A Word order and emphasis bi Usa ate Ce mere etre sentences PW Cota ult s Which of these qualities and characteristics might people use in describing you? application confidence dedication enthusiasm _ loyalty modesty determined efficient formidable patient persuasive reliable Listen to this speech made in honour of Maria Adams, a music teacher, Which of these qualities and characteristics does the speaker use to describe her? Listen again and say whether these sentences are true or false. If a sentence is false, say why. 1 Maria was a violinist before she became a conductor. ....J... 2 In the Music in Schools project the council gives children musical instruments. ..... 3 Musicians are not paid to take part in the Music in Schools project... 4 5 Maria helps children go to other countries to play music. dren in city schools now have to pay for their music lessons. (@21) These ideas are expressed in a different way by the speaker. Listen again and write down exactly what he said. 1 We first met in the mid-1990s, Twas. in. tog. mid4990s, Heat we First omete ce 2 She sees making music as a fundamental part of a child’s development. 3. The way she calmly and clearly argued her case impressed us most. 4 [have rarely met anyone with such passion for their beliefs. 5 The council has tried to make changes to the Music in Schools project a number of times in order to save money. 6 The council backed down only after Maria threatened to withdraw her support from the project. What difference do you notice between the sentences given and the ones you have written?et ere Tg 1 Fronting We can emphasise a particular part of a sentence by moving it to the front of the sentence, changing the usual word order: She sees making music as a fundamental part of a child’s development. + Making music she sees as a fundamental part of a child’s development. (fronting of object) Maria had been writing to me for some weeks. > For some weeks Maria had been writing ro me. (fronting of adverbial) She resisted this. > This she resisted. 2 Cleft sentences Jes among children from poorer backgrounds that the Musi ‘among children from poorer backgrounds) Whas impressed us most was the way she calmly and clearly argued her case, (emphasising the way she calmly and clearly argued her case) Schools project has had most impact. emphasising An it cleft has the structure it + is / was + emphasised part + relative clause. The relative pronoun can be that, which, who or no relative pronoun. When and where are used only in informal English: It was in the mid-1990s that we first met. or informally ... when we first met. A sentence with a wh- cleft usually has the structure what- clause + is/was + emphasised part. Sometimes we use all instead of what: What she was suggesting was that members of the YCO would volunteer their services. All she ever wanted to do as she was growing up was play the violin, (= the only thing she ever wanted to do) A After the what- clause we usually use a singular form of be (is or was). However, informally, a plural form (are or were) is sometimes used before a plural noun: What she hopes to see is/are children who enjoy a wide range of musical styles. We can sometimes put a wh- cleft at the end: The way she calmly and clearly argued her case was what impressed us most. The Music in Schools project is what came out of our meeting. To emphasise an action we can use a wh- cleft with what + subject + form of do + form of be ® + (to) + infinitive: "What she did was (to) convince us of the value of « musical education. ‘To emphasise a whole sentence we can use a wh- cleft with happen: _ What's happened as a consequence is that music has become established as an important part of the national curriculum.4): Cl 3 Inversion In front of the committee sat Maria. = verb + subject Seldom did she raise her voice = do + subject + verb = inversion of normal word order Never have heard such a perswusive spouker. = auxiliary + subject + verb Word order is‘inverted after certain words and phrases when these are put at the beginning of a sentence or clause in order to emphasise them. This kind of inversion is found mainly in formal speech and writing. Inversion occurs after words and phrases with a ‘negative’ meaning: @ the negative adverbs never (before), rarely, seldom; barely / hardly / scarcely...when / before; no sooner ... than; nowhere; neither, nor: Rarely have I met anyone with such enthusiasm No sooner had Maria walked through the door than she started to talk about her proposal. Thadn’t met Maria before, and nor had the other members of the committee. (See also Unit 17 B3.) © only +a time expression (e.g. after, later, then) or a prepositional phrase: Only after Maria threatened 10 withdraw her support did the council back down. @ the prepositional phrases at no time, on no account, under / in no circumstances; in no way (or no way in informal language): At no time has she ever accepted payment for her educational work. She argued that under no circumstances should children from poorer backgrounds be made to pay for music lessons. © certain expressions with not: not only, not until, not since, not for one moment, not once, not a+ noun: Not only has she persuaded YCO members to give up their time, but she has also encouraged visiting musicians to give free concerts in schools. ¢ little with a negative meani Little did she realise when she set up the project that it would be so influential. Inversion also occurs after: € © prepositional phrases of place or movement, and adverbs describing direction of = movement (most common in spoken and written narrative): Into the committee room walked Maria. (= Maria walked into the committee room) Along she came to present her proposal. (= She came along to present her proposal) verbs describing place and movement which are commonly used with inversion include: be, come, fly, go, hang, lie, ive, march, roll, run, sit, stand, swim, walk we don’t usually invert subject and verb when the subject is a pronoun: Into the committee room she walked. (not intothe-committee- room-watked-she.) §|rd order and emphasis @ time sequence adverbs such as first, next, now, then with be or come: E And then came an invitation to be a special adviser to the government on music education, = If there is a comma (or an intonation break in speech) after the adverb, normal word order is used: Then, an invitation came from the government, (not Then,-came-an-invitation ...) © so + adjective ... that, emphasising the adjective: So successful has Music in Schools been, that those involved in music education around the world have visited the city to see the project in action, "© such + be ... that, emphasising the extent or degree of something: Such was her understanding of music education that the government wanted to draw on her expertise, (= Her understanding of music education was such that ... 4 Inversion in conditional sentences In formal or literary English, we can use clauses beginning were, should and had, with inversion of subject and verb, instead of a hypothetical conditional: Were she ever to leave the orchestra, she would be greatly missed. (= If she left ... or If she were to leave ...) Were he here tonight, I know that he would want to express his thanks personally to Maria. (= If he was / were here tonight Should you need any more information about Music in Schools, please feel free to contact me. ( If you need ...) Had Maria not been around, music education in most schools in this country would have practically disappeared, (= If she had not been around ...) In negative clauses with inversion, we don’t use contracted forms: Had Maria not set up the Music in Schools project ... (not Hadn't Maria-set-up-the Musie-in- Schools- project...) 195,4). ie Ceca cy} EB Write a new sentence with a similar meaning to the original. Emphasise the information underlined using an it cleft or a wh- cleft at the beginning of the sentence. Sometimes both are possible. 1 I want you to hold the cat tightly while I put on this collar. what Z.want you todo is hold. the cat ctyhtly. while. 2 put 2 She announced she was going to join the air force at her eighteenth birthday party. 3 A:Sohow did you get the car out of the mud? B: We asked a fi er to pull us out with his tractor. 4. A: Would you like a glass of champagne? B: No, thanks. I really wanted a cup of tea! 5 A: What do you think’s wrong with the car? B: The clutch cable could have broken. 6 A: How on earth did you break your nose? B: I wasn’t looking where I was going and walked into a lamppost. This ge bunch of flowers arrived for me this morning. I {don't know who sent them, “I My patents mise have given Calta my elesine anit co ° The research shows a link between salt intake and rates of heart disease. 10 His nervous laugh made me think he was lying.© Match the sentence halves. Write new sentences with a similar meaning starting Should ..., Had... or Were .... 1 If you require further details, a she might have made a full recovery. 2. If today’s match has to be pasponeih > the insurance covers a full refund. 3. Ifanyone had been looking at Martha © please contact our public when the police arrived, information office. If taxes were to be increased further, d there would be a huge public outcry. If the doctors had operated sooner, € we would not have begun the climb. TfL were president, £ it will be replayed next week. If your flight is cancelled, g they would have noticed the expression of panic on her face. Nak ry If heavy snow had been forecast, h I would introduce three-day weekends. 1+ c Ifyou require further details, please contact our public information office. Should you require. Further. details, please.contact..our. public. information office... Complete the sentences with appropriate words. Use three words only in each sentence. 1 [ thought the insurance policy would pay my hospital fees. At no time was. 2. tad. z, ‘A. by the company that it did not cover skiing injuries. 2 Seldom.......... very impressed indeed. ... piano playing of such maturity from someone so young, I'm w He felt someone bump against him on the crowded bus, but only later that his wallet had been stolen. I found the old bracelet while I was walking along the beach. Little then that I had made one of the most important archaeological discoveries of recent years. Not since Philip and Gary Neville last played in 2004. in the England football team. I asked her to describe her attacker, but only after several minutes .... 7 No sooner rs a two brothers a --me, into bed than his flatmate started playing his drums. 8 The Atlantic crossing gra0k eight days. I was in Harriet’s company on several occasions, but not a word to me until near the end of the journey. eo Remember that the gas fire is dangerous and on no account it on. 197oF rd @B Rewrite the underlined parts of the conversation, emphasising the word(s) in italics. In each case use fronting, a cleft sentence or inversion. A: [hear you and Anna didn't have a great holiday on the island. B: No, not really, although (1) we liked the island a lot. (2) The hotel was the real problem. Why? What was wrong with it? Our room was just awful. The shower only had cold water, the air conditioning didn’t work and sparks came out of the light switches when you turned them on. Didn’t you complain? Oh, yes. We phoned the reception desk as soon as we found there were problems. (3) The hotel porter came along, looked around the room, and said he would send someone to sort things out. (4) He went away and an hour later (5) a man walked in carrying just a screwdriver. We left him to it, and went and had a swim in the pool. But when we got back, nothing had changed. By this time Anna was getting quite annoyed, so she went down to reception to complain. (6) They told her there she was just being fussy. And (7) she got really furious about that. She insisted on seeing the manager, and demanded that something should be done. A: And was it? B: Well, we had a steady stream of workers coming into the room after that. (8) An electrician came first and then the next day a plumber. But none of the problems got fixed. (9) It took them three days to decide that we needed another room. A: You must have been fed up with the hotel by that time. B: I think (10) the attitude of the staff annoyed me most ~ they really just didn’t care. (11) Lhave never seen such a total lack of interest from people who are supposed to be providing a service. (12) No one apologised once the whole time we were there ... toe..island.ux. liked... let. Fi scovteien Pe PP Aakwone