The Propaganda Movement

 The unjust execution of the three Filipino priests was a turning point in Philippine
history because it ushered a new era—the Reform Movement.
 The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students abroad met in Hong Kong,
Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid, Paris, London, and other foreign cities. Inspired by a
common cause, they banded together and consecrated themselves to the work of
promoting the welfare and happiness of their fatherland.

Aggressively but peacefully, by means of their writings and speeches, they crusaded for reforms
to rectify the evils of the Spanish colonial system.
This was known in Philippine History as “The Propaganda Movement or the Campaign for
Reforms”
 There are two types of reformers: the Illustrado or Intelligentsia at the forefront and the
Wealthy as the financial backbone

Methods Used by the Propagandists

Peaceful means—using literary (writings and speeches) endeavors as a mouthpiece to publicize
political, economic and religious problems in the Philippines.

Objectives of the Reform Movement

 Assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain
 Equality of Spaniards and Filipinos before the law
 Restoration of Philippine representation in Spanish Cortes
 Filipinization of Philippine parishes.
 Human rights for Filipinos

Assimilation is the transformation of the Philippines to a province of Spain and making

Filipinos as Spanish citizens

Why not an armed struggle?

 The armed conflict would affect the material possessions and the social status of the
middle class or the illustrado.
 It also entails sacrifices and difficulties which the middle class is not predisposed to
undertake.

The Anti-Friar manifesto of 18888 - On March 1, 1888, hundreds of Filipino patriots led by
Doroteo Cortes, with the secret assistance of Marcelo H. Del Pilar and many gobernadorcillos,
of the towns, marched through the city streets of Manila to the Ayuntamiento (City Hall) and
formally submitted an Anti-Friar Manifesto. It requested the expulsion of the friars in the
Philippines.
As a result of the Anti-Friar Demonstration and Manifesto of 1888, the powerful friars avenged
themselves by persecuting the leaders and signers of the manifesto, having them arrested and
thrown into prison. Some patriots escaped the wrath of the friars by going abroad and continued
their struggle in a foreign land.

 La Solidaridad-In 1888, Filipino reformists founded the La Solidaridad to promote the

interests of the Filipinos.
The first edition came out in Barcelona, Spain with Pablo Rianzares as the financier and
Graciano Lopez Jaena as the editor.

The Sol became the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in Spain.

 In December 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar took over the editorship from Jaena.
 Under his editorship, the aims of the Sol were expanded.

Aims of La Solidaridad
1. To portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the Philippines.
2. To work peacefully for social and political reforms.
3. To combat the evil forces of medievalism
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for democracy and
happiness.
Famous Contributors
Filipinos:
Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel), Dr. Jose Rizal (Laong-Laan and Dimasalang), Maraiano Ponce
(Kalipulako or Naning Tigbalang), Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog), & Jose Ma. Panganiban
(Jomapa)
Foreign Writers:
Ferdinand Blumentritt, Don Juan Atayde, Miguel Morayta, Francisco Pi Y Margall, Emilio
Junoy and Manuel Luis Zorilla.

The Great Propagandists

Graciano Lopez Jaena

 He was a prominent Propagandist who left the Philippines for Spain in 1880 after
publishing a satirical novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), describing the life of a rural
friar.
 In 1889 he became the first editor of La Solidaridad that served as the medium of the
Propaganda Movement.
 He distinguished himself as a great orator.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

 He was a reformist lawyer who was active in the anti-friar movement.
 He fled to Spain in 1888 and became editor of La Solidaridad.
 He was the greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race.
 In his final days, he changed his stand from peaceful means to the use of force in
pursuing reforms for the Philippines.

Dr. Jose Rizal

 He was the most famous Propagandist, great novelist, physician, scholar, artist
 He studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas and completed his medical studies
at the University of Madrid.
 He took an interest in anthropology with a view to discrediting the racial notions of
Filipino inferiority through the scientific study of the history and ethnology of the Malay
people.

 Rizal’s more popular works were his two novels Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and
El Filibusterismo (The Subversive) published in 1886 and 1891 respectively. The
novels portrayed the authoritarian and abusive character of Spanish rule in the colony.
 Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892 and founded a national organization for
peaceful reform—the Liga Filipina (The Philippine League). He was soon arrested for
revolutionary agitation and exiled to the isolation of Dapitan in Mindanao.
 On July 3, 1892, Rizal founded and inaugurated the La Liga Filipina
 Aims:
 To unite the whole archipelago
 Mutual protection in every want and necessity
 Defense against all violence and injustice
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
 Application of needed reforms
 Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)
 Famous members:
 Ambrosio Salvador, Deodato Arellano, Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, Domingo
Franco, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Timoteo Paez, Moises Salvador, Agustin De La
Rosa, Mamerto Natividad and Bonifacio Arevalo
 But the La Liga did not last long because on July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested and
deported to Dapitan in Mindanao upon the orders of Governor General Eulogio
Despujol.
 Rizal's arrest and exile in 1892 set in train a chain of events that was to lead directly to
armed insurrection for national independence.
 On the night of Rizal's arrest, Andres Bonifacio founded a secret society, the Katipunan
(The Highest and Most Respectable Association of the Sons of the People)
 Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896 after a mock trial.

The Reform Movement both a success and a failure

 The Reform Movement was a failure
 – It did not achieve its goals of instituting reforms for the Philippines
 The Reform Movement was also a success
– It led to the founding of the Katipunan dedicated to national independence
through revolution.
 Mother Spain was too preoccupied with its own internal problems that it did not give
attention to the colonial problem;
 The societies established did not have sufficient means with which to carry out their
objectives;
 There was leadership crisis as the propagandists were divided among themselves by
petty jealousies.
 The power and influence of the friars

The Revolutionary Movement

The Katipunan – Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng Mga anak Ng Bayan – a secret

society founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 in Tondo Manila. They signed the
membership papers with their own blood

Aims: Political, Moral and Civic

Political - To unite the whole Philippine archipelago and to fight for Philippine independence.
Moral – the teachings of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism,
religious fanaticism and weakness of character.
Civic – Revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the
oppressed.

Government Structure
1. Supreme Council – Kataastaasang Sangunian –the highest governing body of the society. It is
composed of The President, Fiscal, Secretary, Treasurer and a Comptroller
2. Provincial Council - Sanguniang Bayan
3. Popular Council – Sanguniang Pangbalanghay.
4. The Judicial Council – Sanguniang Hukuman – a secret chamber of the Katipunan which
passed judgment over members who violated secrets of the society and decided differences
arising between brethrens.
The Supreme Council together with the presidents of the two lower councils constituted
the Katipunan Assembly.
At first they recruited members by means of a Triangle method but this was replaced by the new
method in which any member of the society could take in as many new members as he could
get.

Membership:
First Grade – katipon – Password – Anak Ng bayan – wore a black hood with a triangle of a
white ribbon
Second Grade – kawal – Password – Gom-Bur-Za – wore a green hood with a triangle
consisting of white lines
Third Grade – Bayani – Password – Rizal – wore a red mask and sash with green borders
symbolizing courage and hope.
Countersigns were adopted to recognized fellow members in the street. A member
meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and as he passed the
other member, he closed his hand, bringing the index finger and the thumb together.
The Katipunan Flags – made by Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus . It is consisted
of a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K’s arranged horizontally at the center.

Emilio Jacinto – The brains of the Katipunan. He wrote the Kartilla – consisted of the thirteen
teachings of Katipunan.
Kalayaan – the official newspaper of the Katipunan. The following pen names were used by the
writers: Dimas Ilaw for Jacinto, May Pagasa at Agapito Bagumbayan for Bonifacio, and
Madlang Away for Valenzuela.

Preparation for the Struggle

1. Bonifacio ordered more bolos to be distributed to the members.
2. The Katipunan sought the help of Japan for the revolution but Japan refused to commit.
3. Toto Miguel and Roman Ramos employed at the Maestranza (arsenal) stole rifles and pistols.
4. The Katipunan consulted Rizal about the revolution. Bonifacio sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela as
emissary to Dapitan to discuss the planned revolution with Rizal

Spanish Suspicion:
1. Rumours on nocturnal meetings of some people reached Manila and the friars become jittery.
2. In Batangas, rumours circulated that ammunitions were landed from Hongkong and
Yokohama.
3. Several parish priests in Manila and nearby provinces denounced to the governor-general the
alleged existence of a society which aimed to overthrow the Spanish rule.

The Discovery of the Katipunan

Two katipuneros working in Diario de Manila, Apolonio De La Cruz and Teodoro Patino
had a misunderstanding. Patino took his revenge on Apolonio by revealing the secrets to the
Katipunan to his sister, Honoria, an inmate in an orphanage in Mandaluyong. Honoria told this
secret to Sor Theresa, who suggested that they would tell all they knew to Father Mariano Gil.
The friar immediately hurried to the printing shop of Diario de Manila and discovered
documents proving the existence of the Katipunan.

Wealthy Filipinos Implicated – Wealthy Filipinos who refused to support the Katipunan were
made to appear as contributors to the society. Some members studied and forged their
signatures. When documents implicating them were discovered some of these wealthy people
were jailed and executed. These business men were: Roxas, Limjap, and Chuidian.

Chronology of The Revolution

1. April 1895 – Katipuneros in searched of a safe place to hide in Case of the discovery of the
society. They went to San Mateo and Montalban Rizal, and inside the Paminitan Cave initiation
rites were held for new members. Aurelio Tolentino used charcoal to write on the walls of the
cave, “Long Live Philippine Independence!’ Some people claimed that this should be the “First
Cry of the Revolution or “The First Cry of Independence!”

2. August 19, 1896 Bonifacio and the officers of the society went to Balintawak for an assembly.
Then on August 21, they left Balintawak for Kangkong where Apolonio Samson, a
Katipunero gave them food and shelter. In the afternoon of August 22, they proceeded to Pugad
Lawin. The following day in the yard of Juan Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, Bonifacio
asked his men to tear their cedulas to pieces to symbolize their determination to take arms. The
men obediently tore up their cedulas shouting, “Long Live the Philippines!” This event marked
the so called Cry of Balintawak which actually happened in Pugad Lawin.

3. First skirmishes – August 25, 1896, at ten in the morning some women came rushing in and
notified Andres Bonifacio that the Spaniards were coming. Soon after, a burst of gunfire came
from the approaching Spaniards. The rebels deployed and prepared for the enemy. In a skirmish
that followed the rebels lost two men and the enemy one. Because of their inferior weapons, the
rebels decided to retreat. On the other hands, the Spaniards finding themselves outnumbered also
decided to retreat.

4. On August 26, Spanish reinforcements were dispatched to drive away the rebels, but the latter
could not be found because they have gone to Balara. The Spaniards in frustration shot instead
two innocent Filipino farmers who were leisurely going on their way home. Returning to
Manila, the Spaniards boasted that a great fight had taken place at Pasong Tamo. This was the
origin of the “Cry of Balintawak” which neither happened on August 26, nor in Balintawak.

5. August 27, 1896 at Hagdang Bato in Rizal, Bonifacio issued a manifesto inciting the people to
take up the Filipino cause and to get set for a concerted attack on the Spaniards on August 29.
But the planned attack did not materialize due to insufficient arms, instead Bonifacio and Jacinto
led their men in an attack on the powder magazine at San Juan Del Monte on August 30. The
defending Spaniards fought a delaying battle until reinforcements could arrive. This was known
as the battle of PINAGLABANAN. With the arrival of fresh Spanish troops Bonifacio and his
men lost the battle with 153 men dead and more than 200 Katipuneros taken as
prisoners.Notable heroes of this battle were Modesto sarmiento, Sancho Valenzuela, Roman
peralta and Eugenio Silvestre.

6. The Revolution Spread - 400 rebels attacked the town of Pandacan and captured it without
any resistance for the Parish priest ran to the belfry to save his life. Nearby towns in Cavite and
Rizal rose in arms as one and pursued the Spanish army. The Katipuneros retreated to the
mountains of Rizal, captured some of the towns there, but later these were recaptured by the
Spaniards. Gen. Mariano Llanera raised the cry of Nueva Ecija and attacked the Spanish
garrison in the capital. Other attacks were registered in Bulacan, Pampanga, Batangas, Laguna,
Tayabas, Iloilo and as far as Mindanao.

7. August 30, 1896, Gov. Ramon Blanco issued a decree placing Manila and the 7 provinces
under martial law. He offered amnesty to those who will surrender in 48 hours. There were those
who avail of the amnesty but the Spaniards did not keep their promise. These Katipuneros were
tortured and forced to confess at gun point of what they know about the society. Hundreds were
arrested and jailed at Fort Santiago, some were shipped to the Carolines and the island of
Fernando Po in Africa. In Bulacan, Spanish troops massacred the people. There were 4
Katipuneros executed in Luneta on September 4 and 13 in Cavite on September 12. Rizal was
executed on December 30, 1896. January, the following year marked the death of the Twelve
Martyrs of Bicol like Ramon and Manuel Abella, Severino Diaz, Thomas and Gabriel Prieto,
Cornelio Mercado, Camilo Jacob and Inocensio Herrera. There were Nine martyrs from Aklan.
This event was known as the Reign of Terror.

8. The Katipunan in Cavite and the rise of General Aguinaldo – there were two Katipunan
factions in Cavite representing two provincial councils – The Magdalo headed by Baldomero
Aguinaldo with headquarters at Cavite del Viejo (now Kawit) and the latter by Mariano Alvarez,
with headquarters at Noveleta. These two forces were responsible behind the victories of the
rebel troops in the battles of Binakayan and Dalahican. Meanwhile Filipino troops under the
command of Emilio Aguinaldo defeated the Spanish army in the battle of Imus where the
enemies lost hundreds of men and 60 guns. Aguinaldo was recognized as the hero of the hour
and Cavitenos began calling him General Miong, not Capitan Miong. As his star was soaring
high, that of Bonifacio was fading. Bonifacio lost all his 29 battles at San Juan del Monte,
Balara, Balintawak and in Langka River in San Mateo, where he barely escaped with his life.
.
The Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican which were simultaneously fought on November 9-
11,1896 saw the first humiliating defeat of the Spanish forces. Binakayan, a barrio in Kawit was
defended by the Magdalo forces under Emilio Aguinaldo.
In the late afternoon of November 11,1896, Gov. Gen. Blanco, seeing that he could not win the
twin battles order a general retreat, evacuated his vanquished troops on board the waiting
warships and sailed away to Manila, empty of war laurels. Both Magdalo and Magdiwang
factions celebrated with great jubilations their brilliant victories.

The Tejeros Convention

 December 1, 1896 – goes to Cavite upon the invitation of the Magdiwang faction
 December 30, 1896—Bonifacio tried to intervene and bridge the gap between the two
factions.
 March 22, 1897—the two factions met again at Tejeros in San Francisco de Malabon,
(now General Trias) The body assembled agreed to respect the decision of the majority.

 The convention assembled should solve the issue of whether a new government should
be established to replace Katipunan.
 But since majority of those who attended the convention came from Magdalo group, the
assembly agreed to establish a new government.
Hence, the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed

 Elected officers were:

– President: Emilio Aguinaldo
– Vice President: Mariano Trias
– Captain General: Artemio Ricarte
– Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
– Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio
 But Daniel Tirona objected to the election of Bonifacio, arguing that the position must
be occupied by a lawyer.
 Bonifacio, then presiding officer, was insulted and in his power as a Supremo of the
Katipunan, declared the assembly null and void.
 When Aguinaldo, then in a battle, was informed of his election, he immediately took his
oath of office.
The Tejeros Act
 March 23, 1897—Bonifacio and his men met again in Tejeros and drafted the Acta de
Tejeros in which they gave their reasons for not accepting the results of the convention
held the previous day.
1. The assembly lacks legality;
2. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership;
3. The election of officials were fraudulent;
4. The actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency.

The Naik Assembly

 In place of the Tejeros Convention, Bonifacio called for an assembly in Naik, his base in
Cavite.
 April 19, 1897—Bonifacio and his men drew up the Naik Military Agreement in
which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that
established in Tejeros.

The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

 Aguinaldo claimed legitimacy of his government established in Tejeros.
 He ordered the arrest of Bonifacio brothers (Andres, Ciriaco and Procopio).
 April 26, 1897—Col. Agapito Bonzon arrested the Bonifacio brothers, wounding Andres
in the process.
 Between April 29-May 4, 1897, the Bonifacio brothers were put in trial.
 The brothers were found guilty of treason and sedition, bribery and conspiracy to
assassinate Aguinaldo in spite of the fact that the evidence was not sufficient to prove
their alleged guilt.
 They were sentenced to die but Aguinaldo initially commuted their sentence to
banishment.
 But Aguinaldo’s men persuaded him to withdraw his order of commutation and under
extreme pressure, the original decision of execution stood.
 May 10, 1897—Major Lazaro Macapagal brought the Bonifacio brothers to
Maragondon, Cavite where they were executed.
 The courageous fight put up by Bonifacio that shook for the first time the entire
foundation of the Spanish colonial rule made his death worth remembering for all
Filipinos and earned for him due recognition of being the Father of the Philippine
Revolution.

The Revolution Continues

 Gov. Gen. Blanco was replaced by Camilo de Polavieja who intensified the policy of
terrorism.
 Polavieja was eventually replaced by Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera who used the
policy of attraction or clemency for those who would surrender.
 Cavite was recaptured by the Spaniards, forcing Aguinaldo and his men to retreat to
Bulacan where Aguinaldo declared the constitution and established the Republic of Biak-
na-Bato.
 On July 1897, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation entitled “To the Brave Sons of the
Philippines,” in which he listed the revolutionary demands:
 Expulsion of the friars;
 Return to Filipinos the lands taken away by the friars;
 Freedom of the press;
 Tolerance of all religious sects;
 Equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;
 Abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens;
 Legal equality for all; and
 Representation in the Spanish Cortes.

 This proclamation shows that Aguinaldo was willing to return to Spanish fold provided
that these demands were met.
 This, in spite of the fact, that Aguinaldo and his men had already established a republican
government in Biak-na-Bato.
 The Biak-na-Bato Constitution, approved on November 1, 1897, was intended to be
effective for two years, declaring the separation of the Philippines from Spain.
The Truce of Biak-Na-Bato
 The revolution reached an impasse. The rebels could not meet the Spanish regulars in the
field but neither could the Spanish put down the guerrillas.
 As the revolution dragged on, it made the Spaniards grew weary and tired.
 They found another way to end the revolution—the use of diplomacy.
 Pedro Paterno, a Spanish mestizo, negotiated the truce between Aguinaldo and the
Spaniards.
 Negotiations began in August and concluded in December 1897 with the Pact of Biak-
na-Bato. The agreement extended a general amnesty to the rebels with a payment of
p800,000 for Aguinaldo and his government to retire in voluntary exile to Hong Kong.
 Aguinaldo left the Philippines with his government on December 27, 1897 in possession
of a cheque amounting to p400,000.
 However, after the truce, neither side fully complied with the terms of the agreement.
 Some of the Filipino leaders were suspicious of Spanish aims and the Spaniards did not
trust the Filipinos.
 The consequence of this mutual suspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.

Meanwhile, after the signing of Pact of Biak na Bato, Francisco Makabulos spearheaded the
Central Executive Commission of Tarlac. This is a new government in the making.

REVOLUTION SECOND PHASE

Myths and Facts of American Occupation

 US colonialism of the Philippines happened by “accident”
 US occupation of the Philippines was benign rather than brutal
 The Philippine-American war ended in 1902 by fiat—”Mission Accomplished”
 The United States’ first “imperialist adventure” was the colonization of the Philippines
American Designs on the Philippines
 In the 19th century, the United States was a rising superpower due to its superior military
technology and policy of commercial expansionism
Spanish-American Relations
The US became involved in the Cuban revolution against Spain because of American economic
interests in Cuban sugar industry
Banking on the idea of Manifest Destiny, the US aided the Cubans in their war.
Manifest Destiny - The Americans believed that they have a divinely ordained duty to help
troubled countries. In the Manifest Destiny, Americans believe that is their “White Man’s Duty”
to civilize the world.
Preparations for the Spanish-American War
Spain had no intention to engage in war with the US since it was already pre-occupied with its
own internal problems and the outbreak of the revolutions in its colonies.
Spain could not afford to antagonize the US because it is the rising superpower.
But Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wished that war between Spain and US would break out in order to
expand the navy.
Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to station in Hong Kong so that he would be in
position to rush immediately to Manila in the event of war.

The Coming of the Americans

The coming of the Americans to the Philippines, therefore, was not a mere accident but a
planned action, as stated by Roosevelt in 1899.

Events that lead to the Spanish-American War

1. Spain’s Ambassador to the US Deputy de Lome, called US President
William McKinley a weakling and low politician, hence irritating
American citizens.
2. Stories of alleged Spanish brutalities of American citizens in Cuba
were told in exaggeration.
3. On February 15, 1898 American warship Maine was blown up in
Havana harbor in Cuba, resulting to the death of 246 men and the
Americans blame the Spaniards for the incident.
 On April 24, 1898, out of disgrace, Spain declared war against the United States.
 On April 25, 1898, the US Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Spain.
 Hence, the Spanish-American war began.
 The war signaled the colonial rule and the rise of the US as a global superpower.
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
On May 1, 1898, George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to the Philippines and his fleet, The
American Asiatic Squadron entered Manila Bay almost undetected
 The Spanish fleet, led by Admiral Patricio Montojo, was at Sangley Point in Cavite.
 A naval battle ensued, but it was one-sided. In fact, it was almost a massacre.
Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties while the US naval squadron had no fatal
casualties.
 However, the US naval squadron led by Dewey could not attempt to occupy Manila in
the absence of ground troops

The Beginnings of the “Days of the American Empire”

Although, ignorant of the location of the Philippines, the event signaled the entrance of the
United States into the “Days of the Empire” and the beginning of American aggressive designs
over the Philippines.

AGUINALDO AND THE HONG KONG JUNTA

 American Consul E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo, then in Hong Kong, to
cooperate with the Americans in fighting the Spaniards.
 He said that the US had no interest on the Philippines and assured Aguinaldo that US
would recognize Philippine independence once they win the war against Spain.
 After conferring with the Hong Kong Junta, Aguinaldo went back to Manila on May 19,
1898 and resumed command of the rebel forces.
 In 1898, the second phase of the revolution began.
 Filipino rebels were victors. By June 1898, practically the whole of Luzon except Manila
were in rebel hands.
 The principal objective of Aguinaldo is the capture of Manila because it would end the
war.
THE SIEGE OF MANILA
 In the eyes of the Filipinos, the Americans were considered friends fighting a common
enemy—the Spaniards.
 Dewey had so far not invaded or bombarded Manila because he was waiting for the
coming of reinforcements from United States.
 Filipino forces besieged the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy. They cut its food
and water supply.
 On June 6, 1898, Aguinaldo offered Governor General Basilio Agustin an honorable
surrender but the latter refused.
On August 7, 1898, Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila and the Spanish governor-
general conceded

BEGINNINGS OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN RIFT

 The continuous stream of American reinforcements worried Aguinaldo.
 Other revolutionary leaders voiced out their suspicions of real American intentions.
 Their suspicions started to materialize when on the event of the Battle of Manila, US
General Anderson instructed Aguinaldo that Filipino troops were not allowed to enter
Manila or else they will be under fire.
PREPARATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REPUBLIC
 Meanwhile, Aguinaldo decided that it was time to establish a government.
 On May 24, 1898, he issued a decree formally establishing the Dictatorial
Government.
 On May 29, 1898, Aguinaldo issued his first act as Dictator to stop the disgraceful
treatment of the Spanish prisoners.
 With a government in operation and in anticipation of the triumph of rebel armies,
Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to declare the independence of the Philippines.
 The declaration of independence is aimed at:
 Inspiring the people to fight more eagerly the Spanish forces.
 For foreign countries to recognize the Philippine independence and sovereignty.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
 On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed independence in Kawit, Cavite.
 The Act of Declaration was prepared and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and
signed by 98 persons.
  On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting up the Revolutionary
Government.
 Aims of the Revolutionary Government:
 To struggle for independence of the Philippines
 To prepare the country so that a republic may be established.
 On July 15, 1898, Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointments.
 On September 15, 1898, the Congress opened at the Basilica of Barosoian in Malolos,
Bulacan.
 On September 29, 1898, Congress ratified the independence proclaimed by Aguinaldo in
Kawit, Cavite.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN SECRET AGREEMENT
 While Aguinaldo was laying down the foundations of an independent government,
troops were coming from the US.
 By July 1898, nearly 12,000 American troops under the overall command of Major
General Wesley Meritt had arrived in the country.
 Meanwhile, the Americans were already negotiating with the Spaniards for the surrender.
 Fermin Jaudenes, who replaced Basilio Agustin, insisted that there should be a mock
battle to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, after which the Spaniards would surrender to
the Americans.
 George Dewey agreed with the mock battle.
 The said agreement was so secret that no one else in either camp, except their generals,
knew of its existence.
 Meanwhile, a peace protocol between US and Spain had been concluded in Washington
on August 12, 1898.

THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA

 August 13, 1898 the mock battle of Manila was staged.
 9:30AM—the US flagship Olympia began the bombardment
 10:30AM—US General Francis Greene began his advance in the direction of
Malate.
 11:OOAM—US General Arthur MacArthur commenced his advance in the
direction of Singalong.
 The Filipino troops, although prevented from participating, moved in closer to the
walls of the city.
 11:30AM—the Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender
 12:00NN—Gen. Greene noticed the white flag; Manila had “fallen”
 5:00PM—the terms of capitulation were agreed upon
 Although some 12,000 Filipinos had taken part in the siege of Manila, the Americans did
not allow them to enter the city and its suburbs.
 It became clear to the Filipinos that the Americans were in the islands to stay for longer
period of time.

THE US COLONIAL RULE

 In accordance with the Protocol of Peace signed on August 12, 1898, Spanish and
American authorities met in Paris from October to December 1898 to discuss the final
peace terms between US and Spain.
 The negotiation met a deadlock on the issue of acquisition of the Philippines —which
was greatly demanded by the US but with which Spain was not willing to give up.
 Since the annexation of the Philippines was the main objective of the US, it exerted all
diplomatic dealings with Spain.
 On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed.
Provisions of the Treaty of Paris
 Spain relinquished her ownership of Cuba with a guarantee of independence. The US
would take over Cuba temporarily.
 Spain ceded Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to US.
 In return, Spain would receive $20 million from the US as “payments for the
improvements made in the Philippines.”
 The US agreed to give the Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for
a period of ten years.
 The civil and political rights of the inhabitants in the ceded territories was to be
determined by the US Congress..