Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

ECE/ICE/MeXE Department

Laboratory Experiment No.2

Small Signal Parameters

Submitted By:
Team Voltorb Electrode:
Tumambing, Diordan Mike
Botardo, Joseph Jeremy
Lumanglas, Anna Monique
Arellano, Edilyn
Noche, Verra Mae
Aviles, Maria Frences

Submitted to:
Engr. Ralph Gerard B. Sangalang
 Input Impedance

OBJECTIVES
This section of this paper aims to do the following:
1. To calculate the input current and measure Vi, Vs from the previous circuits of the first
laboratory experiment.
2. To calculate the input impedance using the actual measured values.

MATERIALS
DC Supply
DMM
Breadboard
Connecting wires
Transistors
Resistors
Capacitors
Potentiometers

PROCEDURES
1. Construct the circuits form the previous experiment in a breadboard.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor as a coupler.
3. Apply a 5mV 1 kHz sinusoidal input (function generator) in series with an Rs of 100
Ohms.
4. Using a DMM, measure the Vs (source voltage) and the Vi(input voltage) of the
amplifier
5. Compute for the input current. (Equation is provided from the handouts).
6. Compute for the input impedance as well.
7. Repeat the steps above for all the circuits encountered from the previous lab.
DISCUSSION
For this experiment, we needed to comply in measuring the needed variables in order to
calculate for the input impedance parameter. We once again prototyped the circuits as encountered
from the previous lab experiment adding capacitor couplers for measuring the required small signal
parameters.
For this section of the paper, we are required to measure the needed variables in order to
to compute for the impedance at the input. To be coherent, we instigated about the expected values
that we are about to measure beforehand in actual procedures. We initially know that we are
looking for the impedance as seen by the source.
For the sake of further understanding, the diagram below shows the input and output
impedance model. Since this section focuses for input impedance, we will be tackling more of it
at this part.
 From the diagram shown form the previous page, Vs is labeled as the signal voltage, Rs as
the internal resistance or sense resistance as termed from the procedure. When the amplifier is
connected to a signal source, the source sees the input impedance, Zin of the amplifier as its load.
Likewise, the input voltage, Vin is what the amplifier sees across the input impedance, Zin. Then
the amplifiers input can be modelled as a simple voltage divider circuit as shown below.

DATA AND RESULTS

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑖
𝐼𝑖 =
𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
Measured Values
Vs Vi
3.535 mV 3.35 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.35 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑖 =
100
𝑰𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒖𝑨

FIXED BIAS
𝑉𝑖 3.35 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑖 = ; 𝑍𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖 1.85 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝛀

Measured Values (same)

Vs Vi
3.535 mV 3.395 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.395 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑖 =
100
𝑰𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒖𝑨
3.395 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑖 =
1.4 𝑢𝐴
EMITTER BIAS
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝛀
 Measured Values
Vs Vi
3.535 mV 3.265 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.265 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑖 =
100
𝑰𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟕 𝒖𝑨
3.265 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑖 =
2.7 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝛀

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS

Measured Values
Vs Vi
3.535 mV 3.241 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.241 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑖 =
100
𝑰𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 𝒖𝑨
3.241 𝑚𝑣
SELF BIAS – COMMON BASE 𝑍𝑖 =
2.94 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝛀

PROBLEM
WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE IMPUT IMPEDANCE OF AN AMPLIFIER?
As included in the equation for the input impedance, it shows the relationship ratio of
voltage to current flowing in to the input terminal. As observed from the calculations and
measurements, the input impedance may depend upon the source supply feeding the amplifier.
Moreover, the value of Rsense is also a factor in determining the current flowing into the input
terminal which would affect the input impedance as well.
CONLUSION
To sum up the understanding gathered from the experiment, we therefore conclude that the
input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance “seen” by the source driving the input of
the amplifier. Factors that would affect the input impedance of the circuit is mainly the ratio of the
input voltage and the input current. The input impedance may depend as well upon the source
supply. The principle of Ohm’s Law partially applies for determining the value of the input current.
The difference is that the source voltages and input voltage are subtracted first since we are dealing
with an AC parameter. It is basically desirable for the input of the amplifier to be as high as possible
for practical applications. In the case of a multistage amplifier, if the input impedance is too low, it
can have an adverse loading effect on the previous stage and possibly affecting the frequency response
and output signal level of that stage.
 Output Impedance

OBJECTIVES
This section of this paper aims to do the following:
3. To calculate the input current and measure Vi, Vs from the previous circuits of the first
laboratory experiment.
4. To calculate the output impedance using the needed actual measured values.

MATERIALS
DC Supply
DMM
Breadboard
Connecting wires
Transistors
Resistors
Capacitors
Potentiometers

PROCEDURES
1. Construct the circuits from the previous lab experiment into a prototyping board.
2. Connect a 10 nF capacitor as coupler.
3. Short out the input.
4. Apply a 5mV, 1kHz sinusoidal wave to the output of the amplifier in series with 100
Ohms Rsense.
5. Measure Vs and Vo.
6. Compute for the output current.
7. Compute for the output impedance.
8. Repeat the process for other configurations.
DISCUSSION
Now, almost the same principle of measurements was applied in this experiment. The
location of the input sinusoidal wave was transferred to the output of the amplifier. At this time,
we initially know that we are looking for the output impedance as seen by the source.
For a little flashback of our initial learnings, we know that the output impedance of circuit
is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic
(reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source. The
output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws
current. The source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network
being the portion of the network that consumes. The loading effect will be further discussed and
applied to the next portion of this experiment. For now, we will be straightforward in measuring
the output impedance without the effect of loading.
DATA AND RESULTS

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
Measured Values
Vs Vo
3.535 mV 3.409 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.4 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑜 =
100
𝑰𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 𝒖𝑨

FIXED BIAS
𝑉𝑜 3.409 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑜 = ; 𝑍𝑜 =
𝐼𝑜 1.26 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝛀

Measured Values
Vs Vo
3.535 mV 3.382 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.382 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑜 =
100
𝑰𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑 𝒖𝑨
3.382 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑜 =
1.53 𝑢𝐴
EMITTER BIAS
𝒁𝒐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝛀
Measured Values
Vs Vo
3.535 mV 3.349 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.349 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑜 =
100
𝑰𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒖𝑨
3.349 𝑚𝑉
𝑍𝑜 =
1.86 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒌𝛀
 VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS

Measured Values
Vs Vo
3.535 mV 3.382 mV

3.535 𝑚𝑉 − 3.382 𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑜 =
100
𝑰𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝒖𝑨
3.382 𝑚𝑉
SELF BIAS – COMMON BASE 𝑍𝑜 =
1.53 𝑢𝐴
𝒁𝒐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝛀

PROBLEM
WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF AN AMPLIFIER?
The factors that contributed for the input impedance in the previous section is generally
likewise with the principle factors affecting the output impedance of an amplifier. To be coherent,
the analysis of measuring and calculating the output impedance is basically the same as getting the
input impedance. The difference is that we are dealing with the output terminal rather than the
input terminal in this case. The 5mv, 1kHz supply that fed that output of the amplifier is one major
factor that affected the value of the output impedance. Specifically, the main contributors are the
output voltage and output current. Their ratio determined the value of the output impedance. The
value of Rsense as well is another factor since due to its resistance, the value of the output current
was determined as well.
CONLUSION
For this experiment, we therefore conclude that the principle of determining the input
impedance can also be applied in determining the output impedance. One major difference is the
terminals in which they are located. The output impedance is what is seen when looking into the
power supply circuitry from the output end. The contributors to the said parameter was also
identified (Vo and Io) and they also depend upon the source voltage instigated for every circuit
configurations for this experiment. Since no load are used for this part, the output voltage of the
supply remained constant. It would start to change until a load is connected and current starts
flowing.
From our initial learnings, an ideal constant voltage power supply should have zero output
impedance so that changes in the load such as higher load currents do not cause a voltage drop at
the output. In addition, the low impedance helps in reducing the noise and interference. When the
supply has high impedance, high load current causes a voltage drop across this impedance and
lower the output voltage. This would be further be observed for the next section of this paper.
 EFFECTS OF LOAD AND SOURCE RESISTANCE
OBJECTIVES

- To determine the effects of load and source resistance to the voltage gain in both
BJT and FET amplifiers.
- To learn what values of load and source resistances can make high gain.
- To determine if theirs is an effect on other parameters by changing the load or
source resistance.

MATERIALS
- DC Supply
- DMM
- Breadboard
- Connecting wires
- Transistors
- Resistors
- Capacitors
- Potentiometers

PROCEDURE
1. Construct the circuits in Lab experiment 1 in a prototyping board.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor coupler.
3. Connect a 1k ohm load resistor.
4. Connect a 5mV 1kHz sinusoidal wave to the input.
5. Measure the gain.
6. Repeat the process for 2 k ohms, 3.3 k ohms,5 k ohms and 10 k ohms load
resistances.
7. Remove the load resistor.
8. Now, connect a 100 series resistor to a function generator.
9. Measure the gain with respect to the input of the amplifier and with respect to the
source voltage.
10. Record your measurements.
11. Repeat steps 7-10 for a resistance of 220 ohms, 330 ohms , 500 ohms , and 1 k ohm.
12. Combine the different source and load resistances in your measurements.
13. Record your measurement.

DISCUSSION
For this experiment, we are required to do an observation to determine if there is an effect
in gain as the load and source resistance varies. We once again prototyped the circuits as
encountered from the previous lab experiment adding capacitor couplers, load and source resistors
for measuring the required small signal parameters.
As we got the circuit we needed in the experiment, we started to measure the output and
input voltage of 1k ohm load amplifier which is needed to calculate the gain. Next, we changed
the value of RL from 1k ohm to (2.2 k, 3k, 5k, and 10k) and record each output voltage and
calculate their gain. We had observed that the gain increases as the load resistance increases.
 For the source resistance experiment, we created a circuit having a source resistance of 100
ohm and then measured its output voltage and then calculate the gain. Next, we changed the value
of Rs from 100 ohms to (220 ohms, 330 ohms, 500 ohms, 1k ohm) and record the each
measurement and compute their gain.
Lastly, we combined those two experiment. We recorded the output voltage of the amplifier
as the two parameters Rs and RL vary and then find their gain.

DATA AND RESULTS

Circuit 1:
VCC
15V
VCC
R2 C2
15V
C1
R4 1nF
R1 5kΩ
Q1 50 %
RS 1nF 1kΩ Key=A
R3 RL
100Ω 1MΩ
21 % 1kΩ
Key=A 330kΩ
2N2222A
V1

3.53553mVrms
1kHz
0°

Circuit 2:
VCC
15V

R2
R1 2.7kΩ
C1 1MΩ C2
RS

100Ω 1nF Q1 1nF RL

V1 1kΩ
3.53553mVrms
2N2222A
1kHz
0°

Circuit 3:
 VDD
RS C1 15V

100Ω 1nF R3
V2 1kΩ
3.53553mVrms C2
1kHz R2 R5
0° R1
100Ω 1nF
100kΩ
10kΩ R4 Q1 50 %
Key=A RL
V1 100kΩ 1kΩ
9V 10 %
Key=A
J201

Circuit 4:

RS C1
VDD
V2 100Ω 1nF 15V

3.53553mVrms R3
1kHz 1kΩ
0°
R2 R5 C2
R1
100Ω 1nF
100kΩ
10kΩ R4 Q1 50 % RL
Key=A
1kΩ
V1 100kΩ
9V 10 %
Key=A
2N7000

𝑉𝑜
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖

Load Source Gain(2n2222A) Gain(2N3904) Gain(J201) Gain(2n7000)

resistance resistance Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Circuit 3 Circuit 3
1kΩ 0.211 µ 0.167 µ 0.921 µ 0.5171 µ
2kΩ 0.355 µ 0.319 µ 1.234 µ 1.021 µ
3.3kΩ 0.543 µ 0.496 µ 7.342 µ 6.464 µ
 5kΩ 0.931 µ 0.761 µ 11.78 µ 9.223 µ
10kΩ 1.871 µ 1.523 µ 20.16 µ 15.62 µ

Load Source Gain(2n2222A) Gain(2N3904) Gain(J201) Gain(2n7000)

resistance resistance Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Circuit 3 Circuit 3
100 ohms 37.1 µ 23.6 µ 72.23 µ 64.74 µ

220 ohms 37.1 µ 23.5 µ 92.98 µ 83.21 µ

330 ohms 37.2 µ 23.6 µ 97.78 µ 83.53 µ
500 ohms 37.2 µ 23.6 µ 101.98 µ 82.94 µ
1k ohm 37.2 µ 23.5 µ 109.11 µ 47.39 µ

Load Source Gain(2n2222A) Gain(2N3904) Gain(J201) Gain(2n7000)

resistance resistance Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Circuit 3 Circuit 3
1kΩ 100 ohms 0.211 µ 0.167 µ 4.673 µ 2.29 µ
2kΩ 220 ohms 0.355 µ 0.319 µ 8.901 µ 4.27 µ
3.3kΩ 330 ohms 0.543 µ 0.496 µ 12.909 µ 6.51 µ
5kΩ 500 ohms 0.931 µ 0.761 µ 16.78 µ 9.31 µ
10kΩ 1k ohm 1.871 µ 1.523 µ 22.561 µ 14.8 µ

PROBLEM
How does the source and load resistance affect the gain?
The result in this laboratory shows that the source and load resistance is a valid concern
and has an effect on the gain. The source resistor and load resistor is connected with the input
impedance and output impedance of the system, respectively. Of course, it will affect the gain
because the loaded voltage gain is depended with its no load voltage gain, output impedance and
load resistance. Ideally, changing values of load and source resistance may help you to have your
desire gain.
CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that the larger the source resistance and/or smaller the load
resistance , the less the overall gain of the amplifier..
Other parameters like input impedance and unloaded voltage gain are unaffected by the
applied source resistance. This experiment also proves that the loaded voltage gain will
always be less the the no-load voltage gain.