, an analyst should use a growth rate closer to GNP
growth and use shorter highgrowth and transition periods.
Question #60 of 133 Question ID: 463150
Which of the following is NOT a component of the sustainable growth rate formula using the DuPont model?
✗ A) Earnings retention ratio.
✓ B) EBIT/interest expense.
✗ C) Net income/sales.
Explanation
SGR = b × ROE
where:
b = earnings retention rate = (1 − dividend payout rate)
ROE = return on equity
The SGR is important because it tells us how quickly a firm can grow with internally generated funds. A firm's rate of growth is
a function of both its earnings retention and its return on equity. ROE can be estimated with the DuPont formula, which
presents the relationship between margin, sales, and leverage as determinants of ROE. In the 3part version of the DuPont
model: ROE = (NI/sales)(sales/assets)(assets/equity)
Question #61 of 133 Question ID: 463063
JAD just paid a dividend of $0.80. Analysts expect dividends to grow at 25% in the next two years, 15% in years three and
four, and 8% for year five and after. The market required rate of return is 10%, and Treasury bills are yielding 4%. JAD has a
beta of 1.4. The estimated current price of JAD is closest to:
✓ A) $29.34.
✗ B) $45.91.
✗ C) $25.42.
Explanation
JAD's stock price today can be calculated using the threestage model. Start by finding the value of the dividends for the next
four years with the two different dividend growth rates.
D1 = D0(1+g) = $0.80(1.25) = $1.00
D2 = D1(1+g) = $1.00(1.25) = $1.25
D3 = D2(1+g) = $1.25(1.15) = $1.4375
D4 = D3(1+g) = $1.4375(1.15) = $1.6531
(Alternatively, you could use your financial calculators to solve for the future value to find D1, D2, D3, and D4.)
Next find the value of the stock at the beginning of the constant growth period using the constant dividend discount model:
The easiest way to proceed is to use the NPV function in the financial calculator.
I = 12.4; NPV = 29.34
The value of the firm today is $29.34 per share.
Question #62 of 133 Question ID: 463136
If the riskfree rate is 6%, the equity premium of the chosen index is 4%, and the asset's beta is 0.8, what is the discount rate to be used
in applying the dividend discount model?
✓ A) 9.20%.
✗ B) 7.80%.
✗ C) 10.80%.
Explanation
The discount rate = riskfree rate + beta (return expected on equity market less the riskfree rate). Here, discount rate = 0.06 + (0.8 ×
0.04) = 0.092, or 9.2%.
Question #63 of 133 Question ID: 463141
An investor projects the price of a stock to be $16.00 in one year and expected the stock to pay a dividend at that time of $2.00. If the
required rate of return on the shares is 11%, what is the current value of the shares?
✓ A) $16.22.
✗ B) $15.28.
✗ C) $14.11.
Explanation
The value of the shares = ($16.00 + $2.00) / (1 + 0.11) = $16.22
Question #64 of 133 Question ID: 463121
An analyst has forecasted dividend growth for Triple Crown, Inc., to be 8% for the next two years, declining to 5% over the following three
years, and then remaining at 5% thereafter. If the current dividend is $4.00, and the required return is 10%, what is the current value of
Triple Crown shares based on a threestage model?
✓ A) $92.23.
✗ B) $91.11.
✗ C) $73.68.
Explanation
V0 = $4(1.08) / 1.10 + $4(1.08)2 / (1.10)2 + [$4(1 + 0.08)2(3/2)(0.08 0.05) + $4(1.08)2(1.05)] / [(1.10)2(0.10 0.05)] = $92.23
Question #65 of 133 Question ID: 463122
James Malone, CFA, covers GNTX stock, which is currently trading at $45.00 and just paid a dividend of $1.40. Malone
expects the dividend growth rate to decline linearly over the next six years from 25% in the short run to 6% in the long run.
Malone estimates the required return on GNTX to be 13%. Using the Hmodel, the value of GNTX is closest to:
✗ A) $33.40.
✗ B) $17.55.
✓ C) $32.60.
Explanation
The estimated value of GNTX using the Hmodel is calculated as follows:
Question #66 of 133 Question ID: 463083
Tricoat Paints has a current market value of $41 per share with a earnings of $3.64. What is the present value of its growth opportunities
(PVGO) if the required return is 9%?
✓ A) $0.56.
✗ B) $1.27.
✗ C) $3.92.
Explanation
The PVGO is $0.56:
PVGO = $41 ($3.64 / 0.09) = $0.56
Question #67 of 133 Question ID: 463156
In computing the sustainable growth rate of a firm, the earnings retention rate is equal to:
✗ A) 1 − (dividends / assets).
✓ B) 1 − (dividends / earnings).
✗ C) Dividends / required rate of return.
Explanation
Earnings retention rate = 1 − (dividends / earnings).
Question #68 of 133 Question ID: 463151
Dynamite, Inc., has current earnings of $26, current dividend of $2, and a returned on equity of 18%. What is its sustainable growth?
✗ A) 14.99%.
✓ B) 16.62%.
✗ C) 13.37%.
Explanation
g = [1 − ($2 / $26)]0.18 = 16.62%
Question #69 of 133 Question ID: 463159
Demonstrate the use of the DuPont analysis of return on equity in conjunction with the sustainable growth rate expression.
The following statistics are selected from Kyle Star Partners (Kyle) financial statements:
Sales $100 million
Net Income $15 million
Dividends $5 million
Total
$150 million
Assets
Total Equity $50 million
What is Kyle's sustainable growth rate?
✗ A) 33.3%.
✓ B) 20.0%.
✗ C) 24.5%.
Explanation
SGR = ROE × [(net income − dividends) / net income]
= (15 million / 50 million) × (15 million − 5 million) / 15
million
= 20.0%
Question #70 of 133 Question ID: 463137
In using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to determine the appropriate discount rate for discounted cash flow models (DCFs), the
asset's beta is used to determine the amount of:
✗ A) riskfree rate applicable to the time period of the investment.
✓ B) equity premium.
✗ C) the expected return in addition to the return required by the risk of the position.
Explanation
Beta measures the correlation between the equity market or index for which the market risk premium is calculated and the particular asset
being valued. Beta is used to approximate the proportion of the equity risk premium applicable to the asset (in relation to the market or
index used).
Question #71 of 133 Question ID: 463144
Given that a firm's current dividend is $2.00, the forecasted growth is 7%, declining over three years to a stable 5% thereafter,
and the current value of the firm's shares is $45, what is the required rate of return?
✗ A) 7.8%.
✗ B) 10.5%.
✓ C) 9.8%.
Explanation
The required rate of return is 9.8%.
r = ($2/$45) [(1 + 0.05) + (3/2)(0.07 0.05)] + 0.05 = 0.0980
Since the Hmodel is an approximation model, it is possible to solve for r directly without iteration.
Question #72 of 133 Question ID: 463110
In which of the following stages is a firm most likely to distribute the highest proportion of its earnings in the form of dividends?
✗ A) Transition stage.
✗ B) Initial growth stage.
✓ C) Mature stage.
Explanation
As a firm matures, the forces of competition begin to deny it opportunities to earn greater than the required return. Faced with this
situation, most earnings are distributed to shareholders as dividends. An alternate way of returning capital is through stock repurchases.
Question #73 of 133 Question ID: 463132
CAB Inc. just paid a current dividend of $3.00, the forecasted growth is 9%, declining over four years to a stable 6% thereafter, and the
current value of the firm's shares is $50, what is the required rate of return?
✓ A) 12.7%.
✗ B) 9.8%.
✗ C) 10.5%.
Explanation
The required rate of return is 12.7%.
r = ($3 / $50)[(1 + 0.06) + (4 / 2)(0.09 − 0.06)] + 0.06 = 12.7%
Since the Hmodel is an approximation model, it is possible to solve for r directly without iteration.
Question #74 of 133 Question ID: 463080
Zephraim Axelrod, CFA, is trying to determine whether Allegheny Mining is a good investment. He decides to use the Gordon
Growth model to calculate how much dividend growth shareholders can expect. To that end, he determines the following:
Share price: $18.12.
Dividend: $0.32 per share.
Beta: 1.94.
Industry average estimated returns: 15%.
Riskfree rate: 5.5%.
Equity risk premium: 6.3%
Based only on the information above, the implied dividend growth rate is closest to:
✗ A) 19.89%.
✗ B) 10.27%.
✓ C) 15.68%.
Explanation
We have the price and dividend. We need the required rate of return to use the Gordon Growth model to calculate implied
dividend growth. Using the capital asset pricing model, the required return = riskfree rate + (beta × equity risk premium) =
17.72%.
Price = [dividend × (1 + dividend growth rate)] / [required return − growth rate]
18.12 = [0.32 × (1 + dividend growth rate)] / [0.1772 − dividend growth rate]
18.12 × [0.1772 − dividend growth rate] = 0.32 + 0.32 × dividend growth rate
3.2112 − 18.12 × dividend growth rate = 0.32 + 0.32 × dividend growth rate
2.8912 = 18.44 × dividend growth rate
1 = 6.3779 × dividend growth rate
Dividend growth rate = 15.68%
Question #75 of 133 Question ID: 463061
An investor projects that a firm will pay a dividend of $1.00 next year and $1.20 the following year. At the end of the second year, the
expected price of the shares is $22.00. If the required return is 14%, what is the current value of the firm's shares?
✓ A) $18.73.
✗ B) $15.65.
✗ C) $19.34.
Explanation
The current value of the shares is $18.73:
V0 = $1.00 / 1.14 + $1.20 / (1.14)2 + $22.00 / (1.14)2 = $18.73
Question #76 of 133 Question ID: 463036
The H model will NOT be very useful when:
✗ A) a firm has a constant payout policy.
✓ B) a firm has low or no dividends currently.
✗ C) a firm is growing rapidly.
Explanation
The H model is useful for firms that are growing rapidly but the growth is expected to decline gradually over time as the firm
gets larger and faces increased competition. The assumption of constant payout ratio makes the model inappropriate for firms
that have low or no dividend currently.
Question #77 of 133 Question ID: 463081
In its most recent quarterly earnings report, Smith Brothers Garden Supplies said it planned to increase its dividend at an
annual rate of 13% for the foreseeable future. Analyst Clinton Spears has an annual return target of 15.5% for Smith Brothers
stock. He decides to use the dividendgrowth rate to back out another return estimate to test against his. Smith Brothers stock
trades for $55 per share and earned $3.01 per share over the last 12 months. The company paid a dividend of $2.15 per
share during the 12month period, and its dividendgrowth rate for the last five years was 9.2%.
Using the Gordon Growth model, the required annual return for Smith Brothers stock is closest to:
✓ A) 17.42%.
✗ B) 13.47%.
✗ C) 19.18%.
Explanation
The Gordon Growth model is as follows:
Price = [dividend × (1 + dividend growth rate)] / [required return − growth rate]
55 = [2.15 × 1.13] / [required return − 0.13]
55 = 2.4295 / [required return − 0.13]
22.6384 = 1 / [required return − 0.13]
[Required return − 0.13] = 0.04417
Required return = 0.17417 = 17.42%
Question #78 of 133 Question ID: 463105
The threestage dividend discount model (DDM) allows for an initial period of:
✗ A) high growth, a transitional period of stable growth and a final declining growth
phase.
✓ B) high growth, a transitional period of declining growth and a final stable growth phase.
✗ C) stable growth, a transitional period of high growth and a final declining growth phase.
Explanation
The threestage DDM combines the features of the twostage DDM and the H model. It allows for an initial period of high
growth, a transitional period of declining growth and a final stable growth phase.
Question #79 of 133 Question ID: 463070
Jand, Inc., currently pays a dividend of $1.22, which is expected to grow at 5%. If the current value of Jand's shares based on the Gordon
model is $32.03, what is the required rate of return?
✗ A) 8%.
✗ B) 7%.
✓ C) 9%.
Explanation
The required return is 9%: r = [$1.22(1 + 0.05) / $32.03] + 0.05 = 0.09 or 9%.
Question #80 of 133 Question ID: 463094
What is the value of a fixedrate perpetual preferred share (par value $100) with a dividend rate of 7.0% and a required return of 9.0%?
✓ A) $78.
✗ B) $56.
✗ C) $71.
Explanation
The value of the preferred is $78:
V0 = ($100par × 7%) / 9% = $77.78
Question #81 of 133 Question ID: 463134
If we increase the required rate of return used in a dividend discount model, the estimate of value produced by the model will:
✗ A) remain the same.
✓ B) decrease.
✗ C) increase.
Explanation
The required rate of return is used in the denominator of the equation. Increasing this factor will decrease the resulting value.
Question #82 of 133 Question ID: 463062
An investor projects that a firm will pay a dividend of $1.25 next year, $1.35 the second year, and $1.45 the third year. At the end of the
third year, she expects the asset to be priced at $36.50. If the required return is 12%, what is the current value of the shares?
✓ A) $29.21.
✗ B) $32.78.
✗ C) $31.16.
Explanation
The current value of the shares is $29.21: V0 = ($1.25 / 1.12) + ($1.35 / (1.12)2) + ($1.45 / (1.12)3) + ($36.50 / (1 + 0.12)3) =
$29.21
Question #83 of 133 Question ID: 463153
GreenGrow, Inc., has current dividends of $2.00, current earnings of $4.00 and a return on equity of 16%. What is
GreenGrow's sustainable growth rate?
✗ A) 9%.
✗ B) 6%.
✓ C) 8%.
Explanation
GreenGrow's sustainable growth rate is 8%.
g = [1 ($2/$4)](0.16) = 8%
Question #84 of 133 Question ID: 463099
Applying the Gordon growth model to value a firm experiencing supernormal growth would result in:
✓ A) overstating the value of the firm.
✗ B) a zero value.
✗ C) understating the value of the firm.
Explanation
Applying the Gordon growth model to such a firm would result in an estimate of value based on the assumption that the supernormal
growth would continue indefinitely. This would overstate the value of the firm.
Question #85 of 133 Question ID: 463106
What is the difference between a standard twostage growth model and the Hmodel?
✓ A) In the standard twostage model, a fixed rate of growth is assumed for each stage, while
the Hmodel assumes a linearly declining rate of growth in one stage.
✗ B) The Hmodel assumes that earnings will dip in the middle of each stage and return to the
previous rate by the period's end.
✗ C) The Hmodel assumes a terminal value, while the standard twostage model does not.
Explanation
The Hmodel provides an estimate of the firm's value based on the assumption that the rate of growth will change linearly over the initial
stage.
Question #86 of 133 Question ID: 463163
The current market price per share for HighontheHog, Inc. is $52.50, and an analyst is using the Gordon Growth model to
determine whether this is a fair price. The company paid a dividend of $3.00 last year on earnings of $4.50 a share. If the
required rate of return is 11.00% and the expected grown rate in earnings and in dividends is 5%, the current market price is
most likely:
✓ A) correctly valued.
✗ B) undervalued.
✗ C) overvalued.
Explanation
The value per share using the estimates is $52.50 = [$3.00(1.05) / 0.11 − 0.05)].
Question #87 of 133 Question ID: 463114
Kyle Star Partners is expected to have earnings in year five of $6.00 per share, a dividend payout ratio of 50%, and a required
rate of return of 11%. For year 6 and beyond the dividend growth rate is expected to fall to 3% in perpetuity. Estimate the
terminal value at the end of year five using the Gordon growth model.
✗ A) $37.50.
✗ B) $27.27.
✓ C) $38.63.
Explanation
The dividend for year 5 is expected to be $3 ($6 times 50%). The dividend for year 6 is then expected to be $3.00 × 1.03 =
$3.09. The terminal value using the Gordon growth model is therefore:
terminal value = 3.09 / (0.11 − 0.03) = $38.625
P5 = D6 / (k − g)
Question #88 of 133 Question ID: 463088
A firm has the following characteristics:
Current share price $100.00.
Next year's earnings $3.50.
Next year's dividend $0.75.
Growth rate 11%.
Required return 13%.
Based on this information and the Gordon growth model, what is the firm's justified leading price to earnings (P/E) ratio?
✗ A) 8.7.
✓ B) 10.7.
✗ C) 11.3.
Explanation
The justified leading P/E is 10.7:
P0 / E1 = (D1 / E1) / (r−g) = ($0.75 / $3.50) / (0.13 0.11) = 10.71
Question #89 of 133 Question ID: 463034
Free cash flow to equity models (FCFE) are most appropriate when estimating the value of the firm:
✓ A) to equity holders.
✗ B) only for nondividend paying firms.
✗ C) to creditors of the firm.
Explanation
FCFE models attempt to estimate the value of the firm to equity holders. The models take in to account future cash flows due to others,
including debt and taxes, and amounts required for reinvestment to continue the firm's operations.
Question #90 of 133 Question ID: 463033
If an asset was fairly priced from an investor's point of view, the holding period return (HPR) would be:
✓ A) the same as the required return.
✗ B) lower than the required return.
✗ C) equal to the alpha returns.
Explanation
A fairly priced asset would be one that has an expected HPR just equal to the investor's required return.
Question #91 of 133 Question ID: 472543
Obsidian Glass Company has current earnings of $2.22, a required return of 8%, and the present value of growth
opportunities (PVGO) of $8.72. What is the current value of Obsidian's shares?
✓ A) $36.47.
✗ B) $10.94.
✗ C) $27.75.
Explanation
The current value is $36.47. V0 = ($2.22 / 0.08) + $8.72 = $36.47
Question #92 of 133 Question ID: 463108
An analyst has collected the following data on two companies:
Middle Hickory Lower Elm Inc.
Co.
Which dividenddiscount model is the best option for valuing the two companies?
Middle Hickory Lower Elm
✗ A) Gordon
Threestage
Growth
✗ B) Twostage Gordon Growth
✓ C) Threestage Twostage
Explanation
Middle Hickory is in the initialgrowth phase, while Lower Elm is in the transition phase. The threestage model is appropriate
for new, fastgrowing companies. The twostage model is appropriate for companies in the transitional phase.
Question #93 of 133 Question ID: 463112
In what stage of growth would a firm most likely NOT pay dividends?
✗ A) Declining stage.
✓ B) Initial growth stage.
✗ C) Transition stage.
Explanation
During the initial growth stage, the firm is able to exploit opportunities to earn greater than the required return. During this stage, earnings
are reinvested in the growth opportunities rather than returned to the investors.
Question #94 of 133 Question ID: 463041
The volatility of equity returns requires us to use data from long time periods to compute mean returns. One problem that this causes is
that:
✓ A) equity premiums vary over time with perceived risk.
✗ B) the past is rarely an indication of the future.
✗ C) inflation alters the value of the past returns.
Explanation
The primary problem with using returns gathered over a long time period is that equity premiums vary over time with the market's
perception of risk and relative risk.
Question #95 of 133 Question ID: 472540
One of the limitations of the dividend discount models (DDMs) is that they:
✗ A) can only be used for companies that are experiencing stable growth
✓ B) are very sensitive to growth and required return assumptions.
✗ C) are conceptually difficult.
Explanation
DDMs are very sensitive to the growth and required return assumptions, and it is often wise to interpret the value as a range
rather than a precise dollar amount. There are versions of DDM models that can be applied to companies transitioning from
rapid growth to moderate growth, etc.
Questions #96101 of 133
UC Inc. is a hightech company that currently pays a dividend of $2.00 per share. UC's expected growth rate is 5%. The risk
free rate is 3% and market return is 9%.
Question #96 of 133 Question ID: 463073
What is the beta implied by a market price of $40.38?
✗ A) 1.02.
✓ B) 1.20.
✗ C) 1.16.
Explanation
40.38 = 2.10 / (r − 0.05)
r = 2.10 / 40.38 + 0.05 = 0.1020
From CAPM:
r = 0.03 + b(0.09 − 0.03)
0.1020 = 0.03 + 0.06b
b = 1.20
(LOS 35.c)
Question #97 of 133 Question ID: 463074
What is the value of the UC stock if beta is 1.12?
✗ A) $9.72.
✓ B) $44.49.
✗ C) $42.37.
Explanation
From CAPM:
r = 0.03 + b(0.09 − 0.03)
r = 0.03 + 1.12(0.06)
r = 0.0972
V0= D1 / (r − g)
= 2.00(1 + 0.05) / (0.0972 − 0.05)
= 2.10 / 0.0472 = $44.49
(LOS 35.c)
Question #98 of 133 Question ID: 463075
Assuming a beta of 1.12, if UC is expected to have a growth rate of 10% for the first 3 years and 5% thereafter, what is the
value of UC stock?
✓ A) $50.87.
✗ B) $46.89.
✗ C) $53.81.
Explanation
D1 = 2(1.10) = 2.20
D2 = 2.20(1.10) = 2.42
D3 = 2.42(1.10) = 2.662
D4 = 2.662(1.05) = 2.795
V3 = D4 / (r − g)
= (2.795) / (0.0972 − 0.05)
= 59.22
V0 = [2.20 / 1.0972] + [2.42 / (1.0972)2] + [(2.662 + 59.22) / (1.0972)3]
= $50.87
(LOS 35.c)
Question #99 of 133 Question ID: 463076
Assuming a beta of 1.12, if UC's growth rate is 10% initially and is expected to decline steadily to a stable rate of 5% over the
next three years, what is the price of UC stock?
✗ A) $47.82.
✗ B) $46.61.
✓ C) $47.67.
Explanation
Given: D0 = 2.00; gL = 0.05; gS = 0.10; H = (3 / 2) = 1.50; and r = 0.0972
V0 = {[D0(1 + gL)] + [D0 × H × (gS − gL)]} / (r − gL)
V0 = [2(1.05) + 2(1.50)(0.10 − 0.05)] / (0.0972 − 0.05)
= 2.25 / 0.0472 = $47.67
(LOS 35.l)
Question #100 of 133 Question ID: 463077
The discounted dividend approach that we have used to value UC Inc. is most appropriate for valuing dividendpaying stocks
in which:
✗ A) free cash flow is negative.
✗ B) dividends differ substantially from FCFE.
✓ C) the investor takes a minority ownership perspective.
Explanation
The discounted dividend approach is most appropriate for valuing dividendpaying stocks in a company that has an rational
dividend policy with a clear relationship to the company's profitability, and where the investor takes a minority ownership (non
control) perspective. A free cash flow approach may be appropriate when a company's dividends differ significantly from
FCFE. The residual income approach is most useful when a company's free cash flow is negative. (LOS 35.a)
Question #101 of 133 Question ID: 463078
UC Inc. had earnings of $3.00/share last year and a justified trailing P/E of 15.0. Is the stock currently overvalued,
undervalued, or fairly valued if we consider a security trading within a band of ±10 percent of intrinsic value to be within a "fair
value range"? At a market price of $40.38, UC Inc. is best described as:
✗ A) fairly valued.
✗ B) overvalued.
✓ C) undervalued.
Explanation
The justified trailing P/E or P0/E0 is V0/E0, where V0 is the fair value based on the stock's fundamentals. The justified trailing
P/E is given as 15, so the fair value V0 based on an E0 of $3.00 can be computed as 15 × 3.00 = $45.00. Thus at a market
price of $40.38, UC Inc. is undervalued by slightly more than 10%. (LOS 35.f)
Question #102 of 133 Question ID: 463149
Which of the following actions will be least helpful for an analyst attempting to improve the predictive power of his scenario
analysis?
✓ A) Limiting deviations from the core model.
✗ B) Using a spreadsheet rather than a calculator.
✗ C) Acquiring more precise inputs.
Explanation
The whole point of scenario analysis is the flexibility to modify the inputs to see how changes in one factor affect others. In
order to perform scenario analysis, you must deviate from the core model. Increased precision on the inputs will increase the
predictive power of almost any model. Spreadsheets reduce the likelihood of computational inaccuracies and allow analysts to
more easily modify models to reflect many scenarios.
Question #103 of 133 Question ID: 463102
Which of the following would NOT be appropriate to value a firm with two expected growth stages? A(an):
✗ A) Hmodel.
✗ B) free cash flow model.
✓ C) Gordon growth model.
Explanation
The Gordon growth model would not be appropriate for a firm with two stages of growth but is useful to value a firm with steady slow
growth.
Questions #104109 of 133
Flyaweight Foods is a vertically integrated producer and distributor of lowcalorie food products operating on a consumer club
model. They have enjoyed rapid growth in the southwest United States during their 5year history and are planning rapid
expansion throughout the rest of the country. To fund their expansion, they are soliciting investments from a variety of venture
capital groups.
One of the groups considering a bid for Flyaweight is Angelcap Investors, a private equity fund run by Harry Moskowitz.
Angelcap is interested in acquiring a 10% interest in Flyaweight. Moskowitz' partner, Bill Sharpless, runs the group doing due
diligence on Flyaweight. He provides Moskowitz with financial data on the firm:
Table 1: Flyaweight Foods Historical Data
(Dollars per share)
Moskowitz suggests that a Dividend Discount Model (DDM) would be an appropriate means for valuing Flyaweight because
Angelcap would be a minority shareholder. Sharpless points out that the primary advantage of using a DDM is that dividends
are more stable than earnings or cash flow.
They ask Merle Muller, an analyst at the firm, to calculate an appropriate required return on Flyaweight. Muller collects the
following market consensus information:
Table 2: Current Market Conditions
(Consensus estimates)
Expected 5year EPS growth 8.0%
Expected 1year Dividend yield 2.2%
Current Treasury yield (10year note) 4.8%
Food industry beta (specialty segment) 0.95
Muller says, "If we assume that the beta for Flyaweight should equal the beta of the specialty food industry, then our required
rate of return in less than 10%." Moskowitz disagrees objects strongly to using a discount rate that low and insists on using a
multifactor model such as the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) instead. Sharpless disagrees that the APT will solve the
estimation problem, pointing out, "A principal limitation of both the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the APT is
uncertainty about the correct measurement of the market and factor risk premiums."
Sharpless argues in favor of using the Gordon Growth Model (GGM). "We know what the company growth rate is, we know
what the dividend is, and we can decide what our required rate of return is. The GGM will give us the most accurate valuation
because it uses the inputs we can measure most accurately." Moskowitz points out, "An Hmodel would be more appropriate
because it assumes a linear slowdown in growth to a constant rate in perpetuity."
While Sharpless and Moskowitz debate the appropriate valuation approach, Muller prepares forecasts for Flyaweight.
Table 3: Forecast Values for Flyaweight
Forecast
Average total liabilities per
share $14.40
Average owners' equity per
share $12.70
Profit margin 29%
Sales per share $10.70
Dividend payout ratio 10%
Question #104 of 133 Question ID: 463052
Judging by the data in Table 1, the most appropriate method for valuing Flyaweight would be:
✗ A) justified P/E because it is a highgrowth company.
✗ B) the DDM because the firm has a history of dividend growth.
✓ C) residual income because the firm is likely to have high capital demands and negative
cash flow for the foreseeable future.
Explanation
A residual income model is appropriate for firms with long term negative free cash flow due to high capital demands. A DDM
would not be appropriate since the dividend payout ratio is fluctuating widely. Justified P/E is not a preferred valuation method
for highgrowth companies because it assumes a constant growth rate in perpetuity. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.a)
Question #105 of 133 Question ID: 463053
Regarding Sharpless's statement about uncertainty surrounding estimates of inputs and risk premiums being a key limitation
of both the CAPM and the APT, and Muller's statement that the required rate of return on Flyaweight is less than 10% if the
beta of the specialty foods industry is used:
✓ A) both are correct.
✗ B) only Sharpless is correct.
✗ C) only Muller is correct.
Explanation
Sharpless is correct that uncertainty surrounding estimates of inputs and risk premiums is a key limitation of both the CAPM
and the APT. Muller is correct that the required rate of return on Flyaweight is less than 10% if the beta of the specialty foods
industry is used:
Equity risk premium:
oneyear dividend growth + longterm EPS growth − longterm risk free rate
Equity risk premium = 2.2% + 8.0% 4.8% = 5.4%
Thus the required rate of return is:
Required rate of return = Risk free rate + (beta × market risk premium)
Required rate of return = 4.8% + (0.95 × 5.4)
Required rate of return = 9.9%
(Study Session 9, LOS 28.b, c, d)
Question #106 of 133 Question ID: 463054
With respect to their statements about the use of the GGM and the Hmodel:
✓ A) only Moskowitz is correct.
✗ B) both are correct.
✗ C) only Sharpless is correct.
Explanation
Moskowitz is correct that an Hmodel assumes a linear slowdown in growth until a constant growth rate is achieved. Sharpless
is incorrect that the GGM would be an appropriate technique for valuing Flyaweight because the GGM assumes a constant
rate of growth in perpetuity and Flyaweight has not yet reached a constant growth rate. (Study Session 11, LOS 29.h, i)
Question #107 of 133 Question ID: 463055
Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of a company in the initial growth phase?
✗ A) High profit margin.
✓ B) Return on equity equal to the required rate of return.
✗ C) Low dividend payout ratio.
Explanation
Companies in the initial growth phase tend to have a return on equity higher than the required rate of return, along with high
profit margins and a low dividend payout. (Study Session 9, LOS 29.j)
Question #108 of 133 Question ID: 463056
With respect to their statements about the use of DDMs:
✓ A) only Moskowitz is correct.
✗ B) only Sharpless is correct.
✗ C) both are correct.
Explanation
Moskowitz' statement is correct. A dividend discount approach is most appropriate when the perspective is that of a minority
shareholder. Sharpless' statement is incorrect because the primary advantage of a DDM is that it is theoretically justified. The
stability of dividends is an additional advantage. (Study Session 11, LOS 35.a)
Question #109 of 133 Question ID: 463057
Based on the forecast data in Table 3, Flyaweight's sustainable growth rate (SGR) is closest to which value? If asset turnover
were to rise from the forecast level, what would be the impact on SGR?
SGR Impact on SGR
✗ A) 24% Increase
✗ B) 22% Decline
✓ C) 22% Increase
Explanation
Note that total assets for the firm must equal total liabilities plus owners' equity, so assets are ($14.40 + $12.70) = $27.10.
Thus the Return on Equity (ROE) of the firm equals:
ROE = profit margin × asset turnover × financial leverage
ROE = (0.29) × ($10.70 / $27.10) × ($27.10 / $12.70)
ROE = 0.244 = 24.4%
ROE will rise as asset turnover rises.
The SGR of the firm equals:
SGR = retention rate × ROE
SGR = (1 0.10) × 0.244
SGR = 0.90 × 0.244
SGR = 0.22
The SGR of the firm is approximately 22%.
SGR will increase as rising asset turnover increases ROE.
(Study Session 9, LOS 29.o)
Question #110 of 133 Question ID: 463142
If the expected return on the equity market is 10% and the riskfree rate is 3%, the required return on an asset with beta of 0.6
is closest to:
✗ A) 6.0%.
✗ B) 9.0%.
✓ C) 7.2%.
Explanation
The required return on an asset is equal to the current expected riskfree return, plus the asset's beta times the difference
between the expected return on the equity market and the riskfree rate. Required return = 0.03 + 0.6(0.10 0.03) = 0.072 or
7.2%.
Question #111 of 133 Question ID: 463086
The required rate of return for an asset is often difficult to determine, but if we know the growth prospects and the current
earnings of a firm we can determine the implied required rate of return from the:
✓ A) market price.
✗ B) earnings retention rate.
✗ C) dividend rate.
Explanation
The required rate of return is implicit in the asset's market price and can be determined with the present value of growth
opportunities.
Question #112 of 133 Question ID: 463082
Xerxes, Inc. forecasts earnings to be permanently fixed at $4.00 per share. Current market price is $35 and required return is
10%. Assuming the shares are properly priced, the present value of growth opportunities is closest to:
✗ A) +$3.50.
✗ B) +$5.00.
✓ C) $5.00.
Explanation
Share price = (nogrowth earnings / required return) + PVGO
35 = (4 / 0.10) + PVGO
PVGO = $5.00
Question #113 of 133 Question ID: 463113
Methods for estimating the terminal value in a DDM are least likely to include:
✓ A) PVGO.
✗ B) the Gordon Growth Model.
✗ C) the market multiple approach.
Explanation
No matter which dividend discount model we use, we have to estimate a terminal value at some point in the future. There are
two ways to do this: using the Gordon growth model and the market multiple approach (i.e., a P/E ratio).
Question #114 of 133 Question ID: 463042
Which of the following is least likely a limitation of the twostage dividend discount model (DDM)?
✓ A) Terminal value estimate is most sensitive to estimates of future dividends.
✗ B) the length of the highgrowth stage is difficult to measure.
✗ C) most of the value is due to the terminal value.
Explanation
The Terminal value in twostage DDM is most sensitive to estimates of growth and required rate of return.
Question #115 of 133 Question ID: 463165
The current market price per share for Burton, Inc. is $33.33, and an analyst is using the Gordon Growth model to determine
whether this is a fair price. The company paid a dividend of $2.00 last year on earnings of $2.50 a share. If the required rate of
return is 12.00% and the expected grown rate in earnings and in dividends is 6%, the current market price is most likely:
✓ A) undervalued.
✗ B) overvalued.
✗ C) correctly valued.
Explanation
The value per share using the estimates is $35.33 = [$2.00(1.06) / 0.12 − 0.06)]. This is higher than the current share price.
Question #116 of 133 Question ID: 463096
The Gordon growth model will NOT work when the:
✗ A) required rate of return is greater than growth rate.
✓ B) growth rate is greater than or equal to the required rate of return.
✗ C) growth rate is less than the required rate of return.
Explanation
The Gordon growth model, P0 = DPS1/ (r g), will not work if the growth rate is greater than or equal to the required rate of
return.
Question #117 of 133 Question ID: 463157
Supergro has current dividends of $1, current earnings of $3, and a return on equity of 16%, what is its sustainable growth rate?
✗ A) 12.2%.
✓ B) 10.7%.
✗ C) 8.9%.
Explanation
g = (1 1/3)(0.16) = 0.107
Question #118 of 133 Question ID: 463140
An investor computes the current value of a firm's shares to be $34.34, based on an expected dividend of $2.80 in one year and an
expected price of the share in one year to be $36.00. What is the investor's required rate of return on this investment?
✗ A) 10%.
✓ B) 13%.
✗ C) 11%.
Explanation
The required return = [($36.00 + $2.80) / $34.34 ] 1 = 0.13 or 13%.
Question #119 of 133 Question ID: 463162
In the fivepart DuPont model ROE = (NI/EBT)(EBT/EBIT)(EBIT/sales)(sales/assets)(assets/equity), the product of the first
three terms is:
✓ A) net profit margin.
✗ B) gross profit margin.
✗ C) operating profit margin.
Explanation
(NI/EBT)(EBT/EBIT)(EBIT/sales) = (NI/sales) = net profit margin.
Question #120 of 133 Question ID: 463043
Multistage dividend discount models can be used to estimate the value of shares:
✗ A) only under a limited number of scenarios.
✓ B) under an almost infinite variety of scenarios.
✗ C) only when the growth rate exceeds the required rate of return.
Explanation
Multistage dividend discount models are very flexible, allowing their use with an almost infinite variety of growth scenarios.
Question #121 of 133 Question ID: 463120
An analyst has forecast that Hapex Company, which currently pays a dividend of $6.00, will grow at a rate of 8%, declining to 5% over the
next two years, and remain at that rate thereafter. If the required return is 10%, based on an Hmodel what is the current value of Hapex
shares?
✗ A) $131.17.
✓ B) $129.60.
✗ C) $126.24.
Explanation
The current value of Hapex shares is $129.60:
V0 = [$6(1 + 0.05) + $6(2/2)(0.08 0.05)] / (0.10 0.05) = $129.60
Question #122 of 133 Question ID: 463161
If Cantel, Inc., has current earnings of $17, dividends of $3.50, and a sustainable growth rate of 11%, what is its return on equity (ROE)?
✓ A) 13.85%.
✗ B) 17.64%.
✗ C) 11.91%.
Explanation
Cantel's ROE is 13.85%:
ROE = 11% / [1 ($3.50/$17.00)] = 13.85%
Question #123 of 133 Question ID: 463104
Which of the following dividend discount models assumes a high growth rate during the initial stage, followed by a linear decline to a lower
stable growth rate?
✗ A) Threestage dividend discount model.
✓ B) H model.
✗ C) Gordon growth model.
Explanation
The H model assumes a high growth rate during the initial stage, followed by a linear decline to a lower stable growth rate. It also
assumes that the payout ratio is constant over time.
Question #124 of 133 Question ID: 463133
Analyst Kelvin Strong is arguing with fellow analyst Martha Hatchett. Strong insists that the dividend discount model can be
used to calculate the required return for a stock, though only if the growth rate remains constant. Hatchett maintains that while
such models are useful for calculating the value of a stock, they should not be used to calculate required returns. Who is
CORRECT?
Strong Hatchett
✓ A) Incorrect Incorrect
✗ B) Correct Incorrect
✗ C) Incorrect Correct
Explanation
Dividend discount models can be used to calculate required returns, assuming you have the stock price, dividends, and
dividendgrowth rates, so Hatchett is wrong. Strong is right about the fact that a DDM can calculate required returns, but
wrong about the growth rate assumption. Multistage dividend discount models can account for expected changes in the
growth rate.
Question #125 of 133 Question ID: 463145
A firm pays a current dividend of $1.00 which is expected to grow at a rate of 5% indefinitely. If current value of the firm's shares is
$35.00, what is the required return applicable to the investment based on the Gordon dividend discount model (DDM)?
✗ A) 7.86%.
✗ B) 8.25%.
✓ C) 8.00%.
Explanation
The Gordon DDM uses the dividend for the period (t + 1) which would be $1.05.
$35 = $1.05 / (required return 0.05)
Required return = 0.08 or 8.00%
Question #126 of 133 Question ID: 463069
A firm's dividend per share in the most recent year is $4 and is expected to grow at 6% per year forever. If its shareholders require a
return of 14%, the value of the firm's stock (per share) using the singlestage dividend discount model (DDM) is:
✗ A) $50.00.
✗ B) $28.57.
✓ C) $53.00.
Explanation
The value of the firm's stock is: $4 × [1.06 / (0.14 − 0.06)] = $53.00
Question #127 of 133 Question ID: 463059
An analyst has compiled the following financial data for ABC, Inc.
ABC, Inc. Valuation Scenarios
Year 1, g=20%
Year 2, g=18%
Years 13,
Year 3, g=16%
g=12.0%
g (growth rate in dividends) 0.0% 3.0% Year 4, g=9%
After Year 3,
Year 5, g=8%
g=3.0%
Year 6, g=7%
After Year 6, g=4%
What is the value of ABC, Inc.'s stock price using the assumptions contained in Scenario 4?
✗ A) $18.52.
✗ B) $26.66.
✓ C) $22.22.
Explanation
The required rate of return is (r) = 0.05 + 1.4(0.12 − 0.05) = 0.148
The future dividends are predicted as the following:
Year Dividend
0 1.50
1 1.50 × 1.2 = 1.80
2 1.80 × 1.18 =2.124
3 2.124 × 1.16 = 2.464
4 2.464 × 1.09 = 2.686
5 2.686 × 1.08 = 2.900
6 2.901 × 1.07 = 3.103
7 3.103 × 1.04 = 3.227
Now discount the dividend stream to get the value per share. Use the Gordon growth model to discount the constant growth after period 6.
Value per share = (1.8 / 1.148) + (2.124 / 1.1482) + (2.464 / 1.1483) + (2.686 / 1.1484) + (2.900 / 1.1485) + (3.103 / 1.1486) + (3.227 /
1.1486(0.148 − 0.04)) = 22.22.
Question #128 of 133 Question ID: 463139
An investor buys shares of a firm at $10.00. A year later she receives a dividend of $0.96 and sells the shares at $9.00. What is her
holding period return on this investment?
✗ A) +1.2%.
✗ B) 0.8%.
✓ C) 0.4%.
Explanation
The holding period return = ($0.96 + $9.00 / $10.00) 1 = 0.004 or 0.4%
Question #129 of 133 Question ID: 463029
The debate over whether to use the arithmetic mean or geometric mean of market returns for the capital asset pricing model (CAPM):
✗ A) was settled by the work of Harry Markowitz in 1972.
✗ B) has little practical effect because they are both very close.
✓ C) limits its usefulness in estimating the required return of an asset.
Explanation
There are several characteristics of the CAPM that limit its usefulness in determining the required returns, including the uncertainty
whether we should use arithmetic or geometric means as the appropriate measure of longterm average returns.
Question #130 of 133 Question ID: 463090
If an asset's beta is 0.8, the expected return on the equity market is 10.0%, and the appropriate discount rate for the Gordon model is
9.0%, what is the riskfree rate?
✗ A) 6.50%.
✗ B) 2.50%.
✓ C) 5.00%.
Explanation
Required return = riskfree rate + beta (expected equity market return riskfree rate)
9% = riskfree rate + 0.8(0.10 riskfree rate)
9% = 0.08 + 0.2(riskfree rate)
1% / 0.2 = riskfree rate = 0.05 or 5%
Question #131 of 133 Question ID: 463084
Ambiance Company has a current market price of $42, a current dividend of $1.25 and a required rate of return of 12%. All
earnings are paid out as dividends. What is the present value of Ambiance's growth opportunities (PVGO)?
✗ A) $38.85.
✗ B) $16.71.
✓ C) $31.58.
Explanation
The PVGO is $31.58:
PVGO = $42 ($1.25 / 0.12) = $31.58
Question #132 of 133 Question ID: 463089
Stan Bellton, CFA, is preparing a report on TWR, Inc. Bellton's supervisor has requested that Bellton include a justified trailing
pricetoearnings (P/E) ratio based on the following information:
Current earnings per share (EPS) = $3.50.
Dividend Payout Ratio = 0.60.
Required return for TRW = 0.15.
Expected constant growth rate for dividends = 0.05.
TWR's justified trailing P/E ratio is closest to:
✗ A) 4.0.
✓ B) 6.3.
✗ C) 6.0.
Explanation
The dividend payout ratio (1 b) is 0.60, so the retention ratio (b) is 0.4.
Question #133 of 133 Question ID: 463068
A company reports January 1, 2002, retained earnings of $8,000,000, December 31, 2002, retained earnings of $10,000,000,
and 2002 net income of $5,000,000. The company has 1,000,000 shares outstanding and dividends are expected to grow at a
rate of 5% per year. What is the expected dividend at the end of 2003?
✗ A) $3.00.
✓ B) $3.15.
✗ C) $13.65.
Explanation
The first step is to determine 2002 dividends paid as ($8,000,000 + $5,000,000 − 10,000,000) = $3,000,000. The next step is to find the
dividend per share ($3,000,000 / 1,000,000 shares) = $3.00 per share. Applying the 5% growth rate, next year's expected dividend is
$3.15, or $3.00 × 1.05.