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Laboratory Session No 03

1) The document discusses a laboratory session on analog to digital conversion and quantization. 2) It provides answers to 5 questions about quantization, executing a quantization code, Arduino ADC specifications, calculating ADC resolution, and definitions of effective number of bits (ENOB) and signal to quantization noise ratio (SQNR). 3) Key terms discussed include quantization, quantization levels, quantization step size, resolution, Arduino ADC specifications including 10-bit resolution and 1024 quantization levels, and definitions of ENOB and SQNR.

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50 views5 pages

Laboratory Session No 03

1) The document discusses a laboratory session on analog to digital conversion and quantization. 2) It provides answers to 5 questions about quantization, executing a quantization code, Arduino ADC specifications, calculating ADC resolution, and definitions of effective number of bits (ENOB) and signal to quantization noise ratio (SQNR). 3) Key terms discussed include quantization, quantization levels, quantization step size, resolution, Arduino ADC specifications including 10-bit resolution and 1024 quantization levels, and definitions of ENOB and SQNR.

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Laboratory Session#03 Digital Signal Processing

Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Laboratory Session No. 03

Objective:
An Introduction to Analog to Digital Conversion (Quantization and Coding).

Post Lab Exercises:


Question 1:
What do you mean by the term quantization? Discuss it briefly.
Answer:
Quantization:
The conversion of a discrete-time continuous-valued signal into a discrete-valued (digital)
signal is called “Quantization”. It is the basic parts of an analog-to-digital (A /D) converter.
Signal sample is represented by a value selected from a finite set of possible values. The error
occurred in representing the continuous – valued signal into a finite set of discrete value level
is called “Quantization Error”.
We denote quantizer operation on the signal x (n) as Q [x (n)].
As we cannot allow every value of continuous – valued signal in digital valued signal as
continuous – valued signal possess infinite values. So we describe the levels for the values
which can which can be allowed in digital signal and these values are called “Quantization
Levels” whereas the distance between two successive quantization levels is called

“Quantization Step Size” or “Resolution” denoted by “∆”. The total number of quantization
levels is denoted by “L”.
The formula for Resolution can be written as:

X max −X min
∆= L−1

Where X Max and X Min are the maximum and minimum value of the signal x (n).
Laboratory Session#03 Digital Signal Processing
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Question 2:
Execute the quantization code, understand it, plot and comment on the output plot?
Answer:

Code:
Laboratory Session#03 Digital Signal Processing
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Output:

Comment:
In the above example the code has quantized the original signal (in this case a sine wave
represented by blue stems).
We know that quantization transforms a CVDT value signal into DVDT signal. The same
procedure is done by the above code which changes the continuous values of the sine wave
into discrete values and then plot against discrete time axis which is represented by red stems.
The difference between the original values of the signal and the quantized signal at any time
instant is represented by green stems.

Question 3:
Discuss the specifications of Arduino Uno ADC like number of bits, number of quantization
levels, etc. Also, calculate the default Arduino Uno ADC resolution.
Answer:
Arduino UNO ADC Specifications:
Arduino is a microcontroller which is used to process signal and extract data from them by
applying signal processing techniques.
The specification of Arduino is as follow:
1) It has 6 analog input signal i.e. 6 channels.
2) The Arduino UNO ADC has 10 bit resolution.
Laboratory Session#03 Digital Signal Processing
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

3) The Quantization level of Arduino is found to be 1024 (i.e. 210 = 1024)

Arduino UNO ADC Resolution (∆):


We know that;

X max −X min
∆= L−1
The minimum (X Min) and maximum (X Max) value of
Arduino is 0 and 5 respectively.
Quantization Level = 1024
Resolution is found to be;
5−0
∆= 1024−1

∆ = 0.004887 Units / Levels

Question 4:
A 12-bit ADC has input values in the range of 0 – 1 V. Calculate the resolution of ADC.
Answer:
Given that:
No. of bits = 12
X min = 0
X max = 1
∆=?
Formula:

X max −X min
∆= L−1
 Eq. (1)
Solution:
We know that,
L = 2No. of bits
L = 212

L = 4096
To calculate the resolution, we use Eq. (1)
1−0
∆= 4096−1

∆ = 0.0002442 Units / Levels


Laboratory Session#03 Digital Signal Processing
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Question 5:
What do you mean by the term SQNR and ENOB? Discuss it briefly.
Answer
Effective Number of Bits (ENOB):

Effective number of bits (ENOB) is a measure of the dynamic range of an analog-to-digital


converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter, or their associated circuitry. The resolution of
an ADC is specified by the number of bits used to represent the analog value. Ideally, a 12-bit
ADC will have an effective number of bits of almost 12. However, real signals have noise,
and real circuits are imperfect and introduce additional noise and distortion. Those
imperfections reduce the number of bits of accuracy in the ADC. The ENOB describes the
effective resolution of the system in bits. An ADC may have 12-bit resolution, but the
effective number of bits when used in a system may be 9.5.

Sound Quantization to Noise Ratio (SQNR)

Signal-to-noise ratio is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of
a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power
to the noise power, often expressed in decibels.
When a measurement is digitized, the number of bits used to represent the measurement
determines the maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio. This is because the minimum
possible noise level is the error caused by the quantization of the signal, sometimes
called noise. The ratio of signal to quantization noise is called Signal to Quantization Noise
Ratio (SQNR).

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