SCIENCE (52)

PHYSICS
SCIENCE Paper - 1
CLASS X

There will be one paper of two hours duration energy, energy as work done. Various units of
carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of work and energy and their relation with SI units.
practical work carrying 20 marks. [erg, calorie, kW h and eV]. Definition of
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units,
(40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and gigawatt
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer (GW); and horsepower (1hp=746W) [Simple
questions on the entire syllabus. numerical problems on work, power and
energy].
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will
be required to answer any four of these six (iv) Different types of energy (e.g. chemical energy,
questions. Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical
Note: Unless otherwise specified, only SI Units are energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light
to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for energy).
answering questions. Mechanical energy: potential energy U = mgh
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy (derivation included) gravitational PE,
examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv2 (derivation
(i) Turning forces concept; moment of a force;
included); forms of kinetic energy: translational,
forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity;
rotational and vibrational - only simple
[discussions using simple examples and
examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only
simple numerical problems].
in case of translational motion]; qualitative
Elementary introduction of translational and discussions of electrical, chemical, heat,
rotational motions; moment (turning effect) nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from
of a force, also called torque and its cgs and one form to another; common examples.
SI units; common examples - door, steering
(v) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort,
wheel, bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and
anti-clockwise moments; conditions for a efficiency; pulley systems showing the utility of
body to be in equilibrium ( translational and
each type of machine.
rotational); principle of moment and its
verification using a metre rule suspended by Functions and uses of simple machines: Terms-
two spring balances with slotted weights effort E, load L, mechanical advantage MA =
hanging from it; simple numerical problems; L/E, velocity ratio VR = V E /V L = d E / d L , input
Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with (W i ), output (W o ), efficiency (η), relation
examples of some regular bodies and between η and MA, VR (derivation included);
irregular lamina. for all practical machines η <1; MA < VR.

(ii) Uniform circular motion. Pulley system: single fixed, single movable,
block and tackle (using single tackle).; MA, VR
As an example of constant speed, though
and η in each case.
acceleration (force) is present. Differences
between centrifugal and centripetal force. (vi) Principle of Conservation of energy.

(iii) Work, energy, power and their relation with Statement of the principle of conservation of
force. energy; theoretical verification that U + K=
constant for a freely falling body. Application of
Definition of work. W = FS cosθ; special
this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only);
cases of θ = 00, 900. W= mgh. Definition of
[simple numerical problems].
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2. Light lenses through ray diagrams; formation of
images - principal rays or construction rays;
(i) Refraction of light through a glass block
location of images from ray diagram for
and a triangular prism - qualitative
various positions of a small linear object on
treatment of simple applications such as
the principal axis; characteristics of images.
real and apparent depth of objects in water
Sign convention and direct numerical
and apparent bending of sticks in water.
problems using the lens formula are included
Applications of refraction of light.
(derivation of formula not required).
Partial reflection and refraction due to
Scale drawing or graphical representation
change in medium. Laws of refraction; the
of ray diagrams not required.
effect on speed (V), wavelength (λ) and
frequency (f) due to refraction of light; Power of a lens (concave and convex); Only
conditions for a light ray to pass undeviated. definition and basic understanding based on
Values of speed of light (c) in vacuum, air, the curvature or thickness of lens.
water and glass; refractive index µ = c/V, V Applications of lenses.
= fλ. Values of µ for common substances (iv) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible
such as water, glass and diamond; spectrum from white light; Electromagnetic
experimental verification; refraction spectrum.
through glass block; lateral displacement;
refraction through a glass prism, simple Deviation produced by a triangular prism;
applications: real and apparent depth of dependence on colour (wavelength) of light;
objects in water; apparent bending of a stick dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic
under water. (Simple numerical problems spectrum: broad classification (names only
and approximate ray diagrams required). arranged in order of increasing
wavelength); properties common to all
(ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle; electromagnetic radiations; properties and
examples in triangular glass prisms; uses of infrared and ultraviolet radiation.
comparison with reflection from a plane
mirror (qualitative only). Applications of 3. Sound
total internal reflection. (i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their
Transmission of light from a denser medium use; simple numerical problems on echoes.
(glass/water) to a rarer medium (air) at Production of echoes, condition for
different angles of incidence; critical angle formation of echoes; simple numerical
(C) µ = 1/sinC. Essential conditions for problems; use of echoes by bats, dolphins,
total internal reflection. Total internal fishermen, medical field. SONAR.
reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray (ii) Natural vibrations, Damped vibrations,
diagram, different cases - angles of prism Forced vibrations and Resonance - a special
(60º,60º,60º), (60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º); case of forced vibrations. Meaning and
use of right angle prism to obtain δ = 90º simple applications of natural, damped,
and 180º (ray diagram); comparison of total forced vibrations and resonance.
internal reflection from a prism and
(iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound.
reflection from a plane mirror.
Meaning of the terms and the factors
(iii) Lenses (converging and diverging)
including characteristics of the images affecting them (no examples).
formed (using ray diagrams only); 4. Electricity and Magnetism
magnifying glass; location of images using
(i) Ohm’s Law; concepts of emf, potential
ray diagrams and thereby determining
difference, resistance; resistances in series
magnification.
and parallel, internal resistance.
Types of lenses (converging and diverging),
Concepts of pd (V), current (I), resistance
convex and concave, action of a lens as a set
of prisms; technical terms; centre of (R) and charge (Q). Ohm's law: statement,
curvature, radii of curvature, principal axis, V=IR; SI units; graph of V vs I and
foci, focal plane and focal length; detailed resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic
study of refraction of light in spherical
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 resistors, factors affecting resistance common substances (ice, water and
(including specific resistance) and copper). Principle of method of mixtures
internal resistance; super conductors, including mathematical statement.
electromotive force (emf); combination of Natural phenomenon involving specific
resistances in series and parallel. Simple heat. Consequences of high specific heat
numerical problems using the above of water. [Simple numerical problems].
relations. [Simple network of resistors (ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat
involving not more than four external involving change of state for fusion only.
resistors in a circuit].
Change of phase (state); heating curve for
(ii) Electrical power and energy. water; latent heat; specific latent heat of
fusion (SI unit). Common physical
Electrical energy; examples of heater,
phenomena involving latent heat of fusion.
motor, lamp, loudspeaker, etc. Electrical
power; measurement of electrical energy, 6. Modern Physics
W = QV = VIt from the definition of pd. Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus;
Combining with ohm’s law W = VIt = I2 background radiation and safety precautions.
Rt = (V2/R)t and electrical power P = Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the
(W/t) = VI = I2R = V2/R. Units: SI and nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic number (Z),
commercial; Power rating of common mass number (A). Radioactivity as
appliances, household consumption of spontaneous disintegration. α, β and γ - their
electric energy; calculation of total energy nature and properties; changes within the
consumed by electrical appliances; W = Pt nucleus. One example each of α and β decay
(kilowatt × hour = kW h), (simple with equations showing changes in Z and A.
numerical problems). Uses of radioactivity - radio isotopes. Harmful
effects. Safety precautions. Background
(iii) Household circuits – main circuit; radiation.
switches; fuses; earthing; safety
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fallout from
precautions; three-pin plugs; colour coding
nuclear plants and other sources.
of wires.
Nuclear Energy: working on safe disposal of
Main circuit (3 wires-live, neutral, earth) waste. Safety measures to be strictly
with fuse / MCB, main switch and its reinforced.
advantages, need for earthing, fuse, 3-pin
A NOTE ON SI UNITS
plug and socket; Conventional location of
live, neutral and earth points in 3 pin plugs SI units (Systeme International d’Unites) were
and sockets. Safety precautions, colour adopted internationally in 1968.
coding of wires. Fundamental units
5. Heat The system has seven fundamental (or basic) units,
one for each of the fundamental quantities.
(i) Calorimetry: meaning, specific heat
capacity; principle of method of Fundamental quantity Unit
mixtures; Numerical Problems on Name Symbol
specific heat capacity using heat loss Mass kilogram kg
and gain and the method of mixtures.
Length metre m
Heat and its units (calorie, joule), Time second s
temperature and its units (oC,, K);
Electric current ampere A
thermal (heat) capacity C' = Q/T... (SI
unit of C'): Specific heat Capacity C = Temperature kelvin K
Q/mT (SI unit of C) Mutual relation Luminous intensity candela cd
between Heat Capacity and Specific Amount of substance mole mol
Heat capacity, values of C for some
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Derived units INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
OF PRACTICAL WORK
These are obtained from the fundamental units by
multiplication or division; no numerical factors are Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments
involved. Some derived units with complex names are: for which instructions will be given. The
experiments may be based on topics that are not
Derived Unit
included in the syllabus, but theoretical knowledge
quantity Name Symbol will not be required. A candidate will be expected to
Volume* cubic metre m3 be able to follow simple instructions, to take suitable
Density kilogram per cubic kg m-3 readings and to present these readings in a
metre systematic form. He/she may be required to exhibit
Velocity metre per second m s-1 his/her data graphically. Candidates will be expected
to appreciate and use the concepts of least count,
Acceleration metre per second m s-2
significant figures and elementary error handling.
squared
Momentum kilogram metre per kg m s-1 Note: Teachers may design their own set of
second experiments, preferably related to the theory
syllabus. A comprehensive list is suggested
Some derived units are given special names due to
below.
their complexity when expressed in terms of the
1. Lever - There are many possibilities with a
fundamental units, as below:
meter rule as a lever with a load (known or
Derived quantity Unit unknown) suspended from a point near one end
Name Symbol (say left), the lever itself pivoted on a knife edge,
use slotted weights suspended from the other
Force newton N (right) side for effort.
Pressure pascal Pa Determine the mass of a metre rule using a
Energy, Work joule J spring balance or by balancing it on a knife edge
Power watt W at some point away from the middle and a 50g
weight on the other side. Next pivot (F) the
Frequency hertz Hz metre rule at the 40cm, 50cm and 60cm mark,
Electric charge coulomb C each time suspending a load L or the left end and
effort E near the right end. Adjust E and or its
Electric resistance ohm Ω
position so that the rule is balanced. Tabulate the
Electromotive force volt V position of L, F and E and the magnitudes of L
and E and the distances of load arm and effort
When the unit is named after a person, the symbol has arm. Calculate MA=L/E and VR = effort
a capital letter.
arm/load arm. It will be found that MA<VR in
Standard prefixes one case, MA=VR in another and MA>VR in
the third case. Try to explain why this is so. Also
Decimal multiples and submultiples are attached to
try to calculate the real load and real effort in
units when appropriate, as below:
these cases.
Multiple Prefix Symbol 2. Determine the VR and MA of a given pulley
109 giga G system.
106 mega M 3. Trace the course of different rays of light
103 kilo k refracting through a rectangular glass slab at
different angles of incidence, measure the angles
10-1 deci d
of incidence, refraction and emergence. Also
10-2 centi c measure the lateral displacement.
10-3 milli m 4. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by
10-6 micro µ (a) the distant object method and (b) using a
10-9 nano n needle and a plane mirror.
10-12 pico p 5. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by
10-15 femto f using two pins and formula f = uv/(u+v).

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6. For a triangular prism, trace the course of rays EVALUATION
passing through it, measure angles i 1 , i 2 , A
The practical work/project work are to be evaluated
and
δ. Repeat for four different angles of incidence by the subject teacher and by an External Examiner.
(say i 1 =400 , 500, 600 and 700). Verify i 1 + (The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated
i 2 =A+δ and A = r 1 + r 2 . by the Head of the school, who could be from the
faculty, but not teaching the subject in the
7. For a ray of light incident normally (i 1 =0) on
relevant section/class. For example, a teacher of
one face of a prism, trace course of the ray.
Physics of Class VIII may be deputed to be an
Measure the angle δ. Explain briefly. Do this
for prisms with A=600, 450 and 900. External Examiner for Class X, Physics projects.)

8. Calculate the sp. heat of the material of the given The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner
calorimeter, from the temperature readings and will assess the practical work/project work
masses of cold water, warm water and its independently.
mixture taken in the calorimeter.
Award of marks (20 Marks)
9. Determination of sp. heat of a metal by
method of mixtures. Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
External Examiner 10 marks
10. Determination of specific latent heat of ice.
The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to
11. Using as simple electric circuit, verify Ohm’s the Council by the Head of the school.
law. Draw a graph and obtain the slope.
The Head of the school will be responsible for the
12. Set up model of household wiring including online entry of marks on the Council’s CAREERS
ring main circuit. Study the function of
portal by the due date.
switches and fuses.
Note: Teachers may feel free to alter or add to
the above list. The students may perform about
3 to 5 experiments.