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Module 1 Logic PDF

This document provides an overview of logic including: - Learning objectives related to identifying true/false statements, constructing compound and simple statements, and transforming statements into symbolic form. - A brief history of logic including contributions from Leibniz, De Morgan, and Boole. - Definitions and examples of simple statements, compound statements, logic connectives, truth tables, and tautologies. - Worked examples of writing statements in symbolic form, determining truth values, and constructing truth tables.

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Zaira Marcos
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
173 views

Module 1 Logic PDF

This document provides an overview of logic including: - Learning objectives related to identifying true/false statements, constructing compound and simple statements, and transforming statements into symbolic form. - A brief history of logic including contributions from Leibniz, De Morgan, and Boole. - Definitions and examples of simple statements, compound statements, logic connectives, truth tables, and tautologies. - Worked examples of writing statements in symbolic form, determining truth values, and constructing truth tables.

Uploaded by

Zaira Marcos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

LOGIC

ARIEL F. MELAD
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND
ACCOUNTANCY
2020
LOGIC

Learning Objectives: At the end of the module,


students should be able to:
• Identify whether statement is true or false.
• Create compound and simple statements.
• Transform statements into symbolic form or vice
versa.
LOGIC

• Identify the truth value of the statements.


• Constructs truth table.
LOGIC

• Logic statements and Quantifiers


• Truth tables, equivalent statements, and tautologies
• The conditional and the biconditional
• Symbolic arguments
• Arguments and Euler Diagrams
LOGIC

HISTORY
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). The first
mathematician to make a serious study of symbolic
logic. Leibniz tried to advance the study of logic
from a philosophical subject to a formal
mathematical subject.
LOGIC

Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871) and George


Boole (1815-1864) contributed to the advancement
of symbolic logic as a mathematical discipline.
Boole published The Mathematical Analysis of
Logic in 1848 and An Investigation of the Laws of
Thought in 1854.
LOGIC

Logic Statements
Definition. A statement is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false, but not both
true and false.
LOGIC

Example 1. Identify Statements


1. Manila is the capital of Philippines.
2. How are you?
9
3. 9 + 2 is a prime number.
4. x+1 = 5.
LOGIC

Solution.
1. Manila is the capital of the Philippines, so this
statement is true and it is a statement.
2. The sentence, “how are you” is a question; it is
not a declarative sentence. Thus it is not
statement.
LOGIC

Solution.
3. You may not know whether 99 + 2 is a prime
number, however you know that is a whole number
larger than 1, so it is either a prime or not a prime
number. The sentence is ether true or false not both
true or false. Hence, it is a statement.
LOGIC

Solution.
4. x+1 = 5 is a statement called an open
statement. It is true for x = 4 but false for any
other number. For any given value of x, it is true
or false but not both.
LOGIC

Check your progress.


1. Open the door.
2. 9055 is a large number.
3. In the year 2022, the president of the country will be
a woman.
4. p>5.
LOGIC

Simple and Compound Statements


Definition. A simple statement is a statement
that conveys a single idea. A compound
statement is a statement that conveys two or
more ideas.
LOGIC

Simple and Compound Statements


Note: Connecting statements with words and
phrases such as and, or, if…then and if and only
if creates a compound statement.
LOGIC

Simple and Compound Statements


Example 2.
1. Ariela Arina is beautiful. (simple)
2. Ariela Arina is beautiful and sexy. (compound)
LOGIC

Logic Connectives and Symbols


Statement Connective Symbolic Type of
form Statement
not p not ~𝑝 negation
p and q and 𝑝∧𝑞 conjunction
p or q or 𝑝∨𝑞 disjunction
if p, then q if…then 𝑝→𝑞 conditional
if p and only if q if and only if 𝑝↔𝑞 biconditional
LOGIC

Truth Value and Truth Tables


The truth value of a simple statement is either true
(T) or False (F).
The truth value of a compound statement depends
on the truth value of the statements and its
connectives.
LOGIC

Truth Value and Truth Tables


A truth table is a table the shows the truth value
of a compound statement for all possible truth
values of its simple statements.
LOGIC

Illustration. The negation of the statement,


“Today is Tuesday.” is the statement “Today is
not Tuesday.” If the statement is false, then its
𝒑 ∼𝑝
negation is true.
T F
F T
Truth Table for ∼ 𝑝
LOGIC

Example 3. Write the negation of the ff statements.


1. Sharon Cubeta is an actress.
2. Tomorrow is a not a rainy day.
3. I eat banana.
4. Ages below 21 and 60 and above are not allowed to
get out during GCQ.
LOGIC

Solution.
1. Sharon Cubeta is not an actress.
2. Tomorrow is a rainy day?
3. I don’t eat banana.
4. Ages below 21 and 60 and above are allowed to get
out during GCQ.
LOGIC

Example 4. Consider the ff statements.


p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
LOGIC

Write the ff compound statements in symbolic form.


a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to a basketball game or I am going to
a movie.
LOGIC

Write the ff compound statements in symbolic


form.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the
basketball game.
LOGIC

Solution.
a. 𝑝∧𝑞
b. ∼𝑞∧𝑟
c. ∼𝑠∨𝑟
d. 𝑞→𝑠
LOGIC

Example 5. Translate compound statements


Let p, q, and r represents the ff:
p: You get a promotion
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.
LOGIC

a. Write 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 → 𝑟 as an English sentence.


b. Write “If you do not complete the training,
then you will not get a promotion and you
will not receive a bonus.” in symbolic form.
LOGIC

Solution:
a. If you get a promotion and you complete the
training, then you will receive a bonus.
b. ∼ 𝑞 → ∼ 𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑟 .
LOGIC

Truth table for 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞


𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∧𝒒 The Truth Value of
T T T Conjunction.
T F F The conjunction 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
F T F is true iff both 𝑝 and
F F F 𝑞 are true .
LOGIC

Truth table for 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞


𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∨𝒒 The Truth Value of
T T T Disjunction.
T F T The disjunction 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is
F T T true iff p is true, q is true,
F F F or both 𝑝 and 𝑞 are true .
LOGIC

Example 6. Determine the truth value of the a


statement.
a. 7 ≥ 5.
b. 5 is a whole number and an even number.
c. 2 is a prime number and an even number.
LOGIC

Solution.
a. True. You read this as 7 is greater than or equal to 5. 7 is greater
than 5 is T while 7 is = 5 is F. Hence, T or F is TRUE.
b. False. 5 is a whole number but not an even number. So, 5 is a
whole number is T while 5 is even is F. Thus, T and F is FALSE.
c. True. 2 is a prime is T while 2 is even is T. So, T and T is
TRUE.
LOGIC

Check your progress. Determine the truth value


of the a statement.
1. 21 is a rational and natural number.
2. 4 ≤ 7.
3. −7 ≥ −3.
LOGIC

Truth tables, Equivalent Statements and


Tautologies
Truth Tables
Example 1. Construct a table for ∼ ∼ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∨ 𝑞
LOGIC

Truth Tables
Solution. Start with standard truth table form
𝒑 𝒒 ∼𝒑 ∼𝒑∨𝒒 ∼ (∼ 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒) ∼ (∼ 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒) ∨ 𝒒
T T F T F T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F F T T F F
LOGIC

Check your Progress


a. Construct a truth table for 𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑞 ∨ ∼ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 .
b. Use the truth table to determine the truth value of
𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑞 ∨ ∼ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 , given that p is true and q is
false.
LOGIC

Check your Progress


c. Construct a truth table for 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∧ ∼ 𝑟 ∨ 𝑞 .
LOGIC

Defintion. A tautology is a statement that is always


true. A self-contradiction is a statement that is
always false.
Example. Show that 𝑝 ∨ ∼ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is tautology.

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