Quantitative Seismic

Interpretation
 Seismic Amplitude for hydrocarbon for
Hydrocarbon Detection

What reservoir property may stand behind the seismic

amplitude ?
Examples of High Amplitude Interpretation
 The keys of Amplitude Interpretation
• Understanding of the origin of the seismic
section.

• Knowledge of the wavelet shape in the data

• Expectation of the effects of variation in fluid

fill and lithology based on modeling from
offset wells and/or analogues
 Seismic Inversion
• Is the process of transforming seismic reflection data
into a quantitative rock property description of the
reservoir. It may be model based inversion or non-
model based inversion.
• It may be categorized as well as Pre-stack inversion
or Post Stack inversion, deterministic or geostatistical
 Seismic Inversion
• Geophysicists routinely perform seismic surveys to gather
information about the geology of an oil or gas field. These
surveys record sound waves which have traveled through the
layers of rock and fluid in the earth.
The amplitude and frequency of these waves can be
estimated so that any side-lobe and tuning effects introduced
by the wavelet may be removed.
 Seismic Inversion
• Seismic data may be inspected and interpreted on its own
without inversion, but this does not provide the most detailed
view of the subsurface and can be misleading under certain
conditions. Because of its efficiency and quality, most oil and
gas companies now use seismic inversion to increase the
resolution and reliability of the data and to improve
estimation of rock properties including porosity and net pay.
• There are many different techniques used in seismic
inversion. These can be roughly grouped into two categories:
I. pre-stack or post-stack
II. seismic resolution or well-log resolution
 Seismic Inversion
• The combination of these categories yields four technical
approaches to the inversion problem, and the selection
of a specific technique depends on the desired objective
and the characteristics of the subsurface rocks. Although
the order presented reflects advances in inversion
techniques over the past 20 years, each grouping still has
valid uses in particular projects or as part of a larger
workflow.
Forward Modeling Process
Inverse Modeling Process
 Components of inversion
• Inversion integrates seismic data and well data where well
data serves to add the frequency band (Low Frequency
Model) below the seismic band and to constrain the inversion.
Well logs are first conditioned and edited for borehole effects
to ensure there is a suitable relationship between impedance
logs and the desired properties.
• Seismic data is band-limited, reducing resolution and quality.
To extend the frequency band available, low-frequency data is
derived from log data.
 Components of inversion
• Initial inversions are often run with relaxed constraints, starting
with the seismic and then adding limited-trend data from the
wells. This provides a rough overview of the reservoir in an
unbiased manner. It is critical at this point to evaluate the accuracy
of the tie between the inversion results and the wells, and
between the original seismic data and the derived synthetics. It is
also important to ensure that the wavelet matches the phase and
frequency of seismic data.
• Without a wavelet, the solution is not unique. Deterministic
inversions address this problem by constraining the answer in
some way, usually to well log data. Stochastic inversions address
this problem by generating a range of reasonable solutions, which
can then be narrowed through testing for best fit against various
measurements (including production data).
 Rock Physics

Rock physics provides the quantitative link between the elastic

rock properties that affect seismic response and the geological
properties that we are trying to predict.
 Rock Physics for Exploration
• Using rock physics provide us with the possibility to create a model
for each subsurface lithofacies, describing its Petrophysical and
elastic behavior through a set of empirical, heuristic and
theoretical relations. Calibration of rock physics relationships is
based on local well logs, often complemented with regional or
global data where local calibration is missing.
• Once a model is established it can be used to predict missing or
low quality well logs, model seismic reflectivity, calibrate rock
physics based seismic inversion and predict petrophysical
properties from seismic impedances.
• Another important aspect of rock physics is fluid replacement
which will assess the effect of different fluid fill, such as brine, oil,
and gas on the seismic expression.
• Rock physics is an essential tool in exploration.
 Rock Physics for Exploration
• In order to execute Seismic inversion study, A Rock
Physics study must be conducted before running the
inversion process.
• Based on the results of Rock Physics study, a decision can
be taken weather the inversion will add value or not
moreover in case it will add value what would be the
proper type of inversion to be executed. This is why we
run Rock Physics study in addition to other benefits
• Can porosity and saturation be obtained from interval velocity?

• What are the porosity-velocity relation in various lithology?

• Is seismic AVO response sensitive to gas/oil saturation levels in

a particular play? How sensitive?

• How robust would seismic AVO response be in situations of

varying thickness and porosity?

• What seismic attributes or characteristics may be useful to

distinguish gas sand from shale?
Hooke’s Law agree with
Elasticity phase
Elasticity

stress
K = Incompressibility
U= Rigidity = shear stress/shear strain
 Bulk Density

Matrix

Porosity (fluid)
Poisson’s ratio
Poisson’s Ratio

Fluids

Schematically where we might find different fluid/rock combination.

Pure fluids have Poisson’s ratio of 0.5
 Rock Physics Study
Cross-Plot Analysis
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
1. Cross-Plot analysis : this technique used mainly to identify
the reservoir characteristics by plotting 2or 3 logs or attributes
versus each other however logs have to be checked, edited ,
estimate any missing intervals mainly in Vp, Vs & Density then a
cross plots generated to qc logs vs depth and versus mineral
volumes . For example
- TVD vs Vp, Vs & RHOB colorcoded with mineral volumes so
we can identify weather logs are following the same pattern
or if there are odd values so we go back and check whether
these odd values refer to real events or just spikes have to
be removed and have information about compaction trends
Rock physics cross-plots (TVDSS vs. Vp, Vs & Rho)

TVDSS vs. Vp Color-coded by SwT

TVDSS vs. Vs Color-coded by SwT TVDSS vs. Rho Color-coded by SwT

 Rock Physics Study
Cross-Plot Analysis
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
1. Cross-Plot analysis : other examples such as
- GR vs. Vsh color coded by porosity, water saturation…etc
- NPHI vs. Rhob color coded by mineral volumes, fluid
saturations so I can confirm the different lithologies present
- Vp vs. Resistivity color coded by fluid saturation as well as
mineral volumes where low Vp & high Resistivity would be
indication for presence of hydrocarbon, so if I am plotting
these two logs on the reservoir zone and notice something
different, so there might be something wrong, I should go
back and check
 Rock physics cross-plots (Vp vs. Rho)

Vp vs. Rho Color-coded by VCL Vp vs. Rho Color-coded by VSS

- Vp vs. Rhob color coded by fluid saturation as well as mineral

volumes so you can locate your reservoir and know its characters
whether it is high or low Vp, high or low Rhob and as a result
high or low Acoustic Impedance
 Rock Physics Study
Cross-Plot Analysis
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
1. Cross-Plot analysis : other examples such as
- Vs vs. Rhob color coded by mineral volumes, fluid
saturations.
- P- Sonic Vs. S-Sonic
- By the end of the day, go for whatever 2 attributes and
crossplot them as long as you know the link between them
and can interpret them and for sure have expectation for
their response towards the change in lithology or fluid
content.
 Rock physics cross-plots (Vp vs. Vs)

Vp vs. Vs Color-coded by VCL Vp vs. Vs Color-coded by VSS

- Vp vs. Vs color coded by fluid saturation as well as mineral

volumes so you can locate your reservoir and know its
characters whether it is high or low Vp, high or low Vs and as
a result high or low Velocity ratio VpVs
 Rock Physics Study
Fluid Substitution
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
2. Fluid Substitution: It is executed using Gassman’s equation
which mainly depend on estimating the bulk modulus which
allow us to estimate Vp using empirical relations then we
can estimate Vs & density
*. Gassman’s equation ingredients :
Bulk modulus for the dry rock,
Bulk Modulus for the mineral which compose the rock
Bulk modulus of the fluid
effective porosity
hence the result would be the bulk modulus of the
saturated rock
 Rock Physics Study
Fluid Substitution
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
2. Fluid Substitution: It is an essential step in Rock Physics
study. It allows us to understand how the seismic response
of a rock changes when the pore fluids change.
 Prerequisties : Elastic moduli, velocities and Density
 Gassman’s equation & fundamental assumptions
 Equation’s ingredients
 Fluid substitution recipe
 Pitfalls and extensions
 Rock Physics Study
Fluid Substitution
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
2. Fluid Substitution: The question is why we need to execute
fluid substitution and the answer that we need to see
different Reponses from Vp, Vs and Density when we
change the fluid content so we run a case for 100% water
saturation (Brine case) and 90% gas saturation (gas case)
and 70% oil saturation (oil case) so with each case there are
3 output logs Vp, Vs & Density.
Note that we use reservoir parameters such as Reservoir
salinity, Reservoir temperature and reservoir pressure due
to the fact that these parameters will affect on the rigidity
of the fluid in addition we use specific gravity of different
fluids which is the fluid density in specific condition to the
air density, API for Oil, Gas/Oil ratio
 Rock Physics Study
Fluid Substitution
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
2. Fluid Substitution: Bulk modulus can be obtained from logs
Vp, Vs & density or in the lab.

As a result of estimating Vp from Bulk modulus and then Vs

from Vp, so many approaches computed to estimate Vs
from Vp.

In addition since Gassman’s equation using the effective

porosity so the main focus for fluid substitution is the
reservoir zone
VS Prediction
 Rock Physics Study
Fluid Substitution
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
2. Fluid Substitution:
- Gassman’s equation ingredients :
Bulk modulus for the dry rock,
Bulk Modulus for the mineral which compose the rock
Bulk modulus of the fluid
effective porosity
hence the result would be the bulk modulus of the
saturated rock
adding to the above mentioned equation, the elastic moduli
which mentioned previously also computed and inserted as
input to execute the fluid substitution process properly
Matrix properties Kmin
Gassman’s Assumptions discussion
• Since there is no perfection, there were some restriction
about Gassman’s equation regarding the assumptions he
put for this equation and it is mentioned in this slide.
- The first point ensure that the wavelength is bigger than
grain and pore size since this assumption don’t consider
pore geometry in addition it doesn’t consider the
presence of different lithology however to overcome this
point by giving the software the average value of Vp, Vs &
Density for shale hence it won’t work when shale is
present. (the dominant lithology Sand & Shale)
Gassman’s Assumptions discussion
- The second assumption assumes that it is porous and
permeable medium meantime it reflects the equilibration
in pore pressure however to get over this point by
identifying the non-reservoir zones in addition giving the
reservoir pressure to the software
- The third assumption also contribute in pressure
equilibrium and result in a fluid independent shear
modulus of the porous rock
- The fourth assumption results in that no fluid can flow in
or out of the rock unit during wave passage
Gassman’s Assumptions discussion
- The fifth assumption says that the passing wave results in
motion (displacement) of the whole rock section but there
is no relative motion between solid rock skeleton and fluid
and this is exactly is given only for Zero frequency but for
higher frequencies , relative motion can result in
dispersion
- The sixth assumption says that the fluid within the pores
don’t interact with the pore matrix in a way that it doesn’t
harden or soften the matrix and this is why we provide for
example Reuss-Voight boundary hence we have the bulk
modulus (stiffness) for different fluids and lithology
 Stiffness-softness boundaries
• Since We are after estimating the bulk modlus which
reflect the stiffness of the rock (the higher the Bulk
modulus the higher the stiffness). We support this
process by Stiffness-softness boundaries which is
Reuss-Voight boundary or Hashin-Shtrikman
boundaries and the last one used when there is high
heterogeneity.
Reuss-Voight Boundary
 Rock Physics Study
1D Synthetic
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
3. 1D Synthetic: since the output of fluid substitution process for
each case are Vp, Vs & Density so we use these outputs with CDP
gather so we can model the AVO signature for each case and
display the different AVO signatures.

- If there is proper difference in AVO classes for different scenario

cases so we can do AVO inversion which executed by extracting
Intercept cube & gradient cube from the seismic and by getting
Intercept over gradient , we can get different AVO signatures in
the seismic cube so we can prioritize different potential locations
based on the AVO classes.
 1D Synthetic
Fluid Substitution & AVO signature
 1D synthetic
- If there is no big difference in AVO classes for
different cases (Brine, Oil & Gas) so we can’t
go for the previously mentioned inversion.
Then we continue for the last step of the rock
physics study which is the feasibility study.
 Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO)
• Amplitude versus offset is primarily the
variation is seismic reflection amplitude with
change in distance between shot point and
receiver (offset)
• It is another name is AVA (Amplitude variation
with angle). Note that the higher the offset,
the higher the angle range
• AVO analysis is conducted on CMP data
Snell Low
AVO Classes
Other AVO classes
 Class I Oil Sand – Dim spot scenario

• Amplitude decreases with increasing angle, and may

reverse phase on the far angle stack

• Amplitude on the full stack is smaller for the hydrocarbon

zone than for an equivalent wet saturated zone.

• Wavelet character is peak-trough on near angle stack

• Wavelet character may or may not be peak-trough on the

far angle stack.
Class IIp Oil Sand – Dim spot (Phase reversal
scenario)
Class IIp Oil Sand – Dim spot (Phase reversal
scenario)

• Wavelet character is trough-peak on the far angle stack.

• Inferences about lithology are contained in the amplitude

variation with incident angle.

• AVO alone, unless carefully calibrated, cannot

unambiguously distinguish a clean wet sand from a gas
sand, because both have similar (increasing ) behavior
with offset.
Class II Hydrocarbon Sand – Bright
spot Scenario
 Class II Hydrocarbon Sand – Bright spot
Scenario
• There is little indication of the gas sand on the near angle
stack.
• The gas sand event increases amplitude with increasing
angle. This attribute is more pronounced than anticipated
because of the amplitude decrease of the shale- upon-shale
reflections.
• The gas sand event may or may not be evident on the full
stack, depending on the far angle amplitude contribution to
the stack.
• Wavelet character on the stack may or may not be trough-
peak for a hydrocarbon charged thin bed.
 Class III Gas Sand – Bright spot Scenario

• Hydrocarbon zones are bright on the stack section and on all

angle limited stacks.

• The hydrocarbon reflection amplitude, with respect to the

background reflection amplitude is constant or increases
slightly with incident angle range.

• Even thought the amplitude of the hydrocarbon event can

decrease with angle as suggested for the class 4 AVO
anomalies, The surrounding shale-upon-shale
reflections normally decrease in amplitude with angle at a
faster rate.
Class III Gas Sand – Bright spot Scenario

• Wavelet Character is trough-peak on all angle stacks.

This assumes that the dominant phase of the seismic
wavelet is zero and the reservoir is below tuning
thickness.

• Hydrocarbon prediction is possible from the stack

section
The three AVO classes
 Rock Physics Study
Feasibility Study
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
4. Feasibility Study: since the output of inversion process is
impedance cubes (depend on inversion type), so in this
feasibility study we use Acoustic Impedance (AI), velocity
ratio (VpVs) or any other attribute which can be derived
from impedances and we start to do crossplot analysis using
AI vs. VpVs color coded by Mineral volumes and fluid
saturation so we can locate the reservoir exactly and see
whether AI by it self can separate reservoir zone from non-
reservoir zone so we can go for model based Post stack
inversion where the output is only AI cube .
 Rock Physics Study
Feasibility Study
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
4. Feasibility Study:
- If AI can’t separate reservoir zone by itself so we can insert
another attribute such as VpVs and see whether this combination
can separate reservoir zone from non reservoir zone and if it
manage to do this separation so we can go for model based pre-
stack inversion (AI & SI cubes are the outputs).

- Note that if this separation were present, so it is present at

log resolution and since we r inverting the seismic which is
much less frequency that logs so frequency filter should be
applied to the AI & VpVs in a way that these logs have the
same frequency band the seismic has and if the separation
still present so we can run the inversion process
 Rock Physics Study
Feasibility Study
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
4. Feasibility Study:
- If the filtered logs (logs at seismic resolution) couldn’t separate
between the reservoir and non-reservoir hence there is no need
to run the inversion process because it won’t add any value

- Crossplots done between AI vs. porosity so if there is a good

relation we can estimate the porosity cube from the
inverted impedance cube
 Rock Physics Study
Feasibility Study
• Rock Physics study comprises of 4 major steps
4. Feasibility Study:
- If AI can’t separate reservoir zone by itself so we can insert
another attribute such as VpVs and see whether this combination
can separate reservoir zone from non reservoir zone and if it
manage to do this separation so we can go for model based pre-
stack inversion (AI & SI cubes are the outputs).

- Note that if this separation were present, so it is present at

log resolution and since we r inverting the seismic which is
much less frequency that logs so frequency filter should be
applied to the AI & VpVs in a way that these logs have the
same frequency band the seismic has and if the separation
still present so we can run the inversion process
Feasibility
At log resolution a polygon is used to separate pay from
non-pay

Color-coded by HCPV
Feasibility
At seismic bandwidth a polygon is used to separate pay and
non-pay.
Sparse Spike Inversion
Colored Inversion
 Sparse Spike Inversion
• It is useful to determine the 1st exploration
well location
• Predict drilling problems such as shallow gas
or overpressure zone
• It is not recommended for noisy data
• Works on large spike reflectivity
• It builds up reflectivity sequence one spike at
a time. Spikes are added until the trace is
modeled properly
Sparse Spike Inversion example
 Sparse Spike Inversion Issues related
• It puts events only where the seismic
demands
• It attempts to produce simplest possible
model consistent with the seismic data
• It often produces fewer events than known
from geological model
 Coloured Inversion
• Coloured Inversion as a q.c. tool since it is a very useful seismic
attribute. It is simply shaping the amplitude spectrum of the seismic
data to the amplitude spectrum of the well logs.

• BP developed this method some years ago and it has been in public
demand for some time.

• It gives you the best from your seismic data without having any
model. In that sense, it’s quite robust and a useful product.

• It is a means of providing interpreters with probably the best type

of seismic data to use for general interpretation but as soon as they
want to be quantitative about what’s in the reservoir, then they
need a deterministic or a stochastic inversion.
 Coloured Inversion
• Coloured Inversion takes a different approach that is more
familiar to seismic processing. In simple terms we analyze
various seismic and well log spectra to define an operator that
shapes the average seismic trace spectra to that of a fitted
smooth curve which is representative of the average
Reflectivity log spectrum. This defines the amplitude
spectrum of the required operator. Theory tells us that a 90
degree phase rotation is also required. This is incorporated
into the operator. The assumption is that the input seismic
data is zero phase. The Coloured Inversion operator is
converted to the time domain and simply applied to the
seismic volume using a convolution algorithm.
Coloured Inversion Examples
 Colored Inversion
• Single operator in the frequency domain (O) applied to the
seismic trace Spectrum (S) to transform it directly into
Relative Acoustic Impedance (RAI)
• Z=O*S
• It transforms seismic data into band limited impedance
volume by shaping the mean seismic spectrum into
impedance log spectrum
• It helps in interpreting thickness variation, fluid effect, rock
property variation
• There is -90 degree phase shift between the input data and
the output RAI
Amplitude spectrum of acoustic impedance
Frequency spectrum of seismic data
Operator Spectrum
Colored Inversion Operator
Relative Acoustic Impedance (Band Limited)
 Colored Inversion Issues
• It depend on the initial model to determine
the general impedance trend
• Very fast to apply
• Very simple with a few user parameters
• Assumes the data is Zero-phase
• Produces a result of relatively high frequency
content and better scaling
• The output is RAI (band limited)
 Recursive Inversion
Model Based Inversion
 Recursive Inversion
• Early attempt to obtain Absolute Acoustic Impedance from Seismic
which involved
- Scaling the seismic section to reflectivity

St : Seismic trace wt : seismic wavelet

rt : reflectivity
• Adding low frequency component based on the formula

rpi : P reflectivity at the ith interface of a stack of N layers

• Apply recursive formula (inverse of the reflectivity)
 Recursive inversion
• Low frequency component is derived from an
interpolation of well data or stacking velocities scaled
to impedance values
• Estimation of 1st layer acoustic impedance is required
• Acoustic impedance of a certain layer and reflectivity
at its base caN BE USED TO compute AI of the next
layer
• Reflectivity estimated through a deconvolution of the
seismic trace for seismic wavelet
Recursive Inversion workflow
Step-1

The initial back ground

model formed by filtering
the impedance logto low
frequency to get the low
frequency component
which will be added to the
scaled seismic
Recursive Inversion workflow
Step-2

Recursive inversion
equation is applied to
the seismic trace and
we should notice here
that AI of 1st layer have
to be estimated first in
addition we notice that
the output is -90
degree phase shift
Recursive Inversion workflow
Step-3

Adding the scaled

seismic trace to
the filtered AI to
get the final result.
Filter is matter of
trial & error till we
get the best result
 Recursive Inversion result

The result is band frequency limited same as the input seismic

 Issues on Recursive inversion
• Wavelet is ignored so the input seismic data must be
zero-phase
• If the seismic is zero-phase, side lobes from the
actual wavelet will be interpreted by algorithm as
lithological variation also the cumulative error
• The inversion result is band-limited to the frequency
range of the seismic data
• The scaling of the seismic trace to reflectivity is
critical to get the proper range of impedance
changes
 Model Based Post Stack Inversion
• It requires a starting model that is checked
against the seismic
• Most popular broadband inversion technique

Basic convolution model

showing the seismic
trace
Is generated by
convolving the reflection
series, wavelet with the
addition of random
noise
 Model based Post Stack Inversion
workflow-1

Building Structure model using the interpreted horizons

(as grids)
 Model based Post Stack Inversion
workflow-1
• Wavelet extraction is executed by doing
seismic to well tie exercise for each well within
the study, creating synthetic seismogram and
correlate it versus seismic till achieving best
match and the resultant wavelets from this
exercise got merged into one wavelet which
considered the most representative wavelet
for the seismic
Seismic to Well tie for Wavelet
extraction
 Model based Post Stack Inversion
workflow-2
• Notice that Sonic calibration using VSP have to
be done in order to compensate for frequency
difference, reading errors as result of casing in
addition to compensate for anisotropy
• Since low frequency seismic data is not
necessary reflect real events (it might be
multiples), Low frequency model build using
impedance logs to componsate for this low
frequency component
LFM Building
Low Frequency Model
 Model based Inversion
workflow-3
• P-Impedance logs got upscaled where a frequency
filter of maximum 10 hz applied to the impedance
logs from the wells and most probably linear
interpolation has been used to extrapolate
impedance values between the wells using different
weights dependant on the data
• Stacking velocity can be used as well to guide the
extrapolation of impedance values between wells
however it have to be checked, (Interval velocity can
be obtained from RMS velocity using Dix formula
Model Based Inversion
 Workflow
• Run the inversion model so you can get the
Absolute Acoustic Impedance (AAI)
• The most important is to know the key for
interpreting your inverted AAI cube (Rock
Physics study) so you can locate your reservoir,
get lithofacies cube, distribute porosity among
the field away from the wells.,.,etc
 Issues on Model based Inversion
• Seismic have to be almost of the same phase
• Wavelet extraction is a very critic step since
any simple error will reflect on the inversion
results.
Post-Stack Inversion Workflow

Post Stack Constraints

Inversion Low Frequency

Surfaces

11
6
Post-Stack Inversion

11
7
Model based Pre-Stack Inversion Workflow

11
8
Post stack inversion versus Pre-stack
inversion

inversion for AI and PR. Two separate gas reservoirs are

indicated by the arrows. 11
9
 Model based Pre-Stack Inversion
(Simultaneous Inversion)
• Its work flow exactly the same as Post Stack inversion except
that Post stack inversion conduct on full seismic cube hence
the output is only Absolute Acoustic impedance cube (AAI)
however for Pre-Stack inversion, it is conducted on partial
angle stacks which created from cdp gathers with RMS
velocity so we can have Near, Mid & Far angle stacks.
• Creating partial angle stacks mainly based on lateral variation
in the seismic. From this variation, we set the proper angle
range for each partial stack but notice that stacking process is
minimizing the random noise so creating many partial stacks
is not recommended since it will minimize the random noise
removal (3-4 angle stacks is enough unless there is huge
lateral variation due to high heterogeneity)
 Model based Pre-Stack Inversion
(Simultaneous Inversion)
• Advantages of Pre-stack inversion over post stack inversion
I. Wavelet extraction process: We do extract only one wavelet
which represent the whole seismic cube in case of post-stack
inversion however we extract minimum 3 wavelets for near,
mid & far stacks so it is more reliable
II. The output of pre-stack inversion are Impedances cubes
(Acoustic & Shear) which give us more option to extimate
other attributes such as Velocity ratio, Poisson ratio,
Lambda-Rho, Mu-Rho
III. Multi-attribute analysis can be done using the above
mentioned attributes so we can be sure of potential
hydrocarbon locations in addition more reliability in
estimating lithology cube and fluid distribution over the field
 Multi-Attribute Analysis
• The output of pre-Stack inversion are AAI & ASI
Example of Lambda-Rho vs. Mu-Rho
Example of Lambda-Rho vs. Mu-Rho