INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

ON
AUTO CAD (3rdYEAR)
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (2020 -21)
By
ANURAG KUMAR (1712240039)
(ME-72)
Under guidance
of
Mr. S. D. SHARMA
(Assistant Professor)

SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP OF PROFESSIONAL

COLLEGES, LUCKNOW
Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge the help provided by our industrial training guide of teachers of
CAD DESK for his valuable guidance ,constant encouragement and kind help at different
stages for the execution of this industrial training report .

I would also like to express my gratitude and thanks to our Head of department Prof. D.V.
MAHENDRU who gave us opportunity to work on the topic and provide all the valuable
guidance regarding the approach and the objective to kept in mind while making this report
and I would like to thank our industrial training coordinator Mr. S.D. SHARMA for his
continuous help and support .

ANURAG KUMAR
[1712240039]
[ME-72]

ii
CERTIFICATE

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ⅱ

CERTIFICATE Ⅲ
LIST OF FIGURES Ⅵ

CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION 1-4

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Autocad window Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Selecting the workplace Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 filing and data input 3-4

CHAPTER 2: CO-ORDINATE ENTRY 4-11

2.1 Overview 4
2.2 Navigation tools object display 4-
5
2.3 Drawing units and limit 6-7
2.4 Command 7
2.5 Draw command tools 7-
8
2.6 Modify commands 9-10
2.7 Some drawing using draw and modify tools 11

CHAPTER 3: DIMENSION TOOLBAR 11-21

3.1 Linear dimension 12
3.2 Radial dimension22 12
3.3 Angular dimension 12
3.4 Ordinate dimension 12
3.5 Arc length dimension 13
3.6 Baseline and continued dimension 13
3.7 some drawing with dimension 13-
15

iv
3.8 text command 15-
16
3.9 table 16-
17
3.10 layer 17-19
3.11 block 20
3.12 insert a block 20-21
3.13 creat a block definition 21

CHAPTER-4 ISOMETRIC DRAWING 22-31

4.1 some isometric drawing 22-23
4.2 3D- modelling 23-25
4.3 Boolean operation 26-27
4.4 Printing and plotting 28
4.5 Some PDF format of drawing 28
4.6 application of AUTOCAD 29-31

CHAPTER-5 31-32
CONCLUSION 31
REFERENCE 32

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure description Page No.

Figure 1.1 Logo of Indian Railway 1
Figure 1.2 Diesel shed ,Gonda 4
Figure 2.1 Layout of Locomotive 6
Figure 2.2 A Diesel Engine 7
Figure 2.3 Lube Oil/ Water Pump 8
Figure 2.4 Rttm / Fitm 8
Figure 2.5 An Engine with Turbo Charger 10
Figure 2.6 Impeller 10
Figure 2.7 Rotor Assembly 10
Figure 2.8 Turbo Supercharger 11
Figure 2.9 Cylinder Head 11
Figure 2.10 Surface Finishing of Cylinder Head 13
Figure 2.11 Expressor 13
Figure 2.12 Traction Motor 15
Figure 2.13 Alternator 16
Figure 2.14 Control Unit of Locomotive 17
Figure 2.15 Fuel Injection Pump 19
Figure 2.16 Wood Ward Governor 19
Figure 3.1 Brake Handle 21
Figure 3.2 Universal Multipurpose Armature 21
Figure 3.3 Bogie 22
Figure 3.4 Radiator with Fan 24

vi
 CHAPTER - 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.
Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a
desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the
introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or
minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal. Since
2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers,
engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals.
AutoCAD is available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese
Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian, Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and
Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional Language Packs).
The latest version was released on 21st March 2017 as
AutoCAD 2018. Autodesk has also developed a few
vertical programs:

AutoCAD Architecture

AutoCAD Civil

AutoCAD Electrical
AutoCAD ecscad
AutoCAD Map 3D
AutoCAD Mechanical
AutoCAD MEP
AutoCAD Structural Detailing

AutoCAD Utility Design

AutoCAD P&ID
AutoCAD Plant 3D for discipline-

specific enhancements.

1
1.2 AUTOCAD WINDOW
Once the AutoCAD 2014 window is active, it should appear as shown on the image shown
below. However if you look at the upper left hand corner there is a button with the letter (A)
written in red. That is called the application menu of the AutoCAD software. At the right of
this button, there is the phrase “3D modeling”. This means that the active workspace is 3D
modeling. 1.2.1 Application Menu
This provides the user with file options like save, open, print.
1.2.2. Menu bar
The menu bar appears just below the title bar of the AutoCAD 2014 window. It has such tabs
as home, solid, surface, mesh and view among others for the case of 3D workspace. If you
switch to 2D Drafting & Annotation you find other tabs relevant to that workspace.
Depending on which tab you are on, you will see a collection of tool icons just below it
which are organized into panels. The entire collection of tool icons is referred to as the
ribbon. As a result the tabs on the menu bar are called ribbon tabs.
1.2.3 Ribbon
This is a collection of tool panels representing groups of tools and features where you will be
selecting tools to draw, edit, or perform other functions. It occurs immediately below the
menu bar. Clicking on any of the tabs on the menu bar will give you a different ribbon.
1.2.4 Drawing Area
This is a virtual sheet or modeling environment where your designs appear. It is a boundless
area on which your designs are created on a 1:1 scale regardless of their actual life size. The
drawing area is also called the canvas. In the default condition, the drawing area will have
three icons on display: i. The user coordinate system icon at the bottom left corner.
ii. The cross hairs or drawing cursor which may be at any position on the screen
depending on whether the user has touched the mouse or not.
iii. The view cube at the top right corner. This is very useful in 3D drawing because it
facilitates viewing the object from multiple directions. 1.2.5. Quick Access toolbar
This includes the basic file-handling functions that you find in virtually all windows
application programs. It occurs at the immediate right of the application menu. It carries such
functions as workspace switching and title, new file, open file, save and undo among others.
1.2.6. Info Center
This is AutoCAD’s online help facility. If you are online type a query there in case you get
stuck.
1.2.7. UCS
UCS stands for User Coordinate System. In the lower-left corner of the drawing area, you see
an L-shaped arrow. This is the UCS icon, which tells you your orientation in the drawing. This
icon becomes helpful as you start to work with complex 2D drawings and 3D models. The X
and Y arrows indicate the X- and Y-axes of your drawing. The little square at the base of the
arrows tells you that you’re in what is called the World Coordinate System (WCS. Whenever
you launch AutoCAD you will be in the world coordinate system (WCS).
1.2.8. Command Window.
It’s located just below the drawing area. As you type in commands on the command line, or
pick commands on the ribbon panels, a message is displayed on the command window telling
you what to do next. When you issue any command it may also display a list of options

2
related to that command. By so doing it prompts you on your next move. Thus it is also
known as the command prompt. The command window and the ribbon complement each
other i.e. you can type commands on the command line or click on the ribbon icons. However
the command prompts that appear on the command window prevent the user from getting
confused.
1.2.9. Status Bar
The status bar is a thin strip of the AutoCAD window found between the command window
and the taskbar. To the extreme left it carries the coordinate readout which indicates to the
user the current position of the cursor. Towards the right next to the coordinate readout is the
drawing aids panel which carries such tools as object snap, object snap tracking, dynamic
UCS and polar tracking among others. These aids assist the user in managing snap and
tracking actions. They are activated or deactivated by switching them on or off respectively.
To the extreme right of the status bar we find another panel which contains the model and
layout tabs, annotation scale and workspace switching tool (gear wheel icon) among others.

fig. 1.1
1.3 SELECTING THE WORKSPACE
A workspace is a task-oriented drawing environment oriented in such a way as to provide you
with only the tools and interface elements necessary to accomplish the tasks relevant to that
environment. You can switch between workspaces by using the Workspace Switching Tool.
You can also customize the workspace the way you want and then save it. It will be
appearing on the list of workspaces during switching and you can select it as an option.
Workspace switching tool takes the form of a gear wheel located at the bottom right hand
corner of the active window. Clicking on it produces a drop down list of other alternative
workspaces. Clicking on either changes the workspace to the selected 13 choice. Alternatively
you can switch the workspace by clicking on the downward arrow besides the name of the
current workspace on the quick access toolbar.

1.4 FILING AND DATAINPUT

AutoCAD 2014 file operations are similar to the file operations in any other Windows
program. The general file handling commands include file saving, file opening, file closing
and printing of drawings.

3
1.4.1 OPENING FILES

There are three ways to open a drawing in

AutoCAD. Using
Application Menu
Click on Application Menu> Open
On the select file dialogue box that appears, browse through the folders in the Look in slot.
This enables you to navigate to the folder where you’ve saved your drawing.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.
Select OPEN.
Using the Quick Access Toolbar

Click on File pull down menu> Open

At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder in the Look in slot.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.

Now you can click Open in the select file dialogue box.

Using the command line

At the command prompt on the command line, type Open and enter.
At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder in the Look in slot.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of
the drawing. Select OPEN.

1.4.2 FILE SAVING To save a drawing for the first time

The Save Drawing dialogue box appears when you are saving a drawing for the first time.
You are the required to navigate through the folders in the save in slot to select the folder in
which you want to save your drawing. Type in the file name and then click save.
If you modify a drawing you may wish to save it again but retaining the original template. In
this case select save as from the file pull down or the application menu. Give it a name that
signifies its current status i.e. taking into account the changes. Click save.
Saving a File as You Work
It’s a good idea to save your file periodically as you work on it. As with any Windows
program, you can save it under its original name by click on the Save tool on the Quick
Access toolbar or under a different name by choosing Save As from the Application menu,
thereby creating a new file. Making Changes

Coming up with certain drawings may not take place in one pass. Some will require
modifications at virtually every stage. Others involve a series of iterative stages before
settling on the final copy. In these circumstances, AutoCAD offers the required flexibility as

4
opposed to manual drawing. To keep track of all the modifications, the Save As tool is very
essential.
1.4.3 CLOSING A FILE

Simply click on the X button on the top right corner of the AutoCAD window to close a
drawing. A dialogue box appears asking whether to save the changes on the drawing. Select
yes to save the changes and no if you don’t want to effect the changes. However it’s usually a
good practice to save your files before closing them.

CHAPTER 2

COORDINATES ENTRY
2.1 OVERVIEW.
When a command prompts you for a point, you can use the mouse to specify a point, or you
can enter a coordinate value at the command prompt. If the dynamic input is switched you
can enter coordinate values in tooltips near the cursor.
Two-dimensional coordinates can be entered as either Cartesian (X, Y) or Polar coordinates.
2.1.1 Cartesian Coordinate System
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. when you enter coordinate values,
you indicate a point’s distance in units and its direction (+ or -) along the X, Y, and Z axes
relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0). In 2D, you specify points on the XY plane,
also called the work plane. The X value of Cartesian coordinate specifies the horizontal
distance, and the Y value specifies the vertical distance. The origin point (0, 0) indicates
where the two axes meet.
2.1.2 Polar Coordinate System
Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point.
2.1.3 Absolute and Relative Coordinates Absolute coordinates
Represents a specific point in the current work plane relative to the origin point (0,0). To
enter an absolute coordinate, type the values as a Cartesian coordinate (X,Y) or Polar
coordinate (distance, angle).
Relative coordinate
A relative coordinate is a point specified with reference to the last point specified. We
emphasize that it is with reference to your last specified point and not to the origin. This is
the distinguishing aspect between relative and absolute coordinates.
2.1.4 Dynamic Input
When dynamic input is on, tooltips display information near the cursor as it moves. It is
called dynamic input because the information moving with the cursor is updated with the
motion of the cursor. If you type the X value and press tab, the X field (box) displays a lock
icon, The Y field is active and you can enter its value. If you type the X value and press enter,
the Y value is ignored and AutoCAD interprets it as direct distance entry. This procedure
applies to any other set of fields for instance distance and angle.

5
2.2 NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY
2.2.1 Overview

When drawing in both 2D and 3D, you may wish to:

Get a closer look (magnify your drawing).
View hidden details
Bring the whole drawing into focus.
View the hidden details of your 3D drawing.
For a, b and c use the zoom and pan tools as follows:
Zoom in to magnify and zoom out to minimize the size. Zooming out enables you to see the
details that are currently spilt out of the screen or make the object smaller in readiness to add
details. The pan tool allows you to drag your drawing to a convenient location on the screen.
For d use the orbit tool. It is the tool that enables you to view the objects in your drawing
from different angles. It is very essential, when drawing in 3D.
2.2.2 Accessing the tools Zoom To
zoom a view with a single click.
Display a wheel.
Right-click the wheel and click Steering Wheel Settings.
In the Steering Wheels Settings dialog box, under Zoom Tool, select Enable Single Click
Incremental Zoom.
Click OK.
Display one of the Full Navigation Wheels or the mini View Object Wheel.
Click the Zoom wedge. The magnification of the model is increased and you are zoomed in
closer to the model. If you hold down the Shift key while clicking the
Zoom wedge, the model is zoomed out or you can hold down the Ctrl key to zoom in.

Click Close to exit the wheel.

To zoom a view in and out by dragging.

Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the mini View
Object wheel.
Click and hold down the Zoom wedge. The cursor changes to the Zoom cursor.
Drag vertically to zoom in or out.
Release the button on your mouse to return to the wheel.
NB: The mouse wheel is a very convenient way of zooming in and out.

6
B. Pan
To pan the drawing with the pan tool.
Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the mini View
Object wheel.
Click and hold the Pan wedge. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor.
Drag to reposition the model.
Release the button on your pointing device
to return to the wheel. To pan using the
middle mouse button or the mouse
wheel.
Press and hold down the scroll wheel or middle button. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor.
Drag to reposition the model.
Release the wheel or button on your mouse.

Orbit
Display one of the View Object or Full Navigation wheels.
Click and hold down the Orbit wedge. The cursor changes to the Orbit cursor.
Drag to rotate the model.
Release the button on your mouse.
NB: To navigate to the zoom, pan or orbit tools, go to:
View tab>
navigate panel>
zoom or View
tab> navigate
panel> pan or
View tab>
navigate panel>
orbit.

2.3DRAWING UNITS & LIMITS

2.3.1 UNITS

The format, precision, and other settings used to display coordinates, distances, and angles
are set through this dialog box, and are saved in the current drawing. It is recommended that
you save these settings to your drawing template files to reduce your setup time when you
start a new drawing. The Drawing Units dialog box is displayed. Enter -units at the
Command prompt to display options.

7
 Fig. 2.1

2.3.2 Limits:
When you start a new drawing, and then decide how much space I need for my drawing.
Think of it as the size of your drawing area. Then you can define drawing limits correctly.
Type LIMITS enter. Type 0,0 as lower left corner then type or click the coordinate for upper
right corner based on the units which is in Inches or mm.

2.3.3
Comman
d:
LIMITS
Reset Model
space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]
<0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0 Specify upper right
corner <100.0000, 100.0000>: 300,200

2.4 COMMANDS
2.4.1 OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS.
You communicate with AutoCAD by using tools and Menu options. These devices invoke
AutoCAD commands. What is a command?

It’s a single-word instruction you give to AutoCAD telling it to do something such as draw a
line (the line tool in the Draw Ribbon Panel) or erase an object (the Erase tool in the Modify
Ribbon Panel). Whenever you invoke a command, by either typing it or selecting a menu
option or tool, AutoCAD responds by presenting messages to you in the
Command Window and the Dynamic Input display or by displaying a dialogue box. By right
clicking during the drawing process, a context-sensitive short cut menu is displayed; i.e. if

8
you are in the middle of a command, this menu displays a list of options specifically related
to that command. Command tools.

Move the arrow cursor to the Line tool and rest it there. Do not click yet. Hold it there for a
little while and then for a longer while. You will see two tool tips. The first tip gives you the
tool tip name and the keyboard command associated with the tool. The second tip gives a
brief explanation of how to use the tool. This happens to all other tools on the ribbon. To be
able to draw effectively with AutoCAD, you must learn how to tell AutoCAD what you want,
and even more important, understand what AutoCAD wants from you. Methods of
Accessing/Activating Commands.
Clicking on the command tool/icon on the Ribbon Panels.
Typing the command on the Keyboard.

Use of Accelerator Keys. These are special keystrokes that open and activate drop down
menu options. Example is Ctrl+S for save and Ctrl+C for copy.
Use of Aliases; (one, two or three letter abbreviations of a command name). These are also
typed on the key board.

2.5 Draw Command Tools

fig
2.2

Line: With the Line command you can draw a simple line from one point to another.

Construction Line: The construction line commands creates a line of infinite length which
passes through two picked point.
Polyline: The Polyline command is similar to the line command except that the resulting
object may be composed of a number of segments which form a single object.
Rectangle: The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are vertical and
horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking two diagonal
corners.

9
Polygon: The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to
1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of sides, a pick
point for the centre of the polygon, whether you want polygon inscribed or circumscribed and
then a pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation
of the polygon. The polygon command creates a closed polyline in the shape of the required
polygon.

fig. 2.3

Circle: The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of ways you can
define the circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either pick a
second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle radius at the keyboard.

Arc:The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are numerous ways to
define an arc; the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a second point and an
end point.

Spline: A spline is a smooth curve that is fitted along a number of control points. The Fit
Tolerance option can be used to control how closely the spline conforms to the control points.
A low tolerance value causes the spline to form close to the control points.

Ellipse: The Ellipse command gives you a number of different creation options. The default
option is to pick the two end points of an axis and then a third point to define the eccentricity
of the ellipse.

Hatch: Hatch is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes. You can pick: Pattern,
Scale, Angle, Points

fig. 2.4

10
2.6 MODIFY COMMANDS

fig 2.5
Offset: Create a duplicate object parallel with the original object. If this object is a Polyline
or a Circle, the duplicate shape will be transformed inwards or outwards.

Copy: Copy’s one or more objects.

fig. 2.6

Mirror: Create a mirror image of an object. It is useful for creating symmetrical objects
because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire
object.

fig. 2.7

Array: Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar pattern. This is especially useful
when you need to duplicate several objects at the same distance from each other.
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and whether
the copies are rotated.

11
 fig. 2.8 Move: Moves one
or more objects.

Rotate: You can rotate objects with an absolute or relative angle. When using an absolute
angle: Specify the base point and then specify the rotation angle.

Scale: A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. It is also possible to scale an object
using a reference object. This method scales the object equally in all directions.

Trim: With the trim option objects can be shortened or lengthened with the edges of other
objects. Objects can exactly be fitted between these objects.

Extend: With the extend option you can shorten or lengthen objects to meet the edges of
other objects. For example a line can be exactly fitted between objects. Extending an object
works in the same way as trimming.
Fillet: You can use the fillet tool to connect two objects with an arc with a specified radius.
The inside corner is called a fillet and an outside corner is called a round.

Chamfer is almost identical to fillet, but it will make a straight line instead of an arc.

Join: You can use the join option to combine similar objects into one single object. It is also
possible to create complete circles from arcs.

Explode: Polylines, hatches or blocks can be converted into individual elements with the
explode option. If you explode a polyline every segment will become a separate line

12
2.7 Some Drawings using Draw and Modify Toolbars

fig. 2.9

fig. 2.10

CHAPTER - 3 DIMENSION TOOLBAR

You can create several types of dimensions for a variety of object types in many orientations
and alignments.
The basic types of dimensioning are linear, radial, angular, ordinate, and arc length. Use the
DIM command to create dimensions automatically according to the object type that you want
to dimension. You can control the appearance of dimensions by setting up dimension styles,

13
or by editing individual dimensions in special cases. Dimension styles allow you to specify
your conventions quickly and maintain industry or project dimensioning standards.

fig. 3.1

3.1 Linear Dimensions - Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. You can
create an aligned, horizontal, or vertical dimension with the DIM command depending on
how you move the cursor when placing the text.

fig. 3.2

3.2 Radial Dimensions - A radial dimension measures the radius or diameter of arcs and
circles with an optional centreline or center mark.

fig. 3.3

3.3 Angular Dimensions - Angular dimensions measure the angle between two selected
geometric objects or three points.

fig.3.4
3.4 Ordinate Dimensions - Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular distances from
an origin point called the datum, such as a hole in a part. These dimensions prevent escalating
errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from the datum.

14
 fig. 3.5

3.5 Arc Length Dimensions - Arc length dimensions measure the distance along an arc or
polyline arc segment. Typical uses of arc length dimensions include measuring the travel
distance around a cam or indicating the length of a cable.

fig. 3.6

3.6 Baseline and Continued Dimensions - Continued dimensions, also called chained
dimensions, are multiple dimensions placed end-to-end.

fig. 3.7

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions with offset dimension lines measured from the
same location.

15
 fig. 3.8
3.7 Some Drawings with Dimensions:

fig.3.9

16
 fig. 3.10

fig. 3.11

3.8 TEXT COMMAND

3.8.1 Multiline Text - For longer notes and labels with internal formatting, use multiline text

17
3.8.2 Single-line Text - For short, simple notes and labels, use single-line text.

Fig. 3.12
Some Drawings including Text

Fig. 3.13

3.9 TABLE
A table is a compound object that contains data in rows and columns. It can be created from an
empty table or a table style. A table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

18
 Fig. 3.14
Some Drawings of Tables

19
 Fig. 3.15

Fig. 3.16

3.10 LAYER
Layers are the primary method for organizing the objects in a drawing by function or
purpose. Layers can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display
performance by hiding information that you don’t need to see at the moment. You gain this
level of control by organizing the objects in your drawing on layers that are associated with a
specific function or a purpose. It might be helpful to think of layers as clear plastic sheets:

fig. 3. 17
With layers, you can
Associate objects by their function or location

Display or hide all related objects in a single operation

Enforce linetype, color, and other property standards for each layer

20
 fig. 3.18

Fig. 3.19
Some Drawings with Layers

Fig. 3.20

21
 Fig. 3.21

3.11 BLOCK
In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single named object.
The following are some sample blocks at various scales.

fig. 3. 22

Some of these blocks are realistic representations of objects, some are symbols, and one of
them is an architectural title block for a D-size drawing.

3.12 INSERTA BLOCK

Typically, each of these blocks is an individual drawing file, perhaps saved in a folder with
similar drawing files. When you need to insert one into your current drawing file, you use the
INSERT command (or enter I in the Command window).

22
 fig. 3.23

The first time you insert the drawing as a block, you need to click Browse to locate the
drawing file. Make sure you organize your blocks into easy-to-find folders.

Fig. 3.24
Once inserted, the block definition is stored in your current drawing. From then on, you can
choose it from the Name drop-down list without needing to click the Browse button.

3.13 CREATE A BLOCK DEFINITION

Instead of creating a drawing file to be inserted as a block, you might want to create a block
definition directly in your current drawing. Use this method if you do not plan to insert the
block into any other drawing. In that case, use the BLOCK command to create the block
definition.

23
 fig. 3.25
CHAPTER - 4 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
A 2D isometric drawing is a flat representation of a 3D isometric projection. This method of
drawing provides a fast way to create an isometric view of a simple design. Distances
measured along an isometric axis are correct to scale, but because you are drawing in 2D, you
cannot expect to extract other 3D distances and areas, display objects from different
viewpoints, or remove hidden lines automatically.
By using the ISODRAFT command, several system variables and settings are automatically
changed to values that facilitate isometric angles. The standard isometric planes, called
isoplanes, are as follows: Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.

Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes.

Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.
Choosing one of the three isoplanes automatically causes the crosshairs cursor, and precision
drawing and tracking tools to be aligned along the corresponding isometric axes. Therefore,
you can draw the top plane, switch to the left plane to draw a side, and switch to the right
plane to complete the drawing.

24
 fig. 4.1

You can use the Isometric Drafting tool on the status bar to select the desired isoplane.
Alternatively, you can press F5 or Ctrl+E to cycles through the isoplanes.
4.1 Some Isometric Drawing

fig. 4.2

Fig. 4.3

25
 fig.4.4
4.2 3D MODELING
3D solid primitives are standard shapes which are provided among the ribbon options on the
3D modeling workspace. They include box, wedge, cone, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and
torus. The principles of drawing them are similar.
Box: Box command on the toolbar modeling is used to draw 3D models such as cubes and
block. Creates a box with sides of equal length.

fig. 4.5

Cylinder: The cylinder was created using a center point (1), a point on the radius (2), and a
point for the height (3). The base of the cylinder is always on a plane parallel with the
workplane.

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 fig. 4.6
Sphere: Specifies the center point of the sphere. When you specify the center point, the
sphere is positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z axis of the current user
coordinate system (UCS). Defines the radius or diameter of the sphere.

fig. 4.7
Wedge: The direction of the taper is always in the positive X-axis direction of the UCS.

fig. 4.8

Torus: Specifies the center point of the torus. When you specify the center point, the torus is
positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z axis of the current user coordinate system
(UCS). Defines the radius of the torus and then define the radius of the tube.

fig. 4.9

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Polysolid: You can create a 3D solid with polysolid just as you would a polyline. You can
also convert existing 2D objects such as lines, 2D polylines, arcs, and circles to 3D solids
with a default height, width, and justification.

fig. 4.10

Extrude: Objects can be extruded orthogonally from the plane of the source object, in a
specified direction, or along a selected path. You can also specify a taper angle.

fig. 4.11

Loft: Creates 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross sections. The cross
sections define the shape of the resulting solid or surface. You must specify at least two cross
sections.

fig. 4.12

Sweep: Creates a 3D solid or 3D surface by sweeping a 2D object or subobject along an open

or closed path.

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 fig.
4.13

Revolve: Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an object around an axis. You cannot
revolve objects contained within a block or objects that will self-intersect. REVOLVE
ignores the width of a polyline and revolves from the center of the path of the polyline.

fig. 4.14
4.3 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS:
Union: Combines two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions into a single, composite 3D
solid, surface, or region. Select two or more objects of the same type to combine.

fig. 4.15

Subtract: Creates as a new object by subtracting one overlapping region or 3D solid from
another. Objects in the second selection set are subtracted from objects in the first selection
set. A single new 3D solid or surface is created.

fig. 4.16

29
Intersect: With INTERSECT, you can create a 3D solid from the common volume of two or
more existing 3D solids, surfaces, or regions. If you select a mesh, you can convert it to a
solid or surface before completing the operation. You can extrude 2D profiles and then
intersect them to create a complex model efficiently. Select intersect command. Select the
two object which intersect and then tap enter.

fig. 4.17
Some 3D Drawings:

fig. 4.18

fig. 4.19

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 fig.
4.20
4.4 PRINTING AND PLOTTING
Output a drawing layout to a printer, a plotter, or a file. Save and restore the printer settings
for each layout. Originally, people printed text from printers and plotted drawings from
plotters. Now, you can do both with either.

fig. 4.21

fig. 4.22

31
For convenience, you can save and restore collections of these settings by name. These are
called page setups. With page setups you can store the settings that you need for different
printers, printing in gray scales, creating a PDF file from your drawing, and so on.
The plot style table provides information about processing colors.
4.5 Some PDF Format of Drawing

fig. 4.23

Fig. 4.24

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4.6+ APPLICATION OFAUTOCAD IN CONTROL OF
BOILER
OPERATING SYSTEM

fig.4.25

33
 fig. 4.26]

CHAPTER - 5

CONCLUSION
This report covered the preview of our learning path and study materials. The use of
AutoCAD has many advantages. It can help to reduce the time it takes to produce the
drawing needed in the work environment. AutoCAD software is the most amazing range of
mechanical computer aided design tool. It is now considered to be the best according to
industry standards that can be obtained for a wide array of designing, Mechanical
Engineering Services and other industrial purposes.
The use of AutoCAD may also be relied on heavily in order to create efficiencies within the
industries. We explored different materials ranging from text, tutorials and Youtube videos so
as get to grips with the finer details of mastering AutoCAD. We were guided by the fact that
there is more to learning AutoCAD than drawing simple figures and lines. It has very vast
application in the field of manufacturing, architecture, electrical, and many more. The
company Autodesk provides wide range of application and software which reduces the effort
to create complex drawing and easy to maintain. With the help of AutoCAD, we can create
design very quickly. It improves the quality of the drawing which we can’t get by hand
drafting. With the help of this software, drawing can be easily modified whenever wanted
which reduces the human effort. We can easily transfer files from one place to another in no
time which reduces the time. This software is utilized to provide some useful and practical
designing software that will allow users to visualize as well as create prototypes of a product
in reality and quick time.
AutoCAD software allows developers to give form to their out of the box ideas.

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 REFERENCE
https://www.autodesk.com/company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk
https://www.autodesk.in/products/autocad/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD
https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad/learn-explore/

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