CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Primary Health Care is a backbone of Health Service delivery for Tamilnadu. The
Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the first contact point between the village
community and the medical officer. The Purpose of PHCs is to provide an integrated
curative and preventive health care to the rural population especially for Pregnant
women and children below 5 years. The PHCs are hubs for 5-6 sub-centres that cover
3-4 villages and are operated by an Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM).

The goal is to reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate
(IMR) in rural areas as well as to incorporate the immunization and Nutrition for the
infant and children till five years from its birth.

In Tamilnadu, about 60% of the total population are living in rural areas. According
to the State Health Management Information System (SHMIS) data 2019,
Tamilnadu’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is 57 per one lakh live births.
Tamilnadu’s Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is 16 per 1,000 live births in 2017, as per
the latest Sample Registration System (SRS) data. Rural Tamilnadu has registered
infant deaths to 19 per 1,000 live births in 2017.

The Current rate of decline in MMR & IMR is not up to the level expected and needs
to improve significantly to achieve the MMR and IMR goals set as part of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

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To achieve the MDG’s there is a need for technology-based system at village level
for tracking the eligible couples, maternal mothers, antenatal check-up’s, Pregnancy
outcome, post-natal check-up’s, Infant health and immunization

Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme is implemented by Tamil Nadu

Government to women from poor families in order to compensate the wage loss
during pregnancy, to get nutritious food and to avoid low birth weight babies. The
eligibility criteria include that the pregnant mother should be of age 19 years and
above, should be Below Poverty line (BPL) group.

This scheme helps improving the health status of the mother and child as well as
improving the deliveries in institutions. Earlier, the scheme was offering Rs. 12,000
to the pregnant mothers. With the revision of the scheme, the monetary assistance
has been hiked by Rs. 6000. Now, maternal’s will receive Rs. 18,000. Every
maternal will get a nutritional kit. This kit will contain health mix, dry dates, iron
tonic, protein biscuits, ghee, disinfectants, towel and tablets.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme is targeted at children up to

the age of 5 years, pregnant and lactating mothers. The scheme is aimed to improve
the health, nutrition and education of the maternal and child.

The ICDS Scheme offers a package of six services

1. Supplementary Nutrition
2. Pre-school non-formal education
3. Nutrition & health education
4. Immunization
5. Health check-up and
6. Referral services

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Three of the six services viz. immunization, health check-up and referral services
are related to health and are provided through National Health Mission and Public
Health Infrastructure. The services are offered at Anganwadi Centres through
Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) at grassroots level.

Malnourished and sick children who cannot be managed by the ANM / AWW are
provided referral services through ICDS. All such cases are listed by the AWW and
referred to the medical officer.

More than 80% of the maternal deaths can be prevented by increasing the
institutional deliveries and ensuring a proper Ante- Natal Care (ANC). ANC visits
form a crucial part of the Ante-Natal Care as they provide counselling to maternal’s
about the care to be taken during pregnancy and in the preparation of childbirth.

Thus, the ANC visits play a significant role in deterring the morbidity and mortality
of both maternal and new-born. Important issues forming a part of consultation
include making plans for transportation to health care centre during labor,
recognizing the danger signs of serious health problems and identifying the woman
as a high-risk maternal, making arrangements for a blood donor if needed.

Bringing the maternal’s for the Ante-Natal check-ups, ensuring they take a minimum
of two TT injections and encouraging the pregnant women to give births in
authorized health centres are few of the important roles of a Village Health Nurse
(VHN) to avert the maternal deaths and stillbirths.

It is thus, very essential to enable the pregnant woman to recognize the obstetric
complications when they occur and seek care from doctors or VHN without any
delay.

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It also helps VHN in identifying the high-risk pregnant women. The system also
assists the VHN by letting her know the list of pregnant women having due dates
(The estimated date of delivery) within one month.

However, there is no prevailing system that enables the VHN to monitor the Ante-
Natal visits done by the pregnant women. Smart Pregnancy System thus aims to
assist the VHN, by letting her know the schedule and status of ANC visits and
Tetanus doses of each and every registered pregnant woman.

Cloud Computing is a suitable platform to support E-health development and

information sharing. This approach is based on delivering software, infrastructure
and the whole computation platform as a service. Unlike traditional web hosting
providers, cloud computing offers pay-as-you-go services.

From a medical point of view, cloud offers a special channel to access electronic
medical records easily. This ability of quick access to personal medical history can
speed up treatment, help to avoid complications, and even saves lives. Cloud also
can make it easy for the Maternal women to locate and keep track of their own
medical history.

Thus, the Utilization of Cloud Computing Technology to overcome the delay in

service and communication of information to the respective experts to enhance the
process of saving the lives of Maternal women and New-born Baby.

Traditional password-based authentication is proving ineffective in curbing the theft

of medical records. In such a scenario, biometric fingerprint based login and
authentication systems have emerged as an effective way of enhancing the security
of Maternal data.

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Mobile phone technology is used to improve Primary health services in rural areas.
Mobile based management system that assists Village Health Nurse (VHN) to
provide better maternal health care services by automating the data collection and
decision-making process. These Mobile Application ease the process of
communicating data from remote rural communities to central locations, and
obtaining real time data with low cost.

Data mining is the process of extracting hidden knowledge from large volumes of
raw data and is used to discover knowledge out of data and presenting it in a form
that is easily understood by humans. Health Prediction plays an important role in
data mining. The Health Prediction system associate’s user support and on-line
consultation with mobile Application.

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Health-related services available at Primary health centres are immunization, Ante-

natal check-up, Post-Natal check-up, complementary nutrition, sanitation and other
services provided by the government.

In the current PHC system, most of the Maternal information is recorded in

handwritten medical records. Health information is not accessible by a Medical
officer or the VHN during emergency situations as the Maternal hold the records.
The Rural women are less likely to receive three or more visits than urban women
in PHC. It is observed that almost two in five children in rural areas are more
undernourished.

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The Medical Officers were usually not available during the night hours as they
stayed in nearby towns. The absence of Medical Officers during an emergency at
night, particularly at the time of a delivery increases the risk for women coming for
delivery. Thus, in case of an emergency, the access of the maternal to the health
facility becomes a genuine problem.

1.2.1 LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

1. Lack of 24-hour transportation. If an ambulance is present, a 24-hour driver

is often hard to access.
2. At times of complications, PHCs refer women to referral hospitals in the
public sector.31% of the population travels more than 30 kms to seek health
care in rural India. 8% PHC’s do not have doctors and have Village Health
Nurse or Medical Officer.
3. According to guidelines, high-risk mothers should be referred to higher
centres at least two weeks before the due date. Unfortunately, it is difficult
because even families refuse to cooperate.

1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

To overcome the weakness of the current Tamilnadu pregnancy monitoring system,

we propose this system, which is an effective m-health and e-health system for
antenatal and postnatal care.

It provides an easy to use, efficient and cost-effective mobile based as well as

desktop-based system while making use of multimedia environment and real time
technology.

CHAPTER 1 Page 6 of 88
1.3.1 MAIN FEATURES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

1. Creating an easy and cost-effective service for the people of the rural areas
Trying to investigate and overcome the weaknesses of the current pregnancy
monitoring systems.
2. VHN use the platform to enter real time data on digitised maternity case
sheets. These case sheets include digitised Safe Childbirth Checklist along
with provision for digital vital recording.
3. Alerts and notifications inform VHN or medical officer about high-risk cases
so they can receive timely support.
4. A Live dashboard helps VHN and medical officer monitor all cases in real-
time; identify and manage high-risk cases; refer cases to higher centres; and
make urgent decisions if necessary.
5. Design and implementation of an Android based mobile application for health
workers to ensure that all pregnant women are getting the proper nutrition
messages for them while they actually needed.
6. Offering real time communication between the pregnant woman, VHN,
medical officer through SMS (Short Message Service) as well as mobile
application.
7. Offering User friendly desktop interface application for the PHC staff to
interact with the system.
8. Information of the maternal is forwarded simultaneously to the Gram
panchayat demanding for the government schemes and facilities for
maternal’s and child.
9. Offering guidance and address to the VHN as well as the health care centre.
10. Offering multiple languages (English and Tamil) in the system.

CHAPTER 1 Page 7 of 88
 Fig.1.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM (a)

Fig.1.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM (b)

CHAPTER 1 Page 8 of 88
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Title-1: “A Cloud based Mobile Healthcare System”

Author: Mangesh Manake

Description: The Healthcare system is the mobile application that stores the large
amount of private data of a maternal’s or users. Since the collected maternal Health
Information (PHI) is private information of maternal's and plays a critical role in
medical diagnosis and treatment. It is essential to strictly limit the access of these
data to authorized users only in order to ensure the security of these data and preserve
the maternal's’ privacy. However, the security and privacy protection of the stored
data is a major unsolved issue. So, the proposed system provides security for that
users’ data. The mobile healthcare applications provide easy access to medical care
information anytime and anywhere. This is not possible every time, sometimes
because of busy schedules we can’t take care of our health. So, they proposed to
build an application for the mobile healthcare System using cloud. The system
provides disease-oriented information. Main features of this health care system are
to provide disease-oriented information, the primary solution to particular disease.
The system also provides privacy. This system or application is most useful in
emergency cases
Keywords: Access control, Cloud computing, Mobile Health, Privacy
Limitations: Issues in security and privacy

CHAPTER 2 Page 9 of 88
Title-2: “Secure Healthcare for maternal's Using Cloud Computing”
Author: Rujuta Kambli, Ravi Yadav, Tejas Shetye, Suraj Nikam

Description: They proposed a new cloud computing solution to provide ease to

access maternal’s medical information for hospitals. Further the link set up between
the Public Health Centre and hospitals which makes it comfortable and provides ease
to maternal's from rural areas to get the medical facilities from the Hospitals
appropriately which will be done using IIS (Internet information system). Using
SQL server with necessary information of the maternal will be available to the
hospital profile so that accurate measures will be taken. The PHC updates maternal’s
information on the cloud and which is accessed easily by the hospitals.

Keywords: Gram Panchayat- GP, Primary Health Centre- PHC

Limitations: Inadequate network, Issues in security

Title-3: “Biometric Security for Cloud Data using Fingerprint and Palm Print”
Author: Sahithi, S. Anirudh, A. Swaroop, B. Ruth Ramy, K.

Description: With the development of different multimedia services, Cloud-Based

Multimedia System (CMS) is increasing its ubiquity. Well known biometric
approaches are palmprint and fingerprint recognition technology. Rather than
utilizing palmprint or fingerprint acknowledgment framework independently for
individual confirmation, they utilize both fingerprint and palmprint acknowledgment
together to give an improved dimension of certainty for individual check and
Identification.

Keywords: Biometrics, Cloud data encryption, Cloud security, Authentication.

Limitations: High cost, Data breaches, Inaccuracy

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Title-4: “Cloud Computing: A New Era of Saving Precious Lives in the developing
World”
Author: Santanu Koley, Rashi Agarwal, Renu Jain

Description: Cloud Computing, nowadays used for saving cost, space, computer
hardware and software, can be implemented on a newly designed system with cloud
computing approach is a solution for remote districts, villages in hilarious regions
where mobile networks exist. It provides a better solution for the hospital or primary
health centre for humans. The developing countries are still fighting with fewer
doctors in those areas. The situation is already worse for poor and illiterate people
in terms of finding a doctor in such an area. Existing systems in major parts are based
on manual paper work and independent standalone applications in some districts'/
small towns' hospitals and primary health centres which results in waste of resources,
high construction and maintenance costs and are difficult to manage and maintain.
The main objective of proposing cloud-based solutions is to reduce the cost
(construction and maintenance), to reduce data loss risk, to gather all the hospitals
on one platform to better access maternal's' medical information for easy
management and maintenance. The proposed cloud computing solution is intended
to be used by hospitals and primary health centres of third world countries; however,
the solution is generic and can be used by hospitals of any country and the
community-based hospitals. This approach also saves a massive amount of
paperwork and is able to save trees to fulfil one step ahead to the greener world. In
future the proposed system will have a huge impact on human life and we will feel
goodness by dedicating this system for humankind.

Keywords: Cloud Computing, Hospital Management Information System (HMIS),

Limitations: Reports are handled manually, Difficult to retrieve medical reports

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Title-5: “Integrated Health Care System Using Cloud Computing”
Author: Olaniyan, O.M Ogude Cyril Chibuzor Onuah

Description: The Web Based Hospital Management which is a system that

automates the retrieval of maternal's file and also provides a platform for maternal's
to meet the doctor online and communicate with the doctor. The system would
ensure the proper keeping of information and the retrieval of maternal’s information
very easily. The system commenced with the investigation of the existing to see the
problem on one hand and then propose a solution to the problem. The emergence of
this newly developed system will solve the shortcomings of the existing system and
also reduce time and resources incurred while using the manual system.

Keywords: Cloud, Computing, Automate, Hospital and Health

Limitations: Short fall in security protection, High cost in software maintenance

Title-6: “Post and Pre Natal-Tracking in Rural Areas using Cloud Computing
and ICT”
Author: Sridhar Amirneni, Siddhitha Sundari B. Surya Ravindran.

Description: They track the pregnant woman right from the early pregnancy stage
till the child turns the age of five. The health conditions of the pregnant woman are
constantly monitored and the growth of the foetus is kept in track ensuring their
safety. The child’s health is maintained by providing vaccinations which prevents
fatal diseases. The entire system is a cloud-based system so that the information is
easily accessible and cost-effective. This also disseminates the information in real
time and is helpful in getting timely and quality medical care.
Keywords: Immunization, Cloud Computing, E-Health, Natal Care, Aadhar Card
Limitations: Lack of prediction

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Title-7: “Mobile Cloud Computing for Emergency Healthcare Model:
Framework”
Author: Ali Nirabi Shihab A. Hameed

Description: They present Mobile cloud computing for emergency health care
model (MCCEH) model using a cloud computing server that aims to reduce response
time to save the maternal's life. When a person is exposed to a health problem,
MCCEH model will allow users to search for the nearest medical centre or nearest
specialists related to specific specialization and the results will show the availability
timetable for every specialist and whether he is available at this time or not, the user
will be able to choose specialist based on previous experiences may able to read
previous feedback and opinions.

Keywords: emergency healthcare, cloud computing, cross-platform

Limitations: Outages issue, less control in manage and monitor data

Title-8: “A Framework for ICT-based Primary Healthcare Delivery for Children”

Author: Safikureshi Mondal, Nandini Mukherjee

Description: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provides access

to sources of health information through technologies. They proposed a framework
for ICT based primary healthcare delivery from remote places particularly for
regular supervision for neonatal care of pregnant women to assist diagnosis of
diseases of children, and immunization of children. These three main common
primary healthcare services may address the problem of the highest mortality rate
according to the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM).

Keywords: Mobile Health, Remote Healthcare, Immunization

Limitations: Lack of network connectivity

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Title-9: “Privacy Preserving Healthcare Data using Cloud Computing”
Author: Thavamani, S. Rajakumar, M.

Description: Cloud Computing is a new way of delivering computing resources and

services. It is a model for on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that
can be provided with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
Healthcare is a faster growing way to adopt cloud computing. It is very important
for every individual and essential for every country in the Globe. Electronic
healthcare systems in the world are moving towards a more accessible, collaborative
and more proactive way in reaching out to the public. The delivering of public health
solutions can lead to increased efficiencies in health-related data. Many nations
across the globe have launched aggressive stimulus programs aimed at solving
public healthcare problems in an efficient way. This review article mainly focuses
on different ICT based infrastructure facilities available in various hospitals in India
with cost effective manner using cloud computing technologies, services and this
will be a best solution for healthcare systems in rural areas. In this paper analysed
and presented about various cloud service providers, investment in healthcare, IT
adoption in Indian Healthcare sector, Major benefits of Cloud-based maternal
Management System [PMS], about SADA systems.

Keywords: Cloud Computing, Electronic healthcare systems, ICT based

infrastructure, EHR systems, Indian healthcare sector, Cloud Simulators.
Limitations: Risk of data confidentiality

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 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware requirements may serve as the basis for a contract for the
implementation of the system and should therefore be a complete and consistent
specification of the whole system.

Processor : Core i5
Speed : 2.66 GHZ and above
RAM Memory : 4 GB
Hard disk : 500GB

3.1.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1.1.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online.

SOME ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER SYSTEMS:

1. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms.
2. Cross-Platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh

OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited
to Windows.

CHAPTER 3 Page 15 of 88
3.1.1.2 FINGERPRINT SENSOR

Fingerprint login-based authentication systems use fingerprint scans of individuals

to determine whether they have access to the system. The authentication mechanism
is divided into two steps:

1. FINGERPRINT ENROLLMENT
The fingerprint is captured during the registration of maternal. The
captured fingerprints will then be “read” using pattern recognition algorithms.
The digital representation, known as a Biometric template is stored in the
database.
2. FINGERPRINT VERIFICATION
The fingerprints are scanned and converted to the equivalent biometric
template. This biometric template is then matched against all the enrolled
templates stored in the database. If the template matches any of the maternal
enrolled in the database, then the maternal is authenticated. If no match is
found in the database then she is not allowed to proceed.

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The software requirements provide a basis for creating the software requirements
specification. It is useful in estimating cost, planning team activities, performing
tasks and tracking the team’s and tracking the team’s progress throughout the
development activity.

Operating system : Windows 10

Language : Android, c/c++ (Arduino) (v1.8.13)
IDE : Visual Studio 2019(v15.0), MIT App inventor (v2.0)
Back end : MySQL, PHP
Server : Xampp (v3.2.4)
Protocol : HTTP

CHAPTER 3 Page 16 of 88
3.2.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.2.1.1 ANDROID
Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android applications are usually
developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit.
Android Studio is the official integrated development environment for Google's
Android operating system, built on JetBrains' IntelliJ IDEA software and designed
specifically for Android development.

FEATURES OF ANDROID
1. Beautiful UI - Android OS basic screen provides an intuitive user interface.
2. Storage - SQLite, a lightweight relational database
3. Web browser - Based on the open-source Web Kit layout engine, coupled
with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

3.2.1.2 VISUAL STUDIO

Visual Studio Community 2019 Edition, which is a free and rich integrated
development environment for creating desktop, web and mobile applications. It
contains a workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the
environment. Visual Studio Community 2019 Edition comes with Xamarin, which
is a tool used to write native Android, iOS and Windows applications with native
user interfaces and share code across multiple platforms.

For the server-side application and web user interface, ASP.net and the C#
programming language will be preferred. The SQL Server database is intended to be
used for storing and managing demographic and health records of maternal’s.

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3.2.1.3 HTTP PROTOCOL

HTTP means Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by
the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and
transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to
various commands. HTTP service is used to pull data into its own applications.

When a client enters a URL in the browser, HTTP actually sends an HTTP
command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web
page. The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is
HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed.

3.2.1.4 PHP - MYSQL

PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor. PHP is a very popular and widely-used
open source server-side scripting. PHP runs on various platforms and it is compatible
with almost all servers used today such Apache, IIS, etc. PHP can be integrated with
the number of popular databases, including MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server,
Sybase.

MYSQL is used as a database at the webserver and PHP is used to fetch data from
the database. Our application will communicate with the PHP page with necessary
parameters and PHP will contact MYSQL database and will fetch the result and
return the results

The database consists of a number of tables; some are fixed while some are created
dynamically.
In PHP you can use the mysqli_connect () function. All communication between
PHP and the MySQL database server takes place through this connection.

Syntax: MySQLi, Procedural way

$link = mysqli_connect ("hostname", "username", "password", "database")

CHAPTER 3 Page 18 of 88
3.3 TECHNOLOGY/TOOLS

3.3.1 CLOUD COMPUTING

As the technological demands are increasing, the medical systems have been updated
with the new advanced technologies. However, there are still several challenges,
such as to carry the remotely located information and the remote connectivity issues,
mainly present in the PHC systems and then the cost is also a big issue while
updating the existing systems with the new developments.

Therefore, the cloud computing platform is one of the best solutions in the current
age to fight against the issues. It is based on the medical organizational specifications
and requirements for communication, including the security requirements, private
cloud computing environment is designed and modelled where the medical
information of pregnant women and children who are registered in the premises of
the PHC is accessed and monitored in real-time.

3.3.2 DATA MINING

Data mining helps to discover hidden patterns, as well as descriptive, predictive, and
comprehensible models in all kinds of data. As a result, data mining can identify
patterns, relationships and models, which support predictive and decision-making
processes for diagnosis and treatment planning. The discovered models can be called
predictive models, which can be integrated in PHC as well as Government hospital
information systems that are able to decrease the time of decision-making.

Automatic medical diagnosis for providing First-aid in PHC tend to benefit from
collected datasets and decision support systems. This study proposes a method for
predicting the Maternal women's conditions regardless of their medical records. The
dataset comes from a Government Hospital information system, enlisting the
Symptoms, treatment for each maternal’s according to their health record.

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3.3.3 MIT APP INVENTOR

MIT App Inventor is a web application integrated development environment

originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT). It allows newcomers to computer programming to create
application software(apps) for two operating systems (OS): Android, and iOS,

3.3.4 XAMPP

The full form of XAMPP: X- Cross-platform, A-Apache server, M- MariaDB, P-

PHP, P- Perl.
XAMPP is a software distribution which provides the Apache web server, MySQL
database (actually MariaDB), Php and Perl (as command-line executables and
Apache modules) all in one package. It is available for Windows, MAC and Linux
systems. No configuration is necessary to integrate Php with MySQL. The Cross-
platform means that it can run on any computer with any operating system.

XAMPP also provides PhpMyAdmin which gives a GUI tool for managing your
MySQL databases.it can also be used in installing XAMPP for Windows or MAC.

It is basically a local host or a local server. This local server works on desktop or
laptop computers. The use of XAMPP is to test the clients or website before
uploading it to the remote web server. This XAMPP server software gives you the
suitable environment for testing MYSQL, PHP, Apache and Perl on the local
computer.

CHAPTER 3 Page 20 of 88
 CHAPTER 4

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In Tamilnadu, thousands of children and maternal women suffer from one or more
forms of malnutrition. Primary health nurses could not provide the necessary service
to them. Even today, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) and the number of stillbirths
in Tamilnadu are higher.

The proposed System will facilitate monitoring of universal access to maternal and
child health services by all pregnant women and children. It is designed to capture
and track all pregnant women and all new born up to five years of age. The system
aims to reduce the MMR by digitalizing the work of the Village Health Nurse in the
rural areas, by enabling them to monitor the pregnancies of the women in their area
with the help of cloud computing technologies, data mining and mobile application.
This application can be easily used by any health worker in Tamilnadu.

4.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

The Rural PHC’s are managed by the VHN or Medical Officer. Most pregnant
women receive insufficient or no prenatal care or no antenatal care during
pregnancy. The lack of transportation makes it difficult for pregnant women. Most
of the PHC in rural areas are maintaining their records manually that leads to lack of
fast retrieval of the previous status and making decisions to provide first-aid will be
very difficult during the time of emergency situation. Both pregnant women and
children have to carry the records with them physically on each visit to the Medical
officer and there is a possibility of losing the data. Hence, retrieval of data in proper
order is difficult.

CHAPTER 4 Page 21 of 88
4.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Child Mortality Rate in Rural
Areas

2. To enhance the capability of the maternal to look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child in the age group of below 5 years through proper
nutrition and health education.
3. To reduce the time spent on manual paperwork, increase the accuracy and
availability of village healthcare data in an electronic format, and thus
improve the effectiveness of the service

4.4 APPLICATIONS OF PROJECT

1. Easy registration of pregnant women and children:

The registration process of the beneficiaries is very user friendly and easy.
2. Proper monitoring of ANC visits and immunization doses:
Useful in tracking the women ignoring the ANC visits and immunization
doses of their children
3. Fingerprint based login:
The medical history can be accessed using fingerprint of the maternal’s in the
emergency medical situation when the maternal is unconscious
4. Mobile based systems:
The medical records can be accessed any time and communication between
pregnant women and nurse will be easy.
5. Relies heavily on information technology tools and techniques:
Innovative application of information technology tools and techniques makes
it possible for the grass roots level health care providers to track every
pregnant woman during pregnancy and every new born during the first five
years of life.

CHAPTER 4 Page 22 of 88
4.5 CHALLENGES

In Tamilnadu, delivering quality primary healthcare is a challenging task.

CHALLENGES FACED BEFORE THE PROJECT

1. There were data privacy and confidentiality issues that were not discussed
openly by the staff officials.

2. Interoperability is a major challenge when we share healthcare information

among PHC’s. They are described respectively as “problems are in
communication among healthcare departments” and “problems with
communication with different organizations”

3. There is an immediate need to address inadequate infrastructure and

manpower in order to provide better service and delivery of primary health
care

CHALLENGES FACED AFTER THE PROJECT

4. The cooperation of policy makers and state-level officials was important to

integrate the technology into the PHC

5. The system needs to be matured in terms of planning for strategic health needs
assessment and sustainability issues.

6. There was a lack of evidence about the benefits of e-health systems; this lack
of evidence made the experts hesitant to develop focused policies for the
efficient use of systems.

7. Also identified was the need to develop systematic ways to make the
government-level officials aware of the key benefits of the application and its
requirements.

8. Poor network bandwidth and electric power interruption at the data centre

CHAPTER 4 Page 23 of 88
4.6 ALGORITHMS IMPLEMENTED

4.6.1 DECISION TREE ALGORITHM

The decision tree forms a predictive model which maps the input to a predicted value
based on the input’s attributes. Each interior node in the tree corresponds to an
attribute and each arc from a parent to a child node represents a possible value or a
set of values of that attribute. The construction of the tree begins with a root node
and the input set.

An attribute is assigned to the root and arcs and sub-nodes for each set of values are
created. The input set is then split by the values so that each child node receives only
the part of the input set which matches the attribute value as specified by the arc to
the child node. The process then repeats itself recursively for each child until
splitting is no longer feasible. Either a single classification (predicted value) can be
applied to each element in the divided set, or some other threshold is reached.
Decision trees can be used for different recommender systems approaches.

4.6.1.1 ALGORITHM
1) Assign all training instances to the root of the tree. Set current node to root
node.
2) For each attribute
a. Partition all data instances at the node by the value of the attribute.
b. Compute the information gain ratio from the partitioning.
3) Identify features that result in the greatest information gain ratio. Set this
feature to be the splitting criterion at the current node.
a) If the best information gain ratio is 0, tag the current node as a leaf and
return.
4) Partition all instances according to the attribute value of the best feature.
5) Denote each partition as a child node of the current node.

CHAPTER 4 Page 24 of 88
 6) For each child node:
a) If the child node is “pure” (has instances from only one class) tag it as a
leaf and return.
b) If not set the child node as the current node and recurse to step 2.

4.6.2 COLLABORATIVE FILTERING

The Collaborative Filtering (CF) approach is one of the widely used

recommendation approaches. It is a process of filtering or selecting information from
the dataset. The system generates recommendations to target maternal based on the
other similar maternal’s.

Fig 4.1: COLLABORATIVE RECOMMENDATION BASED ON USER

SIMILARITY

As it is illustrated in Figure 4.1, there are three maternal’s, maternal1 is treated

with treatment plans Treatment A and Treatment D, maternal2 is treated with
treatment plan Treatment B and maternal3 is treated with treatment plans Treatment
C and Treatment D. Assume according to the similarity metric defined by the
recommendation system, maternal N is similar to maternal1. So, the system

CHAPTER 4 Page 25 of 88
recommends the treatment plans of maternal1 which are Treatment A and Treatment
D to target maternal N.

4.6.2.1 ALGORITHM

P ← set of all maternal’s

T ← set of all treatments for each maternal.

P = {maternal1, maternal2, ..., maternalN} where maternalN is target maternal. T =

{T1, T2, ..., TN − 1} where T1 is the treatment applied for maternal1. N ∈ R>0
where N is the size of P.

S ← set of similarity measures.

S 1,N ← similarity measure between maternal1 and maternalN.

S = {S 1,N, S 2,N, ..., S N−1,N}

K ∈ R>0 where K, a predefined number, is the size for recommendation.

S highestK = {S 1,N, S 2,N, ..., S K,N} set of highest K similarity measures

PEARSON CORRELATION SIMILARITY ALGORITHM

PearsonCorrelation (xarr[], yarr[]) {

for i= 0 to xarr.size {

meanX += xarr.elemetAt(i)

meanY += yarr.elemetAt(i) }

meanX /=xarr.size

CHAPTER 4 Page 26 of 88
meany /=yarr.size

for i=0 to xarr.size {

sumXY += ((xarr.elementAt(i) - meanX) * (yarr.elementAt(i) – meanY))

sumX2 += sqaure(xarr.elementAt(i) – meanX

sumY2 += sqaure(yarr.elementAt(i) – meanY

sim=sumXY / (squareroot(sumX2) * squareroot(sumY2))

return(sim)

One of the advantages of collaborative filtering is that there is no need to knowledge

about domain, so it is domain-independent. The quality of the recommendations is
affected by the size and the quality of the dataset.

4.6.3 EXAMPLE

IF Abdominal pain = yes AND Shoulder pain= yes AND vaginal bleeding = yes
AND Feeling dizzy = yes AND fever = no

THEN Ectopic pregnancy = “TRUE”

means Drugs or surgery is used to remove the ectopic tissue so organs are not
damaged

CHAPTER 4 Page 27 of 88
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 GENERAL

The system can involve all spheres of the medical care during the entire duration of
the pregnancy as well as the post-natal care. The medical officer or VHN from the
rural area refers the maternal women to GH during Emergency cases. The high
priority cases can be monitored in real time by the specialists and the treatment can
be imparted through the VHN. This also helps to maintain the Electronic Medical
History of the women as well as their children. Each and every child’s immunization
can also be tracked online. While this gives an insight on the health status of the
rural area, it also helps the census of the country.

Doctors are not available at the rural PHC at a moment’s notice. This system allows
the doctor to access Maternal details from the city and guide the VHN with the
procedures to be followed in times of need.

The frequency of check-up and dates are also updated into the system. Based on the
diagnosis of the problem, the maternal are categorized into groups and they are
assigned to systems that would manage each of the categories. Postnatal health
management includes preterm birth monitoring, organ development chart, bone
development chart and immunization of the child. The child is immunized to major
diseases.

CHAPTER 5 Page 28 of 88
5.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

1. PHC diagnoses the maternal and checks the medical condition. These reports
are then uploaded to the cloud through the network by VHN after being
authenticated.

2. This information is forwarded simultaneously to the Gram panchayat

demanding for the government schemes and facilities for maternal’s.

3. The cloud transfers data to GH that is provided by the maternal which

basically contains maternal medical information.

4. After studying the case the GH reverts back with suggestions, treatment
procedures, schedule, and other details to the cloud.

5. The cloud forwards GH’s response to the PHC concerned

Fig.5.1 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 5 Page 29 of 88
Medical data is growing huge that each and every activity of the maternal is being
recorded and this maternal history can be used for the further prediction of the drugs
for the maternal whose is suffering from the similar problem.

The maternal medical information, their symptoms, diagnosis records, prescribed

medicines and other related details are being recorded.

When a new maternal is added to the database, the maternal’s medical history is
analysed and that maternal is categorized to the already existing groups. These
attributes will be compared with the new maternal symptoms. Training data sets are
created to identify the disease by using Decision Tree algorithm. Once disease is
diagnosed, the list of medicine available for that disease is analysed.

Fig.5.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 5 Page 30 of 88
5.3 OVERALL FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig.5.2 FLOW DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 5 Page 31 of 88
 CHAPTER 6

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 MATERNAL DATA PROCESSING AND ACCESSIBILITY

6.1.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig. 6.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM MATERNAL DATA ACCESSIBILITY

6.1.2 EXPLANATION

The system is divided into two parts

1. Admin part

2. Nurse part

CHAPTER 6 Page 32 of 88
1. ADMIN PART

After logging in the system as verified admin, she creates login credentials for
nurse, doctor etc. The admin will carry out Data preparation, Data transformation,
Feature extraction.

A. DATA PREPARATION:
The medications and illness data will be stored in the Database of the Doctor
dashboard. In order to build this system in real time, the datasets are taken
from the Thuvariman Primary Health Care, Madurai. For the real time
application, the healthcare data can be accessed from the cloud where the data
is getting updated every second. Initially the size of data was 120.
B. DATA TRANSFORMATION:
In this step, the dataset is explored and necessary data is selected and the
dataset is converted into machine understandable form.
C. FEATURE EXTRACTION:

Feature extraction is the process to reduce the size of data so as to only take
informative, non-redundant and relevant data.

2. NURSE PART

Nurse has to login with the username and password given to her by the admin
working at the Primary Health Care centre. The nurse will carry out maternal profile
generation, Prediction of health and immunization for infants.

CHAPTER 6 Page 33 of 88
 A.MATERNAL PROFILE GENERATION:
During this stage, for every maternal and child, a profile is created which
contains various information. For every maternal, there will be a health record
documenting the maternal Clinical History (MCH). If the new maternal is
admitted, then the whole process starts from the beginning, i.e., from the
processing of data and the creation of a new maternal health record. In the
case of an existing maternal, the system updates the record as per
requirements.
B. PREDICTION OF HEALTH:
The system uses the set from and matches the symptoms already stored in the
GH database. It helps to determine possible causes and treatments.

C.IMMUNIZATION:

Doses of OPV-1, OPV-2, OPV-3 and measles are considered as the mandatory
vaccinations that are to be given within one year after birth.

Complementary Food containing amylase activity is provided for 300 days in

a year under Supplementary Nutrition Programme in the age group of 6
months to 5+ years, Pregnant Women & Lactating Mothers. As per the
strategy, iron and folic acid supplementation is being provided to children till
5 years.

6.1.3 ADVANTAGES

1. Search for the existing pregnancies.

2. Add and update PHC’s data.
3. Provide guidance, make appointments and referrals.
4. Set reminders.
5. Analyse data and monitor pregnancies.

CHAPTER 6 Page 34 of 88
6.1.4 RETRIEVAL OF MATERNAL RECORD

BIOMETRIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

The system will enable maternal medical records to be shared electronically with
GH, other PHC’s etc. But there are many disadvantages in usage of a maternal record
system which includes the Barcode system, Smart cards and ID cards. They are:

1. Chances of identity fraud

2. Not applicable for emergency maternal
3. Need for the maternal to carry the ID card
4. Medical records cannot be retrieved globally.

The PHC’s are committed in maintaining maternal privacy while sharing data to
improve the diagnosis and treatment of maternal, by introducing the technique of
finger print in the system.

Fig: 6.2 WORKING OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR

CHAPTER 6 Page 35 of 88
The emergency data set such as her blood type, current trimester, any complications
and contact person information. It can be accessed using her finger in the emergency
medical situation when the maternal is unconscious

The advantages of the fingerprint medical retrieval system over other systems are:

1. Low power consumption

2. Improves security formats in the PHC’s and GH
3. Maternal database is maintained individually so that we can avoid man-made
error
4. Used in emergency medical situation when a maternal is unconscious

6.2 PREDICTION OF HEALTH

6.2.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig. 6.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PREDICTION OF HEALTH

CHAPTER 6 Page 36 of 88
6.2.2 EXPLANATION

The decision tree algorithm is used for training of the prediction model. When the
algorithm is applied, it generates a rule set based on the observed pattern of data. On
the basis of this rule set, the system training is done and the model is created.

Collaborating filter technique is applied with the user-based collaborative filtering

to find the collections of similar users and recommend the historical resources of the
target user’s similar users. As the comparison with the number of train data increases
the accuracy of the prediction is high.

Once the system training is done, our prediction model will be ready for using.

VHC carries out the following functionalities of the system.

a. Entering Symptoms

b. Disease Prediction

c. Treatment

Entering Symptoms: The VHN takes the symptoms from the maternal women
which they are feeling at that moment and runs a data mining algorithm in the cloud
to detect the disease from which the user may be suffering.

Disease prediction: The predictive model predicts the disease a person might have
based on the user entered symptoms.

Treatment: The system also gives required treatment measures to overcome a

disease.

CHAPTER 6 Page 37 of 88
6.2.3 TECHNOLOGY

The decision tree forms a predictive model which maps the input to a predicted value
based on the input’s attributes. Each interior node in the tree corresponds to an
attribute and each arc from a parent to a child node represents a possible value or a
set of values of that attribute.

In the healthcare domain, applications of recommender systems include assisting the

decision-making process in the disease analysis, identifying the symptoms,
predicting the appropriate drug for the particular disease, supporting maternal to find
preventative healthcare help and providing personalized healthcare guidance.

Pseudocode

create root node

if (symptoms.size < threshold)

root.recommendations←recommendation list(symptoms)

return root

else

Let A be the user attribute that best classifies the input

For each possible value v of A

Add a branch b below root, labeled (A=v)

Let Symptomsv be the subset of Symptoms that have the value v for A

Add RS-Adapted-Decision-Tree(Symptomssv) below this new branch b

return root

CHAPTER 6 Page 38 of 88
6.3 MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

6.3.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig: 6.4 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM FOR MOBILE APPLICATION

6.3.2 EXPLANATION

LOGIN PAGE FOR VHN

VHN has to login with the username and password. VHN can view all the maternal
medical history. The VHN prepares an immunization requirement and follow-up
chart for each new-born registered. Thus, it also helps ensure the availability of
vaccine dosage at each institution.

LOGIN PAGE FOR MATERNAL

At first registration, each woman will be allocated a unique username (or registration
number) and a temporary password, which she can change later.

CHAPTER 6 Page 39 of 88
After registration, women will start using smart applications. Every pregnant woman
has her own profile in the Smart application, displaying the medical records.

DATABASE USED FOR MOBILE APPLICATION

SQLite is a relational database management system contained in a C programming

library. SQLite is ACID-compliant and implements most of the SQL standard, using
a dynamically and weakly typed SQL syntax that does not guarantee the domain
integrity. It is arguably the most widely deployed database engine, as it is used today
by several widespread browsers, operating systems, and embedded systems (such as
mobile phones), among others. SQLite Enables the application to work offline, since
internet connection is not a luxury in most of the villages.

6.3.3 ADVANTAGES

1. Immediate access to women’s data (only available to registered users).

2. Longitudinal collection of health information of women (only available to
registered users).
3. Connect with health staff and emergency service (only available to
registered users).
4. Proper referral system
5. Advising on health issues and Sending health alerts and reminders

CHAPTER 6 Page 40 of 88
 CHAPTER 7

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

7.1 MATERNAL DATA PROCESSING AND ACCESSIBILITY

Fig 7.1 HOME PAGE

Home page contains various panels for Doctor, Nurse, Administrator.

Fig 7.2 ADMIN LOGIN PAGE

CHAPTER 7 Page 41 of 88
After logging in the system as verified admin, the admin will carry out new listings
of doctors, nurse through that panel and the list can be modified or deleted. Admin
will prepare the Dataset for pre-processing.

Fig 7.3 USER REGISTRATION

The access right of each user is assigned according to his/ her roles and duties in
delivering maternal care.

Fig 7.4 LIST OF USERS

CHAPTER 7 Page 42 of 88
Each user should only use his/ her own account to access the system. To safeguard
data privacy, all accesses by users to system will be logged and are subject to audit
and inspection.

Fig 7.5 NURSE LOGIN

They record on the electronic health record about personal story, treatments,
response and progress toward health care for monitoring. Obtain information about
past and ongoing treatments and medications and the results to ensure the best care
is provided.

Access clinical knowledge such as drug information, nursing assessments, articles

and nursing best practice guidelines and resources to better understand health
situation and plan of care.

CHAPTER 7 Page 43 of 88
 Fig 7.6 LIST OF MATERNAL’S AND INFANTS

Fig 7.7 RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION USING BIOMETRIC

Applying simple passwords can allow entry to unauthorized user into the system.
Maternal information are vital keys to administering proper care thus an incomplete
or wrong Maternal health records can lead to wrong medication. The use of
biometric technology in health applications has great benefits over other means of
authentication methods.

CHAPTER 7 Page 44 of 88
 Fig 7.8 RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION

7.2 PREDICTION OF HEALTH

The system uses the set from and matches the symptoms already stored in the GH
database. It helps to determine possible causes and treatments.

Fig 7.9 DATASET

CHAPTER 7 Page 45 of 88
First step is to Choose a symptom and answer simple questions using our application
to find a possible diagnosis for health issue.

Fig.7.10 ENTERING SYMPTOMS FOR PREDICTION

The system contains some in built symptoms and also it provides a text field to enter
additional symptoms. These symptoms are used as key to search and sort in the GH
database.

Fig.7.11 POSSIBLE CONDITIONS FOR SYMPTOMS

CHAPTER 7 Page 46 of 88
7.3 MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

mHealth may improve the ability of healthcare providers in rural areas to provide
care and to improve access to care. It is also used for disease surveillance, treatment
support, epidemic outbreak tracking and chronic disease management.

On logging in the system as nurse, she can carry out entering Symptoms, disease
Prediction and Precautions.

There will be two login pages containing one for VHN and other for maternal.

Fig 7.12 NURSE MOBILE LOGIN

CHAPTER 7 Page 47 of 88
 Fig 7.13 AREA-WISE MATERNAL INFORMATION

Fig 7.14 MATERNAL LOGIN

CHAPTER 7 Page 48 of 88
7.4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Evaluation results

We used maternal’s in our dataset (pre-collected data) as test users (target maternal).

Number of maternal’s before data pre-processing 100

Number of maternal’s used after data pre-processing 80

Number of maternal’s tested 80

Number of all disease & treatment recommended 150

Average number of disease & treatment used per 6.04

maternal

TABLE 7.1 REPORT ANALYSIS

Before pre-processing, we had 100 maternal’s and 20 of them removed while data
processed. We have 80 maternal’s used in system and we tested all of these 80
maternal’s. For each of these tests maternal, we aimed to generate top-K
recommendation plans. We tried to determine K which is number of disease &
treatment generated empirically. The average number of disease & treatment used
per maternal is measured as 6.04 and so it is 6 approximately. As a logical
interpretation, we picked two close numbers to this average number 6 as K which
are 5 and 10. Hence, we evaluated this system for both K=5 and K=10.

CHAPTER 7 Page 49 of 88
 CHAPTER 8

SOURCE CODE
DISEASE PREDICT.PHP
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-
fit=no">
<title>Welcome to Public Health Care center</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../assets/images/fav.jpg">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/css/fontawsom-all.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/css/animate.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/css/style.css" />
</head>
<body>

<!-- ################# Header Starts Here#######################--->

<header>
<div class="header-top">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-7 col-md-12 left-item">
<ul>
<li><i class="fas fa-envelope-square"></i> [email protected]</li>
<li><i class="fas fa-phone-square"></i> +91-2333115</li>

CHAPTER 8 Page 50 of 88
 </ul>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5 d-none d-lg-block right-item">
<ul>
<li><a><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></li>
<li><a><i class="fab fa-google-plus-g"></i></a></li>
<li> <a><i class="fab fa-pinterest-p"></i></a></li>
<li><a><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li>
<li> <a><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="nav-head" class="header-nav">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 no-padding col-sm-12 nav-img">
<img src="../assets/images/logo.jpg" alt="">
<a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#menu" href="#menu" ><i class="fas
d-block d-md-none small-menu fa-bars"></i></a>
</div>
<?php
include_once "../nurse_menu1.php";
?>
<!--
<div class="col-sm-2 d-none d-lg-block appoint">
<button class="btn btn-info">Book an Appointment</button>
</div>

CHAPTER 8 Page 51 of 88
 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<!-- ################# With Medical Starts Here#######################-
-->
<section class="with-medical" >
<div class="container" style="margin-top: 100px;min-height: 400px">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<h2>Disease Prediction Dashboard</h2>
<table>
<tr><td><label>Symptom</label></td><td><select id="symptom"
name="symptom" class="form-control"></select></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><input type="button" id="btnPredict"
name="btnPredict" onclick="bindResult1()" value="Submit" class="btn btn-
primary"> </td></tr>
</table>
<table id="resultTAB" name="resultTAB">
<table>
<tr>
<td><label>Diagnosis</label> </td>
<td>
<textarea name="diagnosis" id="diagnosis" cols='75' rows='10'
readonly="true"></textarea>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>

CHAPTER 8 Page 52 of 88
<td><label>Treatment</label> </td>
<td>
<textarea name="treatment" id="treatment" cols='75' rows='10'
readonly="true"></textarea>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><div id='resultDIV' name='resultDIV'></div></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- ################# Key Features Starts Here#######################---
>
<script src="../assets/js/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="../assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
//load_disease_data();
load_symptom_data()
});
function load_disease_data()
{
var action = "load_disease_data";
$.ajax({
url:"../action.php",
method:"POST",
data:{action:action},
success:function(data)

CHAPTER 8 Page 53 of 88
 {
$('#disease').html(data);
}
});
}
function load_symptom_data()
{
// var disease = $("#disease").val();
var action = "load_symptom_data";
$.ajax({
url:"../action.php",
method:"POST",
data:{action:action},
success:function(data)
{
$('#symptom').html(data);
}
});
}
function bindResult()
{
var disease = $("#disease").val();
var symptom = $("#symptom").val();
var action = "bind_medical_result";
$.ajax({
url:"../action.php",
method:"POST",
data:{disease:disease, symptom:symptom, action:action},
success:function(data)

CHAPTER 8 Page 54 of 88
 {
$('#resultDIV').html(data);
}
});
}
function bindResult1()
{
var symptom = $("#symptom").val();
alert(symptom);
var action = "new_bind_medical_result";
$.ajax({
url:"../action.php",
method:"POST",
data:{symptom:symptom, action:action},
dataType:"json",
success:function(data)
{
$('#diagnosis').val(data.diagnosis);
$('#treatment').val(data.treatment);
//document.write("<style>#resultTAB.visibility:visible;</style>");
}
});
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
ACTION.PHP
<?php
ob_start();

CHAPTER 8 Page 55 of 88
session_start();
ob_get_flush();
$object = new Crud();
if(isset($_POST["action"]))
{
//load_area_wise_maternal
if($_POST["action"] == "load_area_wise_maternal")
{
$qry1="select * from maternal_master where
phc_area='".$_SESSION['phc_area']."'";
//echo $qry1;
$count1 = $object->record_count($qry1);
if ($count1 > 0)
{
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($qry1);
echo "<br><div class='page-header'> <h3>Area-wise Maternal
Information</h3> </div> ";
echo "<br><table border='1' style='border-collapse:separate;border-
spacing:5px 5px;'><tr><th>PHC ID</th><th>Maternal Name</th><th>Father
Name</th><th>Gender</th><th>Address</th><th>Mobile Number</th></tr>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$user_img = "../upload/" . $field['photo1'];
echo "<tr><td>$field[phc_id]</td>

</td><td>$field[pat_name]</td><td>$field[fat_name]</td><td>$field[gender]</td
><td>$field[addr]</td><td>$field[mobile1]</td>
<td><input type=button id='$field[phc_id]' name='$field[phc_id]' value='Know
Health History' onclick='bindHistory(this.id)' class='btn btn-primary'></td>

CHAPTER 8 Page 56 of 88
 </tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
}
else
{
echo "<h3>No Record Found </h3>";
}
}
//bind_maternal_health_history
if($_POST["action"] == "bind_maternal_health_history")
{
$phc_pat_id = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["phc_no"]);
//$brand_name = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["brand_name"]);
echo "<br><div class='page-header'> <h3>Medical History</h3> </div> ";
$sql2="select * from maternal_health_history where phc_id='$phc_pat_id'";
//echo $sql2;
$count1 = $object->record_count($sql2);
if ($count1 > 0)
{
$res2 = $object->multiple_record_return($sql2);
echo "<table border='1'><tr><th>Complaint</th><th>Symptom</th><th>Doctor
Comment</th><th>Visit Date</th><th>PHC Center</th></tr>";
foreach ($res2 as $field)
{
echo
"<tr><td>$field[complaint]</td><td>$field[symptom]</td><td>$field[doctor_sug
gest]</td><td>$field[visit_date]</td><td>$field[phc_name]</td></tr>";

CHAPTER 8 Page 57 of 88
 }
echo "</table>";
echo "<br><p><a href='../phc_nurse_maternal_info' class='btn btn-
primary'>BACK</a></p>";
}
else
{
echo "<h2>No Record Found </h2>";
}
}
//phc_maternal_history_review
if($_POST["action"] == "phc_maternal_history_review")
{
$phc_pat_id = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["phc_pat_id"]);
$sql="select * from maternal_master where phc_id='".$phc_pat_id."'";
$count1 = $object->record_count($sql);
if ($count1 > 0)
{
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($sql);
echo "<br><div class='page-header'> <h3>Maternal Personal Information</h3>
</div> ";
echo "<br><table border='1' style='border-collapse:separate;border-
spacing:5px 5px;'><tr><th>PHC ID</th><th>Maternal Name</th><th>Father
Name</th><th>Gender</th><th>Address</th><th>Mobile Number</th></tr>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$user_img = "../upload/" . $field['photo1'];
echo "<tr><td>$phc_pat_id</td>

CHAPTER 8 Page 58 of 88
</td><td>$field[pat_name]</td><td>$field[fat_name]</td><td>$field[gender]</td
><td>$field[addr]</td><td>$field[mobile1]</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
echo "<br><div class='page-header'> <h3>Medical History</h3> </div> ";
$sql2="select * from maternal_health_history where phc_id='$phc_pat_id'";
//echo $sql2;
$res2 = $object->multiple_record_return($sql2);
echo "<table
border='1'><tr><th>Complaint</th><th>Symptom</th><th>Doctor
Comment</th><th>Visit Date</th><th>PHC Center</th></tr>";
foreach ($res2 as $field)
{
echo
"<tr><td>$field[complaint]</td><td>$field[symptom]</td><td>$field[doctor_sug
gest]</td><td>$field[visit_date]</td><td>$field[phc_name]</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
}
else
{
echo "<h2>No Record Found </h2>";
}

}
if($_POST["action"] == "dynamic_item_bind")
{
$colname = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["category"]);

CHAPTER 8 Page 59 of 88
 //$brand_name = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["brand_name"]);

$qry1="select " . $colname. " from medical_dataset";

//echo $qry1;
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($qry1);
echo "<option value='0'>Choose</option>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$cate_name = $field[$colname];
echo "<option value='$cate_name'>$cate_name</option>";
}
}
//dynamic_item_bind
if($_POST["action"] == "dynamic_item_distinct_bind")
{
$distinctcolname = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["category"]);
$colname = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["colname"]);

$qry1="select " . $distinctcolname. " from medical_dataset";

echo $qry1;
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($qry1);
echo "<option value='0'>Choose</option>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$cate_name = $field[$colname];
echo "<option value='$cate_name'>$cate_name</option>";
}

CHAPTER 8 Page 60 of 88
}
//new_medical_Insert
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_Insert")
{
$age = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["age"]);
$hb = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["hb"]);
$bmi = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["bmi"]);
$sys_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["sys_bp"]);
$dia_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dia_bp"]);
$pro_mg = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["pro_mg"]);
$glucose = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["glucose"]);
$blur_vision = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["blur_vision"]);
$unusual_thirst = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["unusual_thirst"]);
$dizziness = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dizziness"]);
$swelling = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["swelling"]);
$disease = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["disease"]);
$treatment = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["treatment"]);
$query = "
INSERT INTO medical_dataset
(age,hb,bmi,sys_bp,dia_bp,pro_mg,glucose,blur_vision,unusual_thirst,dizziness,s
welling,disease,treatment)
VALUES
('".$age."','".$hb."','".$bmi."','".$sys_bp."','".$dia_bp."','".$pro_mg."','".$glucose."','
".$blur_vision."','".$unusual_thirst."','".$dizziness."','".$swelling."','".$disease."','".
$treatment."')";
//echo $query;
$object->execute_query($query);

CHAPTER 8 Page 61 of 88
 echo 'Data Inserted';
}
//new_medical_insert
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_Load")
{
$record_per_page = 5;
$page = '';
if(isset($_POST["page"]))
{
$page = $_POST["page"];
}
else
{
$page = 1;
}
$start_from = ($page - 1) * $record_per_page;
echo $object->get_data_new_medical_load_table("SELECT * FROM
medical_dataset ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT $start_from, $record_per_page");
echo '<br /><div align="center">';
echo $object->new_medical_make_pagination_link("SELECT * FROM
medical_dataset ORDER BY id", $record_per_page);
echo '</div><br />';
}
//new_medical_Fetch_Single_Data
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_Fetch_Single_Data")
{
$output = '';
$query = "SELECT * FROM medical_dataset WHERE id =
'".$_POST["user_id"]."'";

CHAPTER 8 Page 62 of 88
 $result = $object->execute_query($query);
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
$output["age"] = $row['age'];
$output["hb"] = $row['hb'];
$output["bmi"] = $row['bmi'];
$output["sys_bp"] = $row['sys_bp'];
$output["dia_bp"] = $row['dia_bp'];
$output["pro_mg"] = $row['pro_mg'];
$output["glucose"] = $row['glucose'];
$output["blur_vision"] = $row['blur_vision'];
$output["unusual_thirst"] = $row['unusual_thirst'];
$output["dizziness"] = $row['dizziness'];
$output["swelling"] = $row['swelling'];
$output["disease"] = $row['disease'];
$output["treatment"] = $row['treatment'];
//$output["image"] = '<img src="upload/'.$row['image'].'" class="img-thumbnail"
width="50" height="35" />';
//$output["user_image"] = $row['image'];
}
echo json_encode($output);
}
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_Edit")
{
$age = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["age"]);
$hb = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["hb"]);
$bmi = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["bmi"]);
$sys_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["sys_bp"]);
$dia_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dia_bp"]);

CHAPTER 8 Page 63 of 88
 $pro_mg = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["pro_mg"]);
$glucose = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["glucose"]);
$blur_vision = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["blur_vision"]);
$unusual_thirst = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["unusual_thirst"]);
$dizziness = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dizziness"]);
$swelling = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["swelling"]);
$disease = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["disease"]);
$treatment = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["treatment"]);
$query = "UPDATE medical_dataset SET
age='".$age."',hb='".$hb."',bmi='".$bmi."',sys_bp='".$sys_bp."',dia_bp='".$dia_bp."
',pro_mg='".$pro_mg."',glucose='".$glucose."',blur_vision='".$blur_vision."',unusu
al_thirst='".$unusual_thirst."',dizziness='".$dizziness."',swelling='".$swelling."',dis
ease='".$disease."',treatment='".$treatment."' WHERE id =
'".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo 'Data Updated';
//echo $query;
}
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_Delete")
{
$query = "DELETE FROM medical_dataset WHERE id =
'".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo "Data Deleted";
}
//USER_LOGIN
if($_POST["action"] == "USER_LOGIN")

CHAPTER 8 Page 64 of 88
{
$user1 = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["user1"]);
$pass1 = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["pass1"]);
$user_type = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["user_type"]);
if ($user_type=="DOCTOR")
{
$query="select * from employ where login1='$user1' and pass1='$pass1' and
design='Doctor'";
}
else if ($user_type=="NURSE")
{
$query="select * from employ where login1='$user1' and pass1='$pass1' and
design='Nurse'";
}
//echo $query;
$count1 = $object->record_count($query);
if ($count1>0)
{
$_SESSION['usertype']=$user_type;
$_SESSION['username']=$user1;
$area_name = $object->single_record_return("select phc_area from employ
where login1='$user1' and pass1='$pass1' and design='Nurse'");
$_SESSION['phc_area'] = $area_name;
echo $user_type;
}
else
{
echo "error";

CHAPTER 8 Page 65 of 88
 }
}
if($_POST["action"] == "medical_Load")
{
$record_per_page = 5;
$page = '';
if(isset($_POST["page"]))
{
$page = $_POST["page"];
}
else
{
$page = 1;
}
$start_from = ($page - 1) * $record_per_page;
echo $object->get_data_medical_load_table("SELECT * FROM medical_data
ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT $start_from, $record_per_page");
echo '<br /><div align="center">';
echo $object->medical_make_pagination_link("SELECT * FROM medical_data
ORDER BY id", $record_per_page);
echo '</div><br />';
}
//emp_Insert
if($_POST["action"] == "medical_Insert")
{
$disease = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["disease"]);
$symptom = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["symptom"]);
$diagnosis = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["diagnosis"]);
$treatment = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["treatment"]);

CHAPTER 8 Page 66 of 88
 $query = "
INSERT INTO medical_data
(disease_name,symptom,diagnosis,treatment)
VALUES ('".$disease."','".$symptom."','".$diagnosis."','".$treatment."')";
//echo $query;
$object->execute_query($query);
echo 'Data Inserted';
}
//employ_Fetch_Single_Data
if($_POST["action"] == "medical_Fetch_Single_Data")
{
$output = '';
$query = "SELECT * FROM medical_data WHERE id = '".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$result = $object->execute_query($query);
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
$output["disease_name"] = $row['disease_name'];
$output["symptom"] = $row['symptom'];
$output["diagnosis"] = $row['diagnosis'];
$output["treatment"] = $row['treatment'];
}
echo json_encode($output);
}
if($_POST["action"] == "medical_Edit")
{
$disease = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["disease"]);
$symptom = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["symptom"]);
$diagnosis = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["diagnosis"]);
$treatment = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["treatment"]);

CHAPTER 8 Page 67 of 88
 $query = "UPDATE medical_data SET disease_name =
'".$disease."',symptom='".$symptom."',diagnosis='".$diagnosis."',treatment='".$tre
atment."' WHERE id = '".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo 'Data Updated';
//echo $query;
}
if($_POST["action"] == "medical_Delete")
{
$query = "DELETE FROM medical_data WHERE id = '".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo "Data Deleted";
}
//load_disease_data
if($_POST["action"] == "load_disease_data")
{
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return("select * from disease");
echo "<option value='Choose'>Choose</option>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$login1 = $field['disease_name'];
echo "<option value='$login1'>$login1</option>";
}
}
//load_symptom_data
if($_POST["action"] == "load_symptom_data")
{
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return("select * from medical_data");
echo "<option value='Choose'>Choose</option>";

CHAPTER 8 Page 68 of 88
 foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
$login1 = $field['symptom'];
echo "<option value='$login1'>$login1</option>";
}
}
//bind_medical_result
if($_POST["action"] == "bind_medical_result")
{
$disease = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["disease"]);
$symptom = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["symptom"]);
$qry1="select * from medical_data where disease_name='".$disease."' and
symptom='".$symptom."'";
$count1 = $object->record_count($qry1);
if ($count1 > 0)
{
echo "<table border='1'>";
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($qry1);
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
echo "<tr><td>Diagnosis</td><td>$field[diagnosis]</td></tr>";
echo "<tr><td>treatment</td><td>$field[treatment]</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
}
else
{
echo "<h3>No Record</h3>";
}

CHAPTER 8 Page 69 of 88
}
//load_maternal_result
if($_POST["action"] == "load_maternal_result")
{
echo "<h4>Prediction Result</h4>";
$sql="select * from predict_result";
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($sql);
echo "<table><tr><th>Disease</th><th>Treatment</th></tr>";
foreach ($res1 as $field)
{
echo "<tr><td>$field[disease]</td><td>$field[treatment]</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
}
//new_medical_bind_result
if($_POST["action"] == "new_medical_bind_result")
{
// data:{age:age, hb:hb, bmi:bmi, sys_bp:sys_bp, dia_bp:dia_bp, pro_mg:pro_mg,
glucose:glucose, blur_vision:blur_vision, unusual_thirst:unusual_thirst,
dizziness:dizziness, swelling:swelling, action:action},
$age = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["age"]);
$hb = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["hb"]);
$bmi = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["bmi"]);
$sys_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["sys_bp"]);
$dia_bp = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dia_bp"]);
$pro_mg = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["pro_mg"]);
$glucose = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["glucose"]);
$blur_vision = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["blur_vision"]);

CHAPTER 8 Page 70 of 88
 $unusual_thirst = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["unusual_thirst"]);
$dizziness = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["dizziness"]);
$swelling = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["swelling"]);
$output = '';
$query="select * from medical_dataset where age='".$age."' and hb='".$hb."' and
bmi='".$bmi."' and sys_bp='".$sys_bp."' and dia_bp='".$dia_bp."' and
pro_mg='".$pro_mg."' and glucose='".$glucose."' and blur_vision='".$blur_vision."'
and unusual_thirst='".$unusual_thirst."' and dizziness='".$dizziness."' and
swelling='".$swelling."'";
//echo $query;
$count1 = $object->record_count($query);
if ($count1>0)
{
$qry5="delete from predict_result";
$object->execute_query($qry5);
echo "<br><h4>Predict Result</h4><br>";
// $result = $object->execute_query($query);
$res1 = $object->multiple_record_return($query);
echo "<table border='1'>";
foreach ($res1 as $field) {
$disease = $field['disease'];
$treatment = $field['treatment'];
$qry5="insert into predict_result (disease,treatment) values
('".$disease."','".$treatment."')";
$res5 = $object->execute_query($qry5);
echo "<tr><td>Disease</td><td>$field[disease]</td></tr>";
echo "<tr><td>Treatment</td><td>$field[treatment]</td></tr>";
}

CHAPTER 8 Page 71 of 88
 echo "</table>";
//echo "<p><a href='../predict_result/ class='btn btn-primary'>CLICK TO
REVIEW RESULT </a></p>";
/* while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
$output["diagnosis"] = $row['diagnosis'];
$output["treatment"] = $row['treatment'];
}
echo json_encode($output);
*/
}
else
{
echo "<h2>No Result Found </h2>";
}
}
//new_bind_medical_result
if($_POST["action"] == "new_bind_medical_result")
{
$symptom = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["symptom"]);
$output = '';
$query="select * from medical_data where symptom='".$symptom."'";
$result = $object->execute_query($query);
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
$output["diagnosis"] = $row['diagnosis'];
$output["treatment"] = $row['treatment'];
}
echo json_encode($output);

CHAPTER 8 Page 72 of 88
}
//disease_Load
if($_POST["action"] == "disease_Load")
{
$record_per_page = 5;
$page = '';
if(isset($_POST["page"]))
{
$page = $_POST["page"];
}
else
{
$page = 1;
}
$start_from = ($page - 1) * $record_per_page;
echo $object->get_data_disease_load_table("SELECT * FROM disease ORDER
BY id DESC LIMIT $start_from, $record_per_page");
echo '<br /><div align="center">';
echo $object->disease_make_pagination_link("SELECT * FROM disease
ORDER BY id", $record_per_page);
echo '</div><br />';
}
//emp_Insert
if($_POST["action"] == "disease_Insert")
{
$disease_name = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect,
$_POST["disease_name"]);
$query="select * from disease where disease_name='$disease_name'";
$count1 = $object->record_count($query);

CHAPTER 8 Page 73 of 88
 if ($count1>0)
{
echo "exists";
}
else
{
$query = "
INSERT INTO disease
(disease_name)
VALUES ('".$disease_name."')";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo 'Data Inserted';
}
}
if($_POST["action"] == "disease_Delete")
{
$query = "DELETE FROM disease WHERE id = '".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo "Data Deleted";
}
//ADMIN_LOGIN
if($_POST["action"] == "ADMIN_LOGIN")
{
$user1 = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["user1"]);
$pass1 = mysqli_real_escape_string($object->connect, $_POST["pass1"]);
$query="select * from admin where user1='$user1' and pass1='$pass1'";
//echo $query;
$count1 = $object->record_count($query);
if ($count1>0)

CHAPTER 8 Page 74 of 88
 {
$_SESSION['usertype']="ADMINISTRATOR";
$_SESSION['username']=$user1;
echo "admin";
}
else
{
echo "error";
}
}
//phc_maternal_Load
if($_POST["action"] == "phc_maternal_Load")
{
$record_per_page = 5;
$page = '';

if(isset($_POST["page"]))
{
$page = $_POST["page"];
}
else
{
$page = 1;
}
$start_from = ($page - 1) * $record_per_page;
echo $object->get_data_phc_maternal_load_table("SELECT * FROM
maternal_master ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT $start_from, $record_per_page");
echo '<br /><div align="center">';

CHAPTER 8 Page 75 of 88
 echo $object->phc_maternal_make_pagination_link("SELECT * FROM
maternal_master ORDER BY id", $record_per_page);
echo '</div><br />';
}
//phc_maternal_Delete
if($_POST["action"] == "phc_maternal_Delete")
{
$phc_id = $object->single_record_return("select phc_id from maternal_master
where id = ".$_POST["user_id"]."");
$query = "DELETE FROM maternal_master WHERE id =
'".$_POST["user_id"]."'";
echo $query;
$object->execute_query($query);
$query = "DELETE FROM maternal_child WHERE phc_id = '".$phc_id."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
$query = "DELETE FROM maternal_health_history WHERE phc_id =
'".$phc_id."'";
$object->execute_query($query);
echo "Data Deleted";
}
?>

CHAPTER 8 Page 76 of 88
 CHAPTER 9

OUTCOMES

THE FOLLOWING OUTCOMES COULD BE POSSIBLE FROM THE

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

1. Helping the women who are out of PHC services during pregnancy

2. As doctors are insufficient in the rural areas, VHN can monitor them under
the supervision of the proposed system.

3. As mobile communications are available in every corner of the country, and

SMS service is cost effective service, so it will be very acceptable and
effective to the people of the rural areas for using both application and SMS
service.

4. Monitoring the health position of the rural pregnant woman as they could not
face any complex condition that leads them into death.

5. As all the women are not so literate to read and write in the application, voice-
based messaging and audio-based facility is provided.

6. They can notice priory through the systems analysis if any irregular condition
arises. So, they can move for the GH or PHC for the betterment of the maternal
and child. As a result, maternal and baby could be saved.

7. Gynaecological department of any GH can use the system and the system
could be merged with main i.e. national health care system in future. So, all
the doctors can see the information.

CHAPTER 9 Page 77 of 88
9.1 COMPARISON OF DEVELOPED SYSTEM WITH CURRENT
SYSTEM

S.NO CURRENT SYSTEM DEVELOPED SYSTEM

1 Maintaining medical history of Maintaining medical history of both

both maternal and child through maternal and child through digital based
paper-based system. system.

2 The retrieval of medical history The fingerprint-based system helps the

is difficult when the maternal is retrieval of medical history very easy as
unconscious. all the data has been centralised in
cloud.

3 Mobile application for maternal The system uses cloud mobile

has not been implemented yet computing such that both VHN and
maternal can view the medical record

4 Monitoring of child Ensure that all Child below 5 years are

immunization and nutrition is getting the proper nutrition and
not done or maintained. immunization for them while they
actually needed.

5 Monitoring of maternal is not VHN can monitor all cases in real-time,

done in real time identify and manage high-risk cases and
can make urgent decisions if necessary.

CHAPTER 9 Page 78 of 88
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

In Tamilnadu, the information of the medical records of both maternal and children
was recorded manually on different sets of registers at each level. This setup resulted
in information duplicity, and retrieval of information over time became difficult
because of degradation of the paper registers.

The proposed system would meet the requirements as it monitors the health of the
mother and child in all angles and would be able to address the criticality of any
situation. It also helps easy access by urban doctors through cloud computing to
provide better knowledge and conclusion on the maternal condition. This intensive
tracking at both prenatal and postnatal conditions will contribute to the decrease in
child mortality rate in rural areas. The most important feature of this solution is that
the PHC now has complete information on pregnant women and children that
previously was not available.

The model of this application can easily provide the proper facilities of delivering
nutrition messages to mothers by VHN. The primary aim of the current development
was to discover high yield interventions that will help the society optimize cost of
operations, improve efficiency, and ultimately, save lives.

The data mining Algorithms involve entering side effects in the System, and
recommending medication. The application takes the contribution of different
manifestations from the Maternal women, does the examination of the entered side
effects, and gives a solution.

CHAPTER 10 Page 79 of 88
10.1 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Before implementing this system at the community level, we need to discuss

thoroughly with the people related to public health. There is some quality work
needed to be done correctly to provide the service to community level. It is very
much necessary that in future an evaluation is conducted to find out potential
shortcomings of the application both from software and hardware perspectives.

Future work is to done to improve the accuracy of prediction by using soft computing
techniques and to create a powerful tool to assist physicians in their decision making
for the prediction of maternal health.

Evidence-based analysis of fetal movement consistency model will be developed to

manage knowledge patterns of baby’s movement in the uterus. Also, Ensemble
techniques that may help to provide better outcomes for fetal movement
classification can be considered in the further work

CHAPTER 10 Page 80 of 88
 CHAPTER 11

REFERENCES

[1] Sridhar Amirneni, Siddhitha Sundari B. Surya Ravindran, “Post and Prenatal
Tracking in Rural Areas using Cloud Computing and ICT”, Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), 2016.

[2] Aziz HA and Guled A, “Cloud Computing and Healthcare Services”,

Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics an open access journal, Volume 7,
Issue 3 ISSN: 2155-6210, 2016.

[3] Feng Xue-yuan, Li Peng, Qiao Pei-li, “Computer Aided Diagnosis Based on
K-means Collaborative Filtering Algorithm”, International Journal of
Hybrid Information Technology, Volume 9, No.4, pp. 59-68, 2016.

[4] Rujuta Kambli, Ravi Yadav, Suraj Nikam, Tejas Shetye, “Secure Healthcare
for maternal's Using Cloud Computing”, International Journal of Science
and Research (IJSR), Volume 5 Issue 4, ISSN 2319-7064, April 2016.

[5] Alaa Saleh, Mohammad Moayad Mansour, Nizar Zarka, “Mobile Healthcare
System”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), June
2016.

CHAPTER 11 Page 81 of 88
[6] Jaspreet Singh Phul, Sonia Vatta,” Diagnose and Predict Diabetic Heart
Diseases Using Data Mining Classification Techniques”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Engineering, Volume: 05,
Issue: 11, ISSN: 2319-8354, November 2016.

[7] Ajay Jangra, Niharika Singh, Upasana Lakhina, “Mobile Healthcare Cloud
as a Service”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
Volume 7, Issue 12, ISSN 2229-5518, December-2016.

[8] Ibukun Oluwayomi, George K. Endo, Sridhar Krishnan, Victor Alexandru,

Yashodhan Athavale, “Technology for Continuous Long-term Monitoring
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