C Programs By VINOD

/* C program to find the area of a circle, given it’s radius */

#include<stdio.h>
#define PI 3.1416

void main()
{
float r, area;
clrsce();

printf("\n\n enter the radius of circle\n");

scanf("%f", &r);

area = PI * r * r;

printf("\n The area of the circle = %f\n", area);

getch();

/* C program to find the area of a triangle, given 3 sides */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
float a, b, c, s, area;
clrsce();

printf("\n\n enter the values of 3 sides of a triangle\n\n\n");

scanf("%f%f%f", &a, &b, &c);

s=(a+b+c)/2;

area = sqrt(s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c));

printf("\n The area of the triangle = %f\n", area);

getch();

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C Programs By VINOD

Progra to find Gross Salary

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int gs,bs,da,ta;
clrscr();
printf("enter basic salary: ");
scanf("%d",&bs);
=(10*bs)/100;
ta=(12*bs)/100;
gs=bs+da+ta;
printf("gross salary=%d",gs);
getch();
}

Program to find factorial of a number.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int n,i,fact=1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any no: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("Factorial=%d",fact);
getch();
}

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int n,i,sum=0;
clrscr();
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C Programs By VINOD

printf("Enter any no: ");

scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2;i<=n-1;i++)
printf(" 1/%d +",i);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=sum+i;
printf(" 1/%d",n);
printf("\nSum=1/%d",sum+1/n);
getch();
}

/* true.c -- What are in C the values of TRUE and FALSE?

*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("The value of 1<2 is %d\n", (1<2));
printf("The value of 2<1 is %d\n", (2<1));
}

/* fibo.c -- It prints out the first N Fibonacci

numbers.
*/

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
int n; /* The number of fibonacci numbers we will print */
int i; /* The index of fibonacci number to be printed next */
int current; /* The value of the (i)th fibonacci number */
int next; /* The value of the (i+1)th fibonacci number */
int twoaway; /* The value of the (i+2)th fibonacci number */

printf("How many Fibonacci numbers do you want to compute? ");

scanf("%d", &n);
if (n<=0)
printf("The number should be positive.\n");
else {
printf("\n\n\tI \t Fibonacci(I) \n\t=====================\n");
next = current = 1;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
printf("\t%d \t %d\n", i, current);
twoaway = current+next;
current = next;
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C Programs By VINOD

next = twoaway;
}
}
}

/* The output from a run of this program was:

How many Fibonacci numbers do you want to compute? 9

I Fibonacci(I)
=====================
1 1
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 5
6 8
7 13
8 21
9 34

*/

A simple example showing some comparison operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number1 , number2;
printf("Enter the number1 number to compare.\n");
scanf("%d",&number1);
printf("Enter the number2 number to compare.\n");
scanf("%d",&number2);
printf("number1 > number2 has the value %d\n", number1 > number2);
printf("number1 < number2 has the value %d\n", number1 < number2);
printf("number1 == number2 has the value %d\n", number1 == number2);
return 0;
}

Convert MB to KB

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double megabytes , kilobytes;
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C Programs By VINOD

printf("Please enter the amount of megabytes to convert.\n");

scanf("%Lf",&megabytes);
/*convert megabytes to kilobytes*/
kilobytes = megabytes * 1024;
/*convert kilobytes to megabytes*/
/*this is for kilobytes to megabytes*/
/*megabytes = kilobytes / 1024*/
printf("There are %Lf kilobytes in %Lf megabytes.\n",kilobytes,megabytes);

return 0;
}

Program to find your Day of Birth given Date of Birth

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
clrscr();
int d,m,y,year,month,day,i,n;
printf("Enter how many times you want to run this program : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the date : ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&d,&m,&y);
if( d>31 || m>12 || (y<1900 || y>=2000) )
{
printf("INVALID INPUT");
getch();
exit(0);
}
year = y-1900;
year = year/4;
year = year+y-1900;
switch(m)
{
case 1:
case 10:
month = 1;
break;
case 2:
case 3:
case 11:
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C Programs By VINOD

month = 4;
break;
case 7:
case 4:
month = 0;
break;
case 5:
month = 2;
break;
case 6:
month = 5;
break;
case 8:
month = 3;
break;
case 9:
case 12:
month = 6;
break;
}
year = year+month;
year = year+d;
day = year%7;
switch(day)
{
case 0:
printf("Day is SATURDAY");
break;
case 1:
printf("Day is SUNDAY");
break;
case 2:
printf("Day is MONDAY");
break;
case 3:
printf("Day is TUESDAY");
break;
case 4:
printf("Day is WEDNESDAY");
break;
case 5:
printf("Day is THURSDAY");
break;
case 6:
printf("Day is FRIDAY");
break;
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C Programs By VINOD

}
}
getch();
return 0;
}

Program for Decimal to Roman Number conversion

#include<stdio.h>

main()
{
int a,b,c,d,e;
clrscr();
printf("Input a number (between 1-3000):");
scanf("%d",&e);
while (e==0||e>3000)
{
printf ("ERROR: Invalid Input!");
printf ("Enter the number again:");
scanf ("%d",&e);
}
if (e>3000)
printf("Invalid");
a = (e/1000)*1000;
b = ((e/100)%10)*100;
c = ((e/10)%10)*10;
d = ((e/1)%10)*1;

if (a ==1000)
printf("M");
else if (a ==2000)
printf("MM");
else if (a ==3000)
printf("MMM");

if (b == 100)
printf("C");
else if (b == 200)
printf("CC");
else if (b == 300)
printf("CCC");
else if (b == 400)
printf("CD");
else if (b ==500)
printf("D");
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C Programs By VINOD

else if (b == 600)
printf("DC");
else if (b == 700)
printf("DCC");
else if (b ==800)
printf("DCCC");
else if (b == 900)
printf("CM");

if (c == 10)
printf("X");
else if (c == 20)
printf("XX");
else if (c == 30)
printf("XXX");
else if (c == 40)
printf("XL");
else if (c ==50)
printf("L");
else if (c == 60)
printf("LX");
else if (c == 70)
printf("LXX");
else if (c ==80)
printf("LXXX");
else if (c == 90)
printf("XC");

if (d == 1)
printf("I");
else if (d == 2)
printf("II");
else if (d == 3)
printf("III");
else if (d == 4)
printf("IV");
else if (d ==5)
printf("V");
else if (d == 6)
printf("VI");
else if (d == 7)
printf("VII");
else if (d ==8)
printf("VIII");
else if (d == 9)
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C Programs By VINOD

printf("IX");
getch();
}

Factorial series-e^x

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<math.h>
long int factorial(int n);
void main()
{
int x,i;
float s,r;
char c;
clrscr();
printf("You have this series:-1+x/1! + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + x^4/4!..x^x/x!");
printf("To which term you want its sum? ");
scanf("%d",&x);
s=0;
for (i=1;i<=x;i++)
{
s=s+((float)pow(x,i)/(float)factorial(i));
}
printf("The sum of %d terms is %f",x,1+s);
fflush(stdin);
getch();
}

long int factorial(int n)

{
if (n<=1)
return(1);
else
n=n*factorial(n-1);
return(n);
}

Square Root of a number by using simple calculations

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
float a,b,e=0.00001,p,k;
clrscr();
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C Programs By VINOD

do {
printf(" PROGRAM TO FIND SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER");
printf("ENTER A NUMBER(-1 to Quit) :");
scanf("%f",&k);

a=k;
p=a*a;
while(p-k>=e)
{
b=(a+(k/a))/2;
a=b;
p=a*a;
}
printf("SQUARE ROOT IS = %f",a);
getch();
clrscr();
}while(k!=-1);
getch();
}

Volumes & Areas

/PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AREA,VOLUME,PERIMETER OF A PARTICULAR

GEOMETRIC SHAPE/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define PI 3.14159
char ch;
main()
{

clrscr();

intro();
getch();

clrscr();
do
{
ch=menu();
switch(ch)
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C Programs By VINOD

{
case 'a':
case 'A':
clrscr();
square();
getch();
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
clrscr();
rect();
getch();
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
clrscr();
circl();
getch();
break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
clrscr();
tri();
getch();
break;
case 'e':
case 'E':
clrscr();
rom();
getch();
break;
case 'f':
case 'F':
clrscr();
para();
getch();
break;

case 'g':
case 'G':
clrscr();
tra();
getch();
break;
case 'h':
case 'H':
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C Programs By VINOD

clrscr();
qua();
getch();
break;
case 'i':
case 'I':
clrscr();
semicir();
getch();
break;
case 'j':
case 'J':
clrscr();
msector();
getch();
break;

case 'k':
case 'K':
clrscr();
sphere();
getch();
break;
case 'l':
case 'L':
clrscr();
cone();
getch();
break;
case 'm':
case 'M':
clrscr();
cyll();
getch();
break;

case 'n':
case 'N':
clrscr();
cube();
getch();
break;
case 'o':
case 'O':
clrscr();
cuboid();
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C Programs By VINOD

getch();
break;
case 'p':
case 'P':
clrscr();
hemisphe();
getch();
break;

case 'q':
case 'Q':
exit(1);
}
} while(ch!='Q'||ch!='q');
getch();
}
intro()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("");
textcolor(2);

cprintf("#######################################################################
#########");
textcolor(4);
printf("PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AREAS , VOLUMES ,
CIRCUMFERENCES ");
printf("=====================================================");
printf("OF VARIOUS GEOMETRIC SHAPES");
printf("===========================");
textcolor(2);

cprintf("#################################################################
###############");
getch();

}
menu()
{
clrscr();
textcolor(7);
printf(" MENU
Two Dimensional Shapes.

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C Programs By VINOD

-----------------------

A.SQUARE
B.RECTANGLE

C.CIRCLE
D.TRIANGLE

E.RHOMBUS
F.PARALLELOGRAM

G.TRAPEZIUM
H.QUADRILATERAL.

I.SEMICERCLE
J.SECTOR
");
printf(" Three Dimensional Shapes.

-------------------------

K.SPHERE
L.CONE
M.CYLLINDER

N.CUBE
O.CUBOID
P.HEMISPHERE

Q.QUIT
Enter Your Choice :");
scanf("%c",&ch);
return(ch);
}

/***** SUB FUNCTIONS *****/

/***** 2 D SHAPES *****/

square()
{
float s,a,p;int i,j;
printf(" Enter side of square:");
scanf("%f",&s);
a=s*s;
p=4*s;
printf("
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C Programs By VINOD

Perimeter of square : %.3f units",p);

printf("
Area of square : %.3f sq.units",a);
printf("Square is ...");
for(i=1;i<=s;i++)
{
textcolor(10);
for(j=1;j<=s;j++)
cprintf("ÛÛ");
printf("
");
}
return(0);
}
rect()
{
float a,p,l,b; int i,j;
printf("Enter length and breadth of rectangle:Length:");
scanf("%f",&l);
printf("Breadth:");
scanf("%f",&b);
a=l*b;
p=2*(l+b);
printf(" Perimeter of rectangle : %.3f units",p);
printf("Area of rectangle : %.3f sq.units",a);
printf("Rectangle is...");
for(i=1;i<=b;i++)
{
textcolor(4);
for(j=1;j<=l;j++)
cprintf("ÛÛ");
printf("");
}
return(0);
}
tri()
{
float area,p;
float a,b,c,s;
printf("Enter three sides of triangle:");
scanf( "%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
p=a+b+c;
s=p/2;
area=sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
printf("Perimeter of triangle : %.3f units",p);
printf(“Area of a triangle : %.3f sq.units",area);
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C Programs By VINOD

}
rom()
{
float s,d1,d2,a,p;
printf("Enter side and diagonals of a rhombus:Side:");
scanf("%f",&s);
printf("Diagonal :");scanf("%f",&d1);
printf("Diagonal :");scanf("%f",&d2);
a=0.5*d1*d2;
p=4*s;
printf("Perimeter of rhombus :%.3f units",p);
printf("Area of rhombus :%.3f sq.units",a);
}
circl()
{
float r,a,p;
printf("Enter radius of circle:");
scanf("%f",&r);
a=PI * r * r;
p=2 * PI * r;
printf("Circumference of circle : %.3f units",p);
printf("Area of circle : %.3f sq.units",a);
}
para()
{
float a,p,base,h,l,b;
printf("Enter height,length,breadth of parallalogram :" );
printf("Height :"); scanf("%f",&h);
printf("Base or Length :"); scanf("%f",&l);
printf("Breadth :"); scanf("%f",&b);
base=l;
a=base*h;
p=2 * ( l + b );
printf("Perimeter of parallalogram :%.3f units",p);
printf("Area of parallogram :%.3f sq.units",a);

tra()
{
float a,b,d,are;
printf("Enter height and lengths of two parallel sides:Height :");
scanf("%f",&d);
printf("Side:"); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Side:"); scanf("%f",&b);
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C Programs By VINOD

are=0.5 * d * (a+b);
printf("Area of trapezium : %.3f sq.units",are);
}
qua()
{
float a,b,area,d;
printf("Enter diagonal and perpendicular distances from opposite vertices:");
printf("Diagonal :"); scanf("%f",&d);
printf("Distance :"); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Distance :");scanf("%f",&b);
area= 0.5 * d * (a + b);
printf("Area of quadrilateral : %.3f sq.units", area);
}
semicir()
{
float a,p,r;
printf("Enter radius of semicircle:");
scanf("%f",&r);
a=0.5* PI * r * r;
p= (PI * r ) + (2 * r);
printf(“Circumference of semicircle : %.3f units",p);
printf("Area of semicircle : %.3f sq.units",a);
}

msector()
{
float x,r,temp,a,p;
printf("Enter radius and angle of sector:");
printf("Radius :");
scanf("%f",&r);
printf("Angle(in degrees) :");
scanf("%f",&x);
temp= x/360;
a= temp * (PI * r * r);
p= temp * (2 * PI * r);
printf("Circumference of sector : %.3f units",p);
printf("Area of sector : %.3f sq.units",a);
}

/******** 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPES *********/

sphere()
{
float lsa,tsa,v,r;
printf("Enter radius of sphere :");
scanf("%f",&r);
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C Programs By VINOD

tsa=4*PI*r*r;
v=(4.0/3.0)*PI*r*r*r;
printf("Total surface area of sphere :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Volume of sphere :%.3f cu.units",v);
}
cone()
{
float h,r,s ,v,tsa,lsa;
printf("Enter base radius ,height, slant height of cone :");
printf("Radius :"); scanf("%f",&r);
printf("Height :"); scanf("%f",&h);
printf("Slant height :"); scanf("%f",&s);
tsa=PI * r *(s+r);
lsa=PI * r * s;
v=(PI * r * r * h)/3;
printf("Total surface area of cone :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Lateral surface area of cone :%.3f sq.units",lsa);
printf("Volume of cone :%.3f cu.units",v);
}
cyll()
{
float lsa,tsa,v,r,h;
printf("Enter height and radius of cyllinder");
printf("Height :"); scanf("%f",&h);
printf("Radius :"); scanf("%f",&r);
lsa=2*PI*r*h;
tsa=2*PI*r*(h+r);
v=PI*r*r*h;
printf("Total surface area of cyllinder :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Curved surface area of cyllinder :%.3f sq.units",lsa);
printf("Volume of cyllinder :%.3f cu.units",v);
}
cube()
{
float lsa,tsa,v,s,d;
printf("Enter side of cube :");
scanf("%f",&s);
d=s*sqrt(3);
lsa=4 * s * s;
tsa=6 * s * s;
v= s * s * s;
printf("Diagonal of cube :%.3f units",d);
printf("Total surface area of cube :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Lateral surface area of cube :%.3f sq.units",lsa);
printf("Volume of cube :%.3f cu.units",v);
}
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C Programs By VINOD

cuboid()
{
float lsa,tsa,v,l,b,d,h;
printf("Enter length,breadth,height of cuboid :");
printf("Length :"); scanf("%f",&l);
printf("Breadth :"); scanf("%f",&b);
printf("Height :"); scanf("%f",&h);
d=sqrt(l*l + b*b + h*h );
lsa =2 * h *( l+b );
tsa = lsa + 2 * l * b;
v=l*b*h;
printf("Diagonal of cuboid :%.3f units",d);
printf("Total surface area of cuboid :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Lateral surface area of cuboid :%.3f sq.units",lsa);
printf("Volume of cuboid :%.3f cu.units",v);
}
hemisphe()
{
float lsa,tsa,v,r;
printf("Enter radius of hemisphere :");
scanf("%f",&r);
tsa=3*PI*r*r;
lsa=2*PI*r*r;
v=(2.0/3.0)*PI*r*r*r;
printf("Total surface area of hemisphere :%.3f sq.units",tsa);
printf("Lateral surface area of hemisphere :%.3f sq.units",lsa);
printf("Volume of hemisphere :%.3f cu.units",v);
}

/*simple program for “if statement”*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
if(3+2%5)
printf("This Works\n");

if(a=10)
printf("This Works\n");

if(-5)
printf("This Works\n");

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C Programs By VINOD

getch();
}

/* program to find a number is positive or negative*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a Number..\n");
scanf("%d", &a);
if(a >=0)
printf("%d is positive\n");
else
printf("%d is negative\n");
getch();
}

/*program to find a number is even or odd*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;

clrscr();

printf("Enter a Number..\n");
scanf("%d", &a);

if(a%2 == 0)
printf("%d is even\n");

else
printf("%d is odd\n");

getch();
}

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C Programs By VINOD

/* program to find grade of a student*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float avg;

clrscr();

printf("enter your total average..\n");

scanf("%f", &avg);

if(avg>=85.0)
printf("Distinction\n");

else if(avg>=60.0 && avg<=84.99)

printf("First Class\n");

else if(avg>=50.0 && avg<=59.99)

printf("Second Class\n");

else if(avg>=35.0 && avg<=40.99)

printf("Third Class\n");

else
printf("You Fail\n");

getch();
}

/* program to find largest of 3 numbers */

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;

clrscr();

printf("Enter 3 Numbers..\n");
scanf("%d%d%d", &a,&b,&c);

printf("The Largest Number Is = ");

if(a > b)
{
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C Programs By VINOD

if(a > c)
printf("%d\n", a);
else
printf("%d\n",c);
}
else
{
if(b > c)
printf("%d\n", b);
else
printf("%d\n",c);
}

getch();
}

/*Prg. to correct rudimentary syntax errors*/

#include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
#define NULL 0
FILE *fpt;
void main()
{
int c1=0,c2=0,c3=0,c4=0,c5=0;
char c,name[20],z;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the name of file to be checked :- ");
gets(name);
fpt=fopen(name,"r");
if (fpt==NULL)
printf("ERROR - can/'t open file %s",name);
else
{
while ((c=getc(fpt))!=EOF)
{
if (c=='(')
c1=c1+1;
if (c==')')
c1=c1-1;
if (c=='[')
c2=c2+1;
if (c==']')
c2=c2-1;
if (c=='')
{
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C Programs By VINOD

if (c1!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced parenthesis ()");
if (c2!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced brackets []");
}
if (c=='{')
c3=c3+1;
if (c=='}')
c3=c3-1;
if ((int)c==39)
{
if (c1!=0)
{
if (c4==0)
c4=c4+1;
else
c4=c4-1;
}
else
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced ' ");
}
if ((int)c==34)
{
if (c1!=0)
{
if (c5==0)
c5=c5+1;
else
c5=c5-1;
}
else
{
z=(char)34;
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced %c ",z);
}
}
}
}

if (c1!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced parenthesis ()");
if (c2!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced brackets []");
if (c3!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced braces {}");
if (c4!=0)
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C Programs By VINOD

printf("ERROR - Unbalanced ' ");

if (c5!=0)
printf("ERROR - Unbalanced ' ");

if (c1==0 && c2==0 && c3==0 && c4==0 && c5==0)

printf("Program is up to date. WELL DONE!");
fclose(fpt);
getch();
}

/*Prg. to count no. of characters,no. of blanks,no. of words & no.

of lines in a multi line string*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c,choice;
int nc=0,nb=0,nw=1,nl=1,count,i/*,flag=1*/;
clrscr();
scanf("%c",&choice);

printf("ENTER STRING:- ");

printf("String will be terminated when you press Ctrl-Z.");
printf("STRING:- ");
while ((c=getchar())!=EOF)
{
switch(1)
{
case 1:

if (c==EOF||c==' '||c=='')
;
else
nc=nc+1;

case 2:
if (c==' ')
{
nc=nc+1;
nb=nb+1;
while((c=getchar())==' ')
{
nb=nb+1;
nc=nc+1;
24
C Programs By VINOD

if (c!=' ')
{
nc=nc+1;
nw=nw+1;
}
}

case 3:
if(c=='')
{
nc=nc+1;
nb=nb+1;
nw=nw+1;
nl=nl+1;
}
}
}
printf("no. of characters is %d",nc);
printf("no. of blanks is %d",nb);
printf("no. of words is %d",nw);
printf("no. of lines is %d",nl);

fflush(stdin);
printf ("Do you want to continue?(y/n):- ");
scanf("%c",&choice);

getch();
}

/*Prg. to sort any no. of numeral i-p in ascending or descending order.*/

void sort(void);
int c,a[20],l;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of elements in the list:- ");
scanf ("%d",&l);
printf("CHOICE:-");
printf("(1) Sort in ascending order.");
printf("(2) Sort in descending order.");
printf("CHOICE:- ");
scanf("%d",&c);
if (c!=1 && c!=2)
25
C Programs By VINOD

{
printf("ERROR");
getch();
exit(0);
}
sort();
getch();
}

void sort(void)
{
int n,i,j,temp=0,min,k;
for (i=1;i<=l;i++)
{
printf("Enter no.:- ");
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for (i=1;i<=(l-1);i++)
{
min=a[i];
k=i;
for (j=(i+1);j<=l;j++)
{
if (a[j]<min)
{
min=a[j];
k=j;
}
}
temp=a[k];
a[k]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
}

switch(c)
{
case 1:
printf("Elements in ascending order are:-");
for (i=1;i<=l;i++)
printf("%d",a[i]);
break;
case 2:
printf("Elements in descending order are:-");
for (i=l;i>=1;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
26
C Programs By VINOD

break;
default:
printf("ERROR");
}
return;
}

/*Printint a double */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(void)
{

int i,j,k,l,b,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(l=0;l<i;l++)
printf("\n");
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
printf("%d",j);
for(k=n-1;k>i;k--)
printf("%d",k);
}
b=n-1;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(l=n-2;l>i;l--)
printf("\n");
for(j=b;j<=n;j++)
printf("%d",j);
for(k=n-1;k>=b;k--)
printf("%d",k);
b--;
}
getch();
}

/*Program for Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Conversions*/

27
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program for Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Conversions*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>

void bd();
void db();
void doc();
void dh();
void od();
void ob();
void bo();
void bh();
void hb();
void hd();
void oh();
void ho();

void main()
{
int n;
char c;
begin:
clrscr();
printf(" ****MAIN MENU****");
printf("Enter your choise.(1-12)");
printf("1. Binary to Decimal.");
printf("2. Decimal to Binary.");
printf("3. Decimal to Octal.");
printf("4. Decimal to Hexadecimal.");
printf("5. Octal to Decimal.");
printf("6. Octal to Binary.");
printf("7. Binary to Octal.");
printf("8. Binary to Hexadecimal.");
printf("9. Hexadecimal to Binary.");
printf("10. Hexadecimal to Decimal.");
printf("11. Octal to Hexadecimal.");
printf("12. Hexadecimal to Octal.");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n<1 || n>12)
printf("Invalid Choise");
if(n==1)
bd();
else if(n==2)
28
C Programs By VINOD

db();
else if(n==3)
doc();
else if(n==4)
{
long a;
clrscr();
printf("Conversion from Decimal to Hexadecimal");
printf("Enter the decimal number.");
scanf("%ld",&a);
dh(a);
}
else if(n==5)
od();
else if(n==6)
ob();
else if(n==7)
bo();
else if(n==8)
bh();
else if(n==9)
hb();
else if(n==10)
hd();
else if(n==11)
{
unsigned long n,i=0,a,p=1,t=0;
clrscr();
printf("Conversion from Octal to Hexadecimal.");
printf("Enter a Octal number");
scanf("%ld",&n);
i=0;
while(n!=0)
{
a=n%10;
if(a>7)
t=1;
n=n/10;
i=i+a*p;
p=p*8;
}
if(t==0)
{
printf("Hexadecimal eq=");
oh(i);
}
29
C Programs By VINOD

else if(t==1)
printf("Numbert entered is not octal.");
}
else if(n==12)
ho();
printf("Do you Wish to continue(Y/N)");
scanf("%s",&c);
c=toupper(c);
if(c=='Y')
goto begin;
getch();
}

void bd()
{
int n,b=0,a[6],i=0,t=0;
clrscr();
printf("Conversion from Binary to Decimal");
printf("Enter Binary Number");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
a[i]=n%10;
n=n/10;
if(a[i]!=1 && a[i]!=0)
t=1;
i++;
}
a[i]=2;
n=1;
for(i=0;a[i]!=2;i++)
{
b=b+a[i]*n;
n=n*2;
}
if(t==0)
printf("Decimal Equivalent=%d",b);
else if(t==1)
printf("Entered number is not binary.");

void db()
{
int dec,bin,n,i=0,a[10];
clrscr();
30
C Programs By VINOD

printf("Conversion from Decimal to Binary");

printf("Input decimal no.");
scanf("%d",&dec);
do
{
a[i]=dec%2;
dec=dec/2;
i++;
}while(dec!=0);
for(n=i-1;n>=0;n--)
printf("%d",a[n]);
}

void doc()
{
int n,i,a[10];
clrscr();
printf("Conversion from Decimal to Octal");
printf("Enter a Decimal number");
scanf("%d",&n);
i=0;
printf("Octal equavalent of %d is ",n);
while(n!=0)
{
a[i]=n%8;
n=n/8;
i++;
}
i--;
for(;i>=0;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
}

void dh(long n)
{
long i;
if(n>0)
{
i=n%16;
n=n/16;
dh(n);
if(i>=10)
{
switch(i)
{
case 10:
31
C Programs By VINOD

printf("A");
break;
case 11:
printf("B");
break;
case 12:
printf("C");
break;
case 13:
printf("D");
break;
case 14:
printf("E");
break;
case 15:
printf("F");
break;
}
}
else
printf("%ld",i);
}
}

void od()
{
unsigned long n,i=0,a,p=1,t=0;
clrscr();
printf("Conversion from Octal to Decimal");
printf("Enter a Octal number");
scanf("%ld",&n);
i=0;
printf("Decimal equavalent of %ld",n);
while(n!=0)
{
a=n%10;
if(a>7)
t=1;
n=n/10;
i=i+a*p;
p=p*8;
}
if(t==0)
printf("= %ld",i);
else if(t==1)
printf(" can't be calculated because it is not an Octal Number.");
32
C Programs By VINOD

void ob()
{
int n,a[6],i=0,t=0;
clrscr();
printf("Convertion from Octal to Binary.");
printf("Enter an Octal Number.");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
a[i]=n%10;
n=n/10;
if(a[i]>7)
t=1;
i++;
}
i--;
if(t==0)
for(;i>=0;i--)
{
switch(a[i])
{
case 0:
printf("000");
break;
case 1:
printf("001");
break;
case 2:
printf("010");
break;
case 3:
printf("011");
break;
case 4:
printf("100");
break;
case 5:
printf("101");
break;
case 6:
printf("110");
break;
case 7:
printf("111");
33
C Programs By VINOD

break;
}
}
if(t==1)
printf("Not a Octal number");
}

void bo()
{
int i=0,a[5],t=0;
long int n;
clrscr();
printf("Convertion From Binary to Octal");
printf("Enter a Binary number");
scanf("%ld",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
a[i]=n%1000;
n=n/1000;
if(a[i]>111)
t=1;
i++;
}
i--;
if(t==0)
for(;i>=0;i--)
{
switch(a[i])
{
case 0:
printf("0");
break;
case 1:
printf("1");
break;
case 10:
printf("2");
break;
case 11:
printf("3");
break;
case 100:
printf("4");
break;
case 101:
printf("5");
34
C Programs By VINOD

break;
case 110:
printf("6");
break;
case 111:
printf("7");
break;
default:
printf("Entered number is not binary.Printed value is notcorrect.");
break;
}
}
if(t==1)
printf("Number is not Binary");
}

void bh()
{
int i=0,a[5],t=0;
long int n;
clrscr();
printf("Convertion from Binary to Hexadecimal");
printf("Enter a Binary number");
scanf("%ld",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
a[i]=n%10000;
n=n/10000;
if(a[i]>1111)
t=1;
i++;
}
i--;
if(t==0)
for(;i>=0;i--)
{
switch(a[i])
{
case 0:
printf("0");
break;
case 1:
printf("1");
break;
case 10:
printf("2");
35
C Programs By VINOD

break;
case 11:
printf("3");
break;
case 100:
printf("4");
break;
case 101:
printf("5");
break;
case 110:
printf("6");
break;
case 111:
printf("7");
break;
case 1000:
printf("8");
break;
case 1001:
printf("9");
break;
case 1010:
printf("A");
break;
case 1011:
printf("B");
break;
case 1100:
printf("C");
break;
case 1101:
printf("D");
break;
case 1110:
printf("E");
break;
case 1111:
printf("F");
break;
default:
printf("Entered number is not binary.Printed value is notcorrect.");
break;
}
}
if(t==1)
36
C Programs By VINOD

printf("Number is not Binary");

}

void hb()
{
int i;
char s[20];
clrscr();
printf("Convertion from Hexadecimal to Binary");

printf("Enter a Hexadecimal number");

scanf("%s",s);
/*gets(s);*/
printf("Binary Equivalent=");
for(i=0;s[i]!=NULL;i++)
{
switch(s[i])
{
case '0':
printf("0000");
break;
case '1':
printf("0001");
break;
case '2':
printf("0010");
break;
case '3':
printf("0011");
break;
case '4':
printf("0100");
break;
case '5':
printf("0101");
break;
case '6':
printf("0110");
break;
case '7':
printf("0111");
break;
case '8':
printf("1000");
break;
case '9':
37
C Programs By VINOD

printf("1001");
break;
case 'a':
case 'A':
printf("1010");
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
printf("1011");
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
printf("1100");
break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
printf("1101");
break;
case 'e':
case 'E':
printf("1110");
break;
case 'f':
case 'F':
printf("1111");
break;
default:
printf("Entered number is not Hexadecimal.Printed value is notcorrect.");
break;
}
}
}

void hd()
{
int i,a[20];
unsigned long int h=0,m=1;
char s[20];
clrscr();
printf("Convertion from Hexadecimal to Decimal");
printf("Enter a Hexadecimal number");
scanf("%s",s);
printf("Decimal Equivalent=");
for(i=0;s[i]!=NULL;i++)
{
switch(s[i])
38
C Programs By VINOD

{
case '0':
a[i]=0;
break;
case '1':
a[i]=1;
break;
case '2':
a[i]=2;
break;
case '3':
a[i]=3;
break;
case '4':
a[i]=4;
break;
case '5':
a[i]=5;
break;
case '6':
a[i]=6;
break;
case '7':
a[i]=7;
break;
case '8':
a[i]=8;
break;
case '9':
a[i]=9;
break;
case 'a':
case 'A':
a[i]=10;
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
a[i]=11;
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
a[i]=12;
break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
a[i]=13;
39
C Programs By VINOD

break;
case 'e':
case 'E':
a[i]=14;
break;
case 'f':
case 'F':
a[i]=15;
break;
default:
printf("Entered number is not Hexadecimal.Printed value is notcorrect.");
break;
}
}
i--;
for(;i>=0;i--)
{
h=h+a[i]*m;
m=m*16;
}
printf("%ld ",h);
}

void oh(long n)
{
long i;
if(n>0)
{
i=n%16;
n=n/16;
oh(n);
if(i>=10)
{
switch(i)
{
case 10:
printf("A");
break;
case 11:
printf("B");
break;
case 12:
printf("C");
break;
case 13:
printf("D");
40
C Programs By VINOD

break;
case 14:
printf("E");
break;
case 15:
printf("F");
break;
}
}
else
printf("%ld",i);
}
}

void ho()
{
int i,a[20];
unsigned long int h=0,m=1;
char s[20];
clrscr();
printf("Convertion from Hexadecimal to Octal");
printf("Enter a Hexadecimal number");
scanf("%s",s);
/* Converting hex to dec first*/
for(i=0;s[i]!=NULL;i++)
{
switch(s[i])
{
case '0':
a[i]=0;
break;
case '1':
a[i]=1;
break;
case '2':
a[i]=2;
break;
case '3':
a[i]=3;
break;
case '4':
a[i]=4;
break;
case '5':
a[i]=5;
break;
41
C Programs By VINOD

case '6':
a[i]=6;
break;
case '7':
a[i]=7;
break;
case '8':
a[i]=8;
break;
case '9':
a[i]=9;
break;
case 'a':
case 'A':
a[i]=10;
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
a[i]=11;
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
a[i]=12;
break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
a[i]=13;
break;
case 'e':
case 'E':
a[i]=14;
break;
case 'f':
case 'F':
a[i]=15;
break;
default:
printf("Entered number is not Hexadecimal.Printed value is notcorrect.");
break;
}
}
i--;
for(;i>=0;i--)
{
h=h+a[i]*m;
m=m*16;
42
C Programs By VINOD

}
/* Now convering from decimal to octal (h)*/
i=0;
printf("Octal equavalent=");
while(h!=0)
{
a[i]=h%8;
h=h/8;
i++;
}
i--;
for(;i>=0;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
}

/*Program for computing Area, Volume and Perimeter of Rrectangle using

function with looping*/

#include <stdio.h>

void inputoutput ()
{
int comp,ans;
clrscr ();
printf ("choose please: 1=perimeter,2=area,3=volume] ?: ");
scanf ("%d",&comp);
if (comp==1)
{
int le, wi;
printf ("Enter the length: ");
scanf ("%d",&le);
printf ("Enter the width: ");
scanf ("%d",&wi);
printf ("P=%d",perimeter(le,wi));
}
else if (comp==2)
{
int le, wi;
printf ("Enter the length: ");
scanf ("%d",&le);
printf ("Enter the width: ");
scanf ("%d",&wi);
printf ("A=%d", area(le,wi));
}
else if (comp==3)
{
43
C Programs By VINOD

int length,width,height;
printf ("Enter lenght: ");
scanf ("%d",&length);
printf ("Enter width: ");
scanf ("%d",&width);
printf ("Enter height: ");
scanf ("%d",&height);
printf ("V=%d",volume (length,width,height));
}

else inputoutput ();

printf ("Do you want to continue? [Yes=1/No=0]: ");
scanf ("%d",&ans);
if (ans==1)
inputoutput ();
else printf ("GOOD BYE");
}
int perimeter (int l, int w)
{
int per;
per=(l*2)+(w*2);
return (per);

}
int area (int le, int wi)
{
int are;
are=le*wi;
return (are);
}
int volume (int length, int width, int height)
{
int vol;

vol=(length*width*height);
return (vol);
}

main ()
{
clrscr ();
inputoutput ();
getch ();
}
44
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program for finding the prime numbers*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,m,k,i,max;
char c;
clrscr();
repeat: max=0;
k=2;
n=1;
printf("You want prime numbers upto:- ");
scanf("%d",&max);
printf("");
for (i=1;i<=max;i++)
{
again: m=(n/k)*k;
if (m!=n)
k=k+1;
else
goto try1;
if (k < n/2)
goto again;
else
printf("%d",n);
printf(" ");
try1: n=n+1;
k=2;
}
fflush(stdin);
printf ("Do you want to continue?(y/n):- ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='y')
goto repeat;
getch();

/*Program for finding the sum of digits of a five digit number*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
45
C Programs By VINOD

{
int n,o,p,q,r,s;
char c;
clrscr();
repeat: s=0;
printf("Enter a five digit no.:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
o=n%10000;
p=o%1000;
q=p%100;
r=q%10;
s=(n/10000)+(o/1000)+(p/100)+(q/10)+r;
printf("The sum of its digits is %d.",s);
fflush(stdin);
printf ("Do you want to continue?(y/n):- ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='y')
goto repeat;
getch();
}

/*Program for Prime Number Generation*/

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,i=1,j,c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Number Of Terms");
printf("Prime Numbers Are Follwing");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
c=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
c++;
}
if(c==2)
printf("%d ",i);
i++;
}
getch();
}
46
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program Implementing the rot13 algorithm*/

#include<stdio.h>
#define ROT 13

int main(void)
{
int c,e;

while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
{
if(c >='A' && c <='Z')
{
if((e = c + ROT) <= 'Z')
putchar(e);
else
{
e = c - ROT;
putchar(e);
}
}
else if(c >='a' && c <='z')
{
if((e= c + ROT) <= 'z')
putchar(e);
else
{
e = c - ROT;
putchar(e);
}
}
else
putchar(c);
}

return 0;
}

/*Program of Falling Characters*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<string.h>
47
C Programs By VINOD

void main()
{
int i,j,l,t;
char y[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string");
gotoxy(2,2);
gets(y);
l=strlen(y);
t=1;
for(j=0;j<l;j++,t++)
{
for(i=3;i<=24;i++)
{
clrscr();
puts(y);
gotoxy(t,i);
printf("%c",y[j]);
delay(100);
}
}
clrscr();
getch();
}

/*Program to calculate frequency of vowels in a string*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=0,e=0,i=0,o=0,u=0,sum=0;
char c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter string:- ");
printf("String will be terminated if you press Ctrl-Z & then ENTER.");
printf("STRING:- ");
while ((c=getchar())!=EOF)
{
if (c=='a'||c=='A')
a=a+1;
if (c=='e'||c=='E')
e=e+1;
if (c=='i'||c=='I')
i=i+1;
if (c=='o'||c=='O')
48
C Programs By VINOD

o=o+1;
if (c=='u'||c=='U')
u=u+1;
}
sum=a+e+i+o+u;
printf("Frequency of vowel 'a' is %d.",a);
printf("Frequency of vowel 'e' is %d.",e);
printf("Frequency of vowel 'i' is %d.",i);
printf("Frequency of vowel 'o' is %d.",o);
printf("Frequency of vowel 'u' is %d.",u);
printf("Total no. of vowels in the text is %d.",sum);
printf("HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

/*Program to Calculate the Pascal triangle*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10][10];
int i,j,c,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter how many lines do you want");
scanf("%d",&n);
a[1][1]=1;
printf("%5d",a[1][1]);
a[2][1]=1;a[2][2]=2;a[2][3]=1;
printf("%d %d %d",a[2][1],a[2][2],a[2][3]);
for(i=3;i<=n;i++)
{
a[i][1]=1;
printf("%d",a[i][1]);
j=2;c=3;
while(j<=i)
{
a[i][j]=a[i-1][c-1]+a[i-1][c-2];
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
c=c+1;
j=j+1;
}
a[i][j]=1;
printf("%d",a[i][j]);
}
getch();
49
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program to calculate the sum of series*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
long int factorial(int n);
void main()
{
int n,i;
float s,r;
char c;
clrscr();
repeat : printf("You have this series:- 1/1! + 2/2! + 3/3! + 4/4! ...");
printf("To which term you want its sum? ");
scanf("%d",&n);
s=0;
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ s=s+((float)i/(float)factorial(i)); }
printf("The sum of %d terms is %f",n,s);
fflush(stdin);
printf ("Do you want to continue?(y/n):- ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='y')
goto repeat;
getch();
}

long int factorial(int n)

{
if (n<=1)
return(1);
else
n=n*factorial(n-1);
return(n);
}

/*Factorial Function*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
long int factorial(int n);
void main()
50
C Programs By VINOD

{
int n,i;
float s,r;
char c;
clrscr();
repeat : printf("You have this series:- 1/1! + 2/2! + 3/3! + 4/4!..");
printf("To which term you want its sum? ");
scanf("%d",&n);
s=0;
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
s=s+((float)i/(float)factorial(i));
}
printf("The sum of %d terms is %f",n,s);
fflush(stdin);
printf ("Do you want to continue?(y/n):- ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='y')
goto repeat;
getch();
}

long int factorial(int n)

{
if (n<=1)
return(1);
else
n=n*factorial(n-1);
return(n);
}

/* Prg. to convert upper case to lower case or lower case to upper case
depending on the name it is invoked with as found in argument.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void lower_to_upper();
void upper_to_lower();
void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("Please enter your choice.");
printf("(1) for upper to lower conversion.");
printf("(2) for lower to upper conversion.");
51
C Programs By VINOD

printf("CHOICE:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch (n)
{
case 1:
{
printf("Please enter a string in upper case.");
printf("String will be terminated if you press Ctrl-Z.");
printf("STRING:- ");
upper_to_lower();
break;
}

case 2:
{
printf("Please enter a string in lower case.");
printf("String will be terminated if you press Ctrl-Z.");
printf("STRING:- ");
lower_to_upper();
break;
}
default:
printf("ERROR");
}
printf("HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}
void upper_to_lower()
{
int i,j;
char c4[80],c3;
for (i=0;(c3=getchar())!=EOF;i++)
c4[i]=(c3>='A' && c3<='Z')?('a' + c3 -'A'):c3;
printf("The lower case equivalent is ");
for (j=0;j<i;j++)
putchar(c4[j]);
return;
}

void lower_to_upper()
{
int i,j;
char c2[80],c1;
for (i=0;(c1=getchar())!=EOF;i++)
c2[i]=(c1>='a' && c1<='z')?('A' + c1 -'a'):c1;
printf("The upper case equivalent is ");
52
C Programs By VINOD

for (j=0;j<i;j++)
putchar(c2[j]);
return;
}

/*Program to compute difference between two dates*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int day1,mon1,year1,day2,mon2,year2;
int ref,dd1,dd2,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first day, month, year");
scanf("%d%d%d",&day1,&mon1,&year1);
scanf("%d%d%d",&day2,&mon2,&year2);
ref = year1;
if(year2<year1)
ref = year2;
dd1=0;
dd1=func1(mon1);
for(i=ref;i<year1;i++)
{
if(i%4==0)
dd1+=1;
}
dd1=dd1+day1+(year1-ref)*365;
printf("No. of days of first date fronm the Jan 1 %d= %d",year1,dd1);
/* Count for additional days due to leap years*/
dd2=0;
for(i=ref;i<year2;i++)
{
if(i%4==0)
dd2+=1;
}
dd2=func1(mon2)+dd2+day2+((year2-ref)*365);
printf("No. of days from the reference year's first Jan = %d",dd2);
printf("Therefore, diff between the two dates is %d",abs(dd2-dd1));

getch();
}

53
C Programs By VINOD

int func1(x) /*x for month y for dd*/

{ int y=0;
switch(x)
{
case 1: y=0; break;
case 2: y=31; break;
case 3: y=59; break;
case 4: y=90; break;
case 5: y=120;break;
case 6: y=151; break;
case 7: y=181; break;
case 8: y=212; break;
case 9: y=243; break;
case 10:y=273; break;
case 11:y=304; break;
case 12:y=334; break;
default: printf("Error encountered"); exit(1);
}
return(y);
}

Prg. to sort any no. of numeral i-p in ascending or descending order.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void sort(void);
int c,a[20],l;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of elements in the list:- ");
scanf ("%d",&l);
printf("CHOICE:-");
printf("(1) Sort in ascending order.");
printf("(2) Sort in descending order.");
printf("CHOICE:- ");
scanf("%d",&c);
if (c!=1 && c!=2)
{
printf("ERROR");
getch();
exit(0);
}
sort();
getch();

54
C Programs By VINOD

void sort(void)
{
int n,i,j,temp=0,min,k;
for (i=1;i<=l;i++)
{
printf("Enter no.:- ");
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for (i=1;i<=(l-1);i++)
{
min=a[i];
k=i;
for (j=(i+1);j<=l;j++)
{
if (a[j]<min)
{
min=a[j];
k=j;
}
}
temp=a[k];
a[k]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
}

switch(c)
{
case 1:
printf("Elements in ascending order are:-");
for (i=1;i<=l;i++)
printf("%d",a[i]);
break;
case 2:
printf("Elements in descending order are:-");
for (i=l;i>=1;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
break;
default:
printf("ERROR");
}
return;
}

/*Merge sort*/

#include<stdio.h>

void getdata(int arr[],int n)

{
int i;

55
C Programs By VINOD

printf("enter the data:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
}

void display(int arr[],int n)

{
int i;
printf("");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
}
getchar();
}

void sort(int arr[],int low,int mid,int high)

{
int i,j,k,l,b[20];
l=low;
i=low;
j=mid+1;
while((l<=mid)&&(j<=high))
{
if(arr[l]<=arr[j])
{
b[i]=arr[l];
l++;
}
else
{
b[i]=arr[j];
j++;
}
i++;
}
if(l>mid)
{
for(k=j;k<=high;k++)
{
b[i]=arr[k];
i++;
}
}
else
{
for(k=l;k<=mid;k++)
{
b[i]=arr[k];
i++;
}
}
for(k=low;k<=high;k++)

56
C Programs By VINOD

{
arr[k]=b[k];
}
}

void partition(int arr[],int low,int high)

{
int mid;
if(low<high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
partition(arr,low,mid);
partition(arr,mid+1,high);
sort(arr,low,mid,high);
}
}

void main()
{
int arr[20];
int n;
printf("Enter number of data:");
scanf("%d",&n);
getdata(arr,n);
partition(arr,0,n-1);
display(arr,n);
getchar();
}

/*No guessing*/

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<process.h>
int no=0;
int client[4];
void calno(int);
void main(){

int x[4],check,k,tiger,goat,score=1000;
char ch;
int i,count,m,n,j;
clrscr();

/*Random no generation*********************** */
randomize();
while(1){

57
C Programs By VINOD

x[0]=random(9);
if(x[0]!=0)
break;
}
while(1){
x[1]=random(9);
if(x[0]!=x[1])
break;
}
while(1){
x[2]=random(9);
if(x[2]!=x[1]&&x[2]!=x[0])
break;
}
while(1){
x[3]=random(9);
if(x[3]!=x[2]&&x[3]!=x[1]&&x[3]!=x[0])
break;
}
/* ******************************************** */

for(i=0;i<4;i++){
printf("%d",x[i]);
}
printf(" -----This is a game of goat and tiger------");
printf("________________________________________");
printf("***First read these instructions***");
printf("1.The no should be 4 digit no without 0 in the first place");
printf("2. The digit shouldn't be reapeated");
printf("Do you agree the agreement and ready for the game(Y/N): ");
scanf("%c",&ch);
if(ch=='n'||ch=='N')
exit(0);
printf("-------------------------------------------------------");
printf("^^^^^^^^^Now you will have to guess the no^^^^^^^^:");

/* starting of guessing****************** */

for(i=1;i<=10;i++){
tiger=0;
goat=0;
printf("Enter the %d guess: ",i);
scanf("%d",&check);
calno(check);
for(count=0;count<4;count++){
if(x[count]==client[count])
tiger=tiger+1;
}
printf("You have got %d tiger",tiger);
if(tiger==4)
break;
/*---------------check for goat----------------------*/
for(m=0;m<4;m++){
for(n=0;n<4;n++){

58
C Programs By VINOD

if(client[m]!=x[m]){
if(client[m]==x[n])
goat=goat+1;
}
}
}

printf(" and %d goat",goat);

score=score-100;

}
if(tiger<4){
printf("-----Sorry u have lost the game-----");
printf("the no is ");
for(j=0;j<4;j++){
printf("%d",x[j]);
}
}

else
printf("-----You have got the no in %d guess and you score is%d----",j,score);

getch();
}

void calno(int no){

int a=no,x,y;
client[3]=a%10;
x=a/10;
client[2]=x%10;
y=a/100;
client[1]=y%10;
client[0]=a/1000;
}

Invoke function without main in C Language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

#define FIRST 0
#define SECOND 1
#define THIRD 2

//Variables
int a,b,c,ch;
float d;
//Function Prototype
void Read();
void Operation();
void Display();

59
C Programs By VINOD

#pragma startup Read 0 //First_Priority

#pragma startup Operation 1 //Second_Priority
#pragma exit Display //Third_Priority

void main()
{
printf("

Enter to main() ");

getch();
printf("

Exit From main() ");

getch();
}

void Read()
{
clrscr();
printf("
Enter the value of a : ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("
Enter the value of b : ");
scanf("%d",&b);
}

void Operation()
{
printf("
ArithMetic Operations
");
printf("---------------------
");
printf("1 -> Addition
");
printf("2 -> Subtraction
");
printf("3 -> Multiplication
");
printf("---------------------
");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
c = a+b;
break;
case 2:
c = a-b;
break;
case 3:
c = a*b;
break;
}

60
C Programs By VINOD

void Display()
{
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("

The Result (Addition) : %d",c);

break;
case 2:
printf("

The Result (Subtraction): %d",c);

break;
case 3:
printf("

The Result (Multiplication): %d",c);

break;
}
getch();
}

Calendar of Thousands of Years

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
static char *months[]={"January",
"February",
"March",
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December"};
void main()
{
static int days[12]={31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
long int ndays,ldays,tydays,tdays;
int d,i,m,fday,y;
char ch;
textcolor(LIGHTGREEN);
textbackground(LIGHTBLUE);
clrscr();
printf("Enter year(1900 onwards) & month(number):");

61
C Programs By VINOD

scanf("%d%d",&y,&m);
while(1)
{
ndays=(y-1)*365l;
ldays=(y-1)/4-(y-1)/100+(y-1)/400;
tdays=ndays+ldays;//total days
//check for leap year
if((y%100==0 && y%400==0)||(y%4==0 && y%100!=0))
days[1]=29;
else
days[1]=28;
d=days[m-1];
tydays=0;
for(i=0;i<=m-2;i++)
tydays=tydays+days[i];
tdays=tydays+tdays;
fday=tdays%7;
cal(y,m,fday,d);
ch=getche();
switch(ch)
{
case 77:
if(m==12)
{
y++;
m=1;
}
else
m++;
break;
case 72:
y++;
continue;
case 75:
if(m==1)
{
y--;
m=12;
}
else
m--;
break;
case 80:
y--;
continue;
case 27:
exit(0);
}}}
cal(int yr,int mo,int fd,int da)
{
int i,r,c;
char a;
clrscr();
gotoxy(25,2);
printf("%s %d",months[mo-1],yr);

62
C Programs By VINOD

textcolor(LIGHTGREEN);
gotoxy(5,5);
printf("____________________________________________________");
gotoxy(10,6);
printf("MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN");
gotoxy(5,7);
printf("____________________________________________________");
r=9;
c=11+(6*fd);
for(i=1;i<=da;i++)
{
gotoxy(c,r);
if(c==47)
textcolor(RED);
else
textcolor(LIGHTGREEN);
cprintf("%d",i);
if(c<=41)
c=c+6;
else
{
c=11;
r=r+1;
}
}
textcolor(LIGHTGREEN);
gotoxy(5,15);
printf("____________________________________________________");
gotoxy(11,17);
printf("UP-Next Year DOWN-Prev Year");
gotoxy(11,18);
printf("RIGHT-Next Month LEFT-Prev Month");
gotoxy(27,20);
printf("Esc-Exit");
return 0;
}

/*Calender Program in C*/

/*Program to display calender for a given year*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <ctype.h>

unsigned long days=0;

/*stores the days elapsed since 01.01.1899*/
void display(int n)
/*contains the number of days to display*/
{
int i, column, k, flag=0, j;
printf("Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

63
C Programs By VINOD

{
k=days%7;/*remainder gives the starting day of each month*/
if(flag==0)
{
for(j=1; j<=k; j++)/*controls tabs of first week*/
printf(" ");
flag=1;/*ensures that block is only executed once*/
column=k;
}
printf("%d ", i);
column++;
if(column%7==0)/*prints new line at the end of each week*/
printf("");
}
printf("Press any key to continue");
getch();
}

void calculate(int year)

/*function calculates no. of days elapsed since 1899*/
{
int i, month;
for(i=1899; i<year; i++)
/*1899 chosen because Jan 1, 1899 is a Sunday*/
{
if((i%400==0)?1:((i%100==0)?0:((i%4==0)?1:0)))

/*This is because a leap year does not strictly fall on every

fourth year. If a year is divisible by 4, then it is a leap
year, but if that year is divisible by 100, then it is
not a leap year. However, if the year is also divisible by
400, then it is a leap year. Eg: 1900 is not a leap year*/

days+=366;
else
days+=365;
}
for(month=1; month<=12; month++)
{
printf("");
switch(month)
/*switch case used to display each month and
increment no. of days*/
{
case 1: printf(" JANUARAY %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 2: printf(" FEBURARY %d", year);
if((year%400==0)?1:((year%100==0)?0:((year%4==0)?1:0)))
{
display(29);
days+=29;
}
else

64
C Programs By VINOD

{
display(28);
days+=28;
}
break;
case 3: printf(" MARCH %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 4: printf(" APRIL %d", year);
display(30);
days+=30;
break;
case 5: printf(" MAY %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 6: printf(" JUNE %d", year);
display(30);
days+=30;
break;
case 7: printf(" JULY %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 8: printf(" AUGUST %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 9: printf(" SEPTEMBER %d", year);
display(30);
days+=30;
break;
case 10: printf(" OCTOBER %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
case 11: printf(" NOVEMBER %d", year);
display(30);
days+=30;
break;
case 12: printf(" DECEMBER %d", year);
display(31);
days+=31;
break;
}
}
}

void main()
{
char ch[10];
int i, year, choice;
do
{

65
C Programs By VINOD

clrscr();
days=0;
printf("Enter the year in 'yyyy' format:");
scanf("%s", ch);/*stores input first as a string*/
for(i=0; i<strlen(ch); i++)
if(ch[i]<'0' || ch[i]>'9')/*checks for invalid inputs*/
{
printf("Invalid Year!");
printf("END OF PROGRAM");
getch();
exit(0);
}
year = atoi(ch);
/*converts the year from string to integer datatype*/
clrscr();
printf("Calender for Year %d", year);
printf("**********************");
calculate(year);
/*calls function to calculate no. of days elapsed*/

printf("*******************************************");
printf("Press 1 to continue, 2 to exit");
scanf("%d", &choice);
}while(choice==1);
clrscr();
printf("END OF PROGRAM");
getch();
}

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS C

Predict the output or error(s) for the following:

1. void main()
{
int const * p=5;
printf("%d",++(*p));
}
Answer:
Compiler error: Cannot modify a constant value.
Explanation:
p is a pointer to a "constant integer". But we tried to change the
value
of the "constant integer".

2. main()
{
char s[ ]="man";
int i;
for(i=0;s[ i ];i++)
printf("
%c%c%c%c",s[ i ],*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s]);
}
Answer:

66
C Programs By VINOD

mmmm
aaaa
nnnn
Explanation:
s[i], *(i+s), *(s+i), i[s] are all different ways of expressing the
same
idea. Generally array name is the base address for that array. Here s
is
the base address. i is the index number/displacement from the base
address. So, indirecting it with * is same as s[i]. i[s] may be
surprising. But in the case of C it is same as s[i].

3. main()
{
float me = 1.1;
double you = 1.1;
if(me==you)
printf("I love U");
else
printf("I hate U");
}
Answer:
I hate U
Explanation:
For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values
cannot
be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession
with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long
double
takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long
double.
Rule of Thumb:
Never compare or at-least be cautious when using floating point numbers
with relational operators (== , >, <, <=, >=,!= ) .

4. main()
{
static int var = 5;
printf("%d ",var--);
if(var)
main();
}
Answer:
54321
Explanation:
When static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change
in
the value of a static variable is retained even between the function
calls. Main is also treated like any other ordinary function, which can
be
called recursively.

5. main()
{
int c[ ]={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5};

67
C Programs By VINOD

int j,*p=c,*q=c;
for(j=0;j<5;j++) {
printf(" %d ",*c);
++q; }
for(j=0;j<5;j++){
printf(" %d ",*p);
++p; }
}

Answer:
2222223465
Explanation:
Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the first loop,
since
only q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed 5 times.
In
second loop p itself is incremented. So the values 2 3 4 6 5 will be
printed.

6. main()
{
extern int i;
i=20;
printf("%d",i);
}

Answer:
Linker Error : Undefined symbol '_i'
Explanation:
extern storage class in the following declaration,
extern int i;
specifies to the compiler that the memory for i is allocated in some
other
program and that address will be given to the current program at the
time
of linking. But linker finds that no other variable of name i is
available
in any other program with memory space allocated for it. Hence a linker
error has occurred .

7. main()
{
int i=-1,j=-1,k=0,l=2,m;
m=i++&&j++&&k++||l++;
printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,j,k,l,m);
}
Answer:
00131
Explanation :
Logical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the
logical
AND (&&) operator has higher priority over the logical OR (||)
operator.
So the expression ‘i++ && j++ && k++’ is executed first. The result of
this expression is 0 (-1 && -1 && 0 = 0). Now the expression is 0 ||

68
C Programs By VINOD

2
which evaluates to 1 (because OR operator always gives 1 except for ‘0
||
0’ combination- for which it gives 0). So the value of m is 1. The
values
of other variables are also incremented by 1.

8. main()
{
char *p;
printf("%d %d ",sizeof(*p),sizeof(p));
}

Answer:
12
Explanation:
The sizeof() operator gives the number of bytes taken by its operand. P
is
a character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value (a
character). Hence sizeof(*p) gives a value of 1. Since it needs two
bytes
to store the address of the character pointer sizeof(p) gives 2.

9. main()
{
int i=3;
switch(i)
{
default:printf("zero");
case 1: printf("one");
break;
case 2:printf("two");
break;
case 3: printf("three");
break;
}
}
Answer :
three
Explanation :
The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. It is executed
only when all other cases doesn't match.

10. main()
{
printf("%x",-1<<4);
}
Answer:
fff0
Explanation :
-1 is internally represented as all 1's. When left shifted four times
the
least significant 4 bits are filled with 0's.The %x format specifier
specifies that the integer value be printed as a hexadecimal value.

69
C Programs By VINOD

11. main()
{
char string[]="Hello World";
display(string);
}
void display(char *string)
{
printf("%s",string);
}
Answer:
Compiler Error : Type mismatch in redeclaration of function display
Explanation :
In third line, when the function display is encountered, the compiler
doesn't know anything about the function display. It assumes the
arguments
and return types to be integers, (which is the default type). When it
sees
the actual function display, the arguments and type contradicts with
what
it has assumed previously. Hence a compile time error occurs.

12. main()
{
int c=- -2;
printf("c=%d",c);
}
Answer:
c=2;
Explanation:
Here unary minus (or negation) operator is used twice. Same maths
rules
applies, ie. minus * minus= plus.
Note:
However you cannot give like --2. Because -- operator can only be
applied
to variables as a decrement operator (eg., i--). 2 is a constant and
not a
variable.

13. #define int char

main()
{
int i=65;
printf("sizeof(i)=%d",sizeof(i));
}
Answer:
sizeof(i)=1
Explanation:
Since the #define replaces the string int by the macro char

14. main()
{
int i=10;
i=!i>14;
printf("i=%d",i);

70
C Programs By VINOD

}
Answer:
i=0

Explanation:
In the expression !i>14 , NOT (!) operator has more precedence than ‘
>’
symbol. ! is a unary logical operator. !i (!10) is 0 (not of true is
false). 0>14 is false (zero).

15. #include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char s[]={'a','b','c','
','c','

C++
Class with constructor ( for bank account )

# include<iostream.h>
# include<conio.h>
# include<iomanip.h>

class bank
{
char name[20];
int acno;
char actype[4];
float balance;
public:
// Constuctor
bank()
{
cout<<"Constructor Invoked !";
acno = 0000;
balance = 0.0;
}
void init();
void deposit();
void withdraw();
void disp_det();
};
71
C Programs By VINOD

//member functions of bank class

void bank :: init()
{
cout<<"

New Account
";
cout<<"

Enter the Name of the depositor : ";

cin.get(name,19,'
');
cout<<"
Enter the Account Number : ";
cin>>acno;
cout<<"
Enter the Account Type : (CURR/SAVG/FD/RD/DMAT) ";
cin>>actype;
cout<<"
Enter the Amount to Deposit : ";
cin >>balance;
}
void bank :: deposit()
{
float more;
cout <<"
Depositing
";
cout<<"

Enter the amount to deposit : ";

cin>>more;
balance+=more;
}
void bank :: withdraw()
{
float amt;
cout<<"
Withdrwal
";
cout<<"

Enter the amount to withdraw : ";

cin>>amt;
balance-=amt;
}
72
C Programs By VINOD

void bank :: disp_det()

{
cout<<"

Account Details

";
cout<<"Name of the depositor : "<<name<<endl;
cout<<"Account Number : "<<acno<<endl;
cout<<"Account Type : "<<actype<<endl;
cout<<"Balance : $"<<balance<<endl;
}
// main function , exectution starts here
void main(void)
{
clrscr();
bank obj;
int choice =1;
while (choice != 0 )
{
cout<<"

Enter 0 to exit
1. Initialize a new acc.
2. Deposit
3.Withdraw
4.See A/c Status";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 0 :obj.disp_det();
cout<<"

EXITING PROGRAM.";
break;
case 1 : obj.init();
break;
case 2: obj.deposit();
break;
case 3 : obj.withdraw();
break;
case 4: obj.disp_det();
break;
default: cout<<"

Illegal Option"<<endl;
73
C Programs By VINOD

}
}
getch();
}

Program to calculate the Typing Speed

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define ESC 0x1b
#define BSPACE 0x08

const unsigned long far * const dosTime =

(const unsigned long far * const)MK_FP( 0x40, 0x6C );

class Timer
{

public:

Timer();
void start();
void stop();
void reset();
int status();
double time();
static double resolution();
private:

static unsigned adjust;

static unsigned calibrate();
int running;
struct TIME
{
unsigned long dosCount;
unsigned timerCount;
};
TIME startTime;
double time_;
};

inline double Timer::time()

{
74
C Programs By VINOD

return time_/1.E6;
}

inline double Timer::resolution()

{
return 839/1.E9;
}

unsigned Timer::adjust = calibrate();

Timer::Timer() : time_(0), running(0)

{
}

void Timer::start()
{
if( !running )
{
outportb( 0x43, 0x34 );
asm jmp __1;
__1:
outportb( 0x40, 0 );
asm jmp __2;
__2:
outportb( 0x40, 0 );
startTime.dosCount = *dosTime;
startTime.timerCount = 0;
running = 1;
}
}

void Timer::stop()
{
outportb( 0x43, 0 );
unsigned char temp = inportb( 0x40 );

TIME stopTime;
stopTime.timerCount = (inportb( 0x40 ) << 8) + temp;
stopTime.dosCount = *dosTime;

TIME elapsedTime;
elapsedTime.dosCount = stopTime.dosCount - startTime.dosCount;
elapsedTime.timerCount = -( stopTime.timerCount - adjust );

const double fudge = 83810.0/100000.0;

time_ += ((elapsedTime.dosCount << 16) +
75
C Programs By VINOD

elapsedTime.timerCount)*fudge;

running = 0;

void Timer::reset()
{
time_ = 0;
if( running )
start();
}

unsigned Timer::calibrate()
{
adjust = 0;
unsigned long sum = 0;
Timer w;
for( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
{
w.start();
w.stop();
sum += w.time();
w.reset();
}
return (unsigned)((sum+5)/100);
}

void main()
{
clrscr();
Timer t;
char text[1000];
int i = 0, space_count = 0, letter_count = 0;
float duration;
printf("
PROGRAM TO TEST TYPING SPEED
");
printf("Hit any key to start timer...

");
if(getch())
{
printf("Your time has started. Start typing. Hit Esc when done.

76
C Programs By VINOD

");
t.start();
}
while(1)
{
text[i] = getche();
letter_count++;
if(text[i] == ' ')
space_count++;
if(text[i] == '
')
printf("
");
if(text[i] == BSPACE)
printf(" "); // to erase previous character instead of cursoring
over
if(text[i] == ESC)
{
printf(" ");
// to eliminate a special character that is printed for Esc
// A Backspace followed by Space erases previous character.
break;
}
}

t.stop();
duration = t.time();
printf("

Your typing speed is :

");
printf("%6.2f characters per minute
",60*letter_count/duration);
printf("%6.2f words per minute (Actual)
",60*space_count/duration);
printf("%6.2f words per minute (Average)",60*letter_count/duration/5);

getch();
}

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C Programs By VINOD

/*Program to convert input decimal value to its hexadecimal equivalent*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void dtoh(int d);
main()
{

int d;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a no. in decimal system:- ");
scanf("%d",&d);
dtoh(d);
printf("\n\nHAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

void dtoh(int d)
{
int b,c=0,a[5],i=0;
b=d;
while (b>15)
{
a[i]=b%16;
b=b/16;
i++;
c++;
}
a[i]=b;
printf("Its hexadecimal equivalent is ");
for (i=c;i>=0;--i)
{
if (a[i]==10)
printf("A");
else if (a[i]==11)
printf("B");
else if (a[i]==12)
printf("C");
else if (a[i]==13)
printf("D");
else if (a[i]==14)
printf("E");
else if (a[i]==15)
78
C Programs By VINOD

printf("F");
else
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
return;
}

/*Program to Convert Numbers into Words*/

#include<stdio.h>

void pw(long,char[]);
char *one[]={" "," one"," two"," three"," four"," five"," six"," seven","eight"," Nine"," ten","
eleven","

twelve"," thirteen"," fourteen","fifteen"," sixteen"," seventeen"," eighteen"," nineteen"};

char *ten[]={" "," "," twenty"," thirty"," forty"," fifty"," sixty","seventy"," eighty"," ninety"};

void main()
{
long n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any 9 digit no: ");
scanf("%9ld",&n);
if(n<=0)
printf("Enter numbers greater than 0");
else
{
pw((n/10000000),"crore");
pw(((n/100000)%100),"lakh");
pw(((n/1000)%100),"thousand");
pw(((n/100)%10),"hundred");
pw((n%100)," ");
}
getch();
}

void pw(long n,char ch[])

{
(n>19)?printf("%s %s ",ten[n/10],one[n%10]):printf("%s ",one[n]);
if(n)printf("%s ",ch);
}

79
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program to copy its input to its output replacing string of one

or more blanks by a single blank*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a line of text:- ");
printf("String will be terminated if you press ENTER.");
printf("Press Ctrl-Z & then ENTER to end the task.");
printf("STRING:- ");
c=getchar();
printf("Justified form:- ");
while (c!=EOF)
{

if (c==' ')
putchar(c);
while (c==' ')
{
c=getchar();
}
putchar(c);
c=getchar();
}
getch();
}

/*Program to count the number of words in an input text file*/

#include<stdio.h>

#define NULL 0
FILE *fpt;
void main()
{

char name[20],c;
int nw=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the name of file to be checked:- ");
80
C Programs By VINOD

gets(name);
fpt=fopen(name,"r");
if (fpt==NULL)
{
printf("ERROR - can/'t open file %s",name);
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
while ((c=getc(fpt))!=EOF)
{
switch(1)
{
case 1:
if (c==' ')
{
point: do
nw=nw+1-1;
while((c=getc(fpt))==' ');

if (c!=' ')
nw=nw+1;
if(c=='')nw--;
}

case 3:
if(c==''){
goto point;}

}
}
}
printf("The no. of words in %s is %d. ",name,nw);
getch();
}

WORK OUT
/*Program to Delete Duplicates in Array*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<dos.h>
81
C Programs By VINOD

void main()
{
int i,j,l,t=1;
char y,s[15];
clrscr();
s[0]='E';
s[1]='n';
s[2]='t';
s[3]='e';
s[4]='r';
s[5]=' ';
s[6]='a';
s[7]=' ';
s[8]='s';
s[9]='t';
s[10]='r';
s[11]='i';
s[12]='n';
s[13]='g';
s[14]=NULL;
printf("Enter a string");
gotoxy(1,2);
while((y=getchar())!='')
{
for(i=3,l=200;i<=24;i++,l=l+50)
{
gotoxy(t,i);
if(y!=' ')
{
printf("%c",y);
gotoxy(t,i-1);
printf(" ");
sound(l);
delay(80);
}
}
t++;
}
gotoxy(1,1);
t=1;
for(j=0,l=100;j<14;j++,l=l+50)
{
if(l>200)
l=100;
for(i=2;i<24;i++,l++)
{
82
C Programs By VINOD

gotoxy(t,i);
if(s[j]!=' ')
{
printf("%c",s[j]);
gotoxy(t,i-1);
printf(" ");
sound(l);
delay(80);
}
}
t++;
}
nosound();
getch();
}

/*Program to display Binary equivalent of an input Hexadecimal Number

(Hexadecimal to Binary Converter)*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{

char z[5],c;
int i=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a hexadecimal no.");
printf("Number will be accepted if you press Ctrl-Z & then ENTER after inputting no.");
printf("NUMBER:- " );
while ((c=getchar())!=EOF)
{
printf(" ");
if (c=='1')
printf("0001");
else if (c=='2')
printf("0010");
else if (c=='3')
printf("0011");
else if (c=='4')
printf("0100");
else if (c=='5')
printf("0101");
else if (c=='6')
83
C Programs By VINOD

printf("0110");
else if (c=='7')
printf("0111");
else if (c=='8')
printf("1000");
else if (c=='9')
printf("1001");
else if (c=='A'||c=='a')
printf("1010");
else if (c=='B'||c=='b')
printf("1011");
else if (c=='C'||c=='c')
printf("1100");
else if (c=='D'||c=='d')
printf("1101");
else if (c=='E'||c=='e')
printf("1110");
else if (c=='F'||c=='f')
printf("1111");
else
{ printf("ERROR");
getch();
exit(0); }
}
printf("is its binary equivalent.");
getch();
}

/*Program to display decimal equivalent of a input binary number*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void btod(int b[]);
int c;
void main()
{

int a[5],d,i,e,f,g;
clrscr();
printf("What will be the length of input no.? ");
scanf("%d",&c);
printf("Don't exceed input from your input limit or 5 digits in any case");
printf("Enter no.:- ");
scanf("%d",&d);
for (i=c-1;i>=0;--i)
84
C Programs By VINOD

{
e = pow(10,i);
a[i] = d/e;
d = d%e;
}
btod(a);
printf("\n\nHAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

void btod(int b[])

{
int k,s=0,i,n;
n=*b;
for (i=c-1;i>=0;--i)
{
if (i>0)
*b=*(b+i);
else
*b=n;
if (*b==1)
{
k=pow(2,i);
s=s+k;
}
}
printf("Its decimal equivalent is %d",s);
return;
}

/*Program to display hexadecimal equivalent of a input binary number.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int btod(int b[]);
void dtoh(int s);
int c;
void main()
{
int a[5],d,i,e,f,g,s;
clrscr();
printf("What will be the length of input no.? ");
scanf("%d",&c);
85
C Programs By VINOD

printf("Don't exceed input from your input limit or 5 digits in any case");
printf("Enter no.:- ");
scanf("%d",&d);
for (i=c-1;i>=0;--i)
{
e = pow(10,i);
a[i] = d/e;
d = d%e;
}
s=btod(a);
dtoh(s);
printf("HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

int btod(int b[])

{
int k,s=0,i,n;
n=*b;
for (i=c-1;i>=0;--i)
{
if (i>0)
*b=*(b+i);
else
*b=n;
if (*b==1)
{
k=pow(2,i);
s=s+k;
}
}
return(s);
}

void dtoh(int s)
{
int b,c=0,a[5],i=0;
b=s;
while (b>15)
{
a[i]=b%16;
b=b/16;
i++;
c++;
86
C Programs By VINOD

}
a[i]=b;
printf("Its hexadecimal equivalent is ");
for (i=c;i>=0;--i)
{
if (a[i]==10)
printf("A");
else if (a[i]==11)
printf("B");
else if (a[i]==12)
printf("C");
else if (a[i]==13)
printf("D");
else if (a[i]==14)
printf("E");
else if (a[i]==15)
printf("F");
else
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
return;
}

/*Program to find an input substring in an input main string*/

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{

int i=0,j=0,k=0,count=0,l=0,k1=0;
char a[80],b[80];
clrscr();
printf("Enter main string:-");
gets(a);
printf("Enter sub-string:-");
gets(b);

l=strlen(b);
while (a[i]!=EOF)
{
if (a[i]==b[j])
{
i++;
j++;
87
C Programs By VINOD

k1=1;
if (j==l)
{
j=0;
k=1;
count=count+1;
}
}
else
{
if (k1==1)
{
j=0;
k1=0;
}
else
i++;
}
}

if (k==1)
{
printf("The given sub-string is present in the main string.");
printf("It is present %d times.",count);
}
else
{
if (k==0)
printf("The given sub-string is not present in the main string.");
}
getch();
}

/*Program to find day when a date is given*/

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int d,m,y,i;
int r=0,r1=0,r2=0,s=0;
clrscr();

input:
88
C Programs By VINOD

printf("Enter the DATE MONTH and YEAR");

scanf("%d %d %d",&d,&m,&y);
if(m==2){
if((d>28)&&(y%4!=0)){
printf("Fool,Invalid date in February of non leap year.The maximum value is 28");
goto input;
}
if((d>29)&&(y%4==0)){
printf("Fool,Invalid date in February of leap year.The maximum value is 29");
goto input;
}
}
else if((m==1)||(m==3)||(m==5)||(m==7)||(m==8)||(m==10)||(m==12)){
if(d>31){
printf("Fool,Invalid date in %d th month.The maximum value is 31",m);
goto input;
}
}
else if(((m==4)||(m==6)||(m==9)||(m==11))&&(d>30)){
printf("Fool,Invalid date in the %d th month.The maximum value is 30",m);

goto input;
}
else if((d>31)){
printf("Enter valid date");
goto input;
}
if((d<1)||(m<1)){
printf("Fool,Enter positive valid data");
goto input;
}
else {

switch(m){
case 1:
case 10:
r1=d+2;
break;
case 2:
case 3:
case 11:
r1=d+5;
break;
case 4:
case 7:
r1=d+1;
89
C Programs By VINOD

break;
case 9:
case 12:
r1=d;
break;
case 5:
r1=d+3;
break;
case 6:
r1=d+6;
break;
case 8:
r1=d+4;
break;
default:
{
printf("Don't U know that there is no month greater than 12.Enter validmonthOnce again enter
the

Date Month Year");

goto input;
}
}
}
if(y<2003){
for(i=2002;i>=y;i--){
if((i==y)&&(i%4==0)){
if(m>2) s=s+1;
else if(m<=2) s=s+2;
break;
}

else if(i%4==0){
if(i%100==0){
if(i%400==0)
s=s+2;
else s=s+1;
}
else s=s+2;
}
else s=s+1;
}
r2=7-s%7;
}
else if(y>2003){
for(i=2004;i<=y;i++){
90
C Programs By VINOD

if((i==y)&&(i%4==0)){
if(m>2) s=s+2;
else if(m<=2) s=s+1;
break;
}
else if(i%4==0){
if(i%100==0){
if(i%400==0)
s=s+2;
else s=s+1;
}
else s=s+2;
}
else s=s+1;
}
r2=s%7;
}
else r2=0;
r=(r1+r2)%7;
printf("");
switch(r){
case 0:
printf("The Day is SUNDAY");
break;
case 1:
printf("The Day is MONDAY");
break;
case 2:
printf("The Day is TUESDAY");
break;
case 3:
printf("The Day is WEDNESDAY");
break;
case 4:
printf("The Day is THURSDAY");
break;
case 5:
printf("The Day is FRIDAY");
break;
case 6:
printf("The Day is SATURDAY");
break;
}
printf("Thanks for using my program");
getch();
}
91
C Programs By VINOD

/*Program to find Determinant of a Matrix*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define LIMIT 10
void main()
{
int chckdgnl();
float deter();
float a[LIMIT][LIMIT],value;
int i,j,order;
clrscr();
printf("Enter order of determent :");
scanf("%d",&order);
for(i=0;i<order;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<order;j++)
{
printf("Enter (%d,%d) element of the determent :",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%f",&a[i][j]);
}
}

if(chckdgnl(a,order)==0)
value=0;
else
value=deter(a,order);
printf("Determinent Value :%f",value);
getch();
}

float deter(float a[][LIMIT],int forder)

{
int i,j,k;
float mult;
float deter=1;
for(i=0;i<forder;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<forder;j++)
{
mult=a[j][i]/a[i][i];
for(k=0;k<forder;k++)
{
92
C Programs By VINOD

if(i==j) break;
a[j][k]=a[j][k]-a[i][k]*mult;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<forder;i++)
{
deter=deter*a[i][i];
}
return(deter);
}

int chckdgnl(float array[][LIMIT],int forder)

{
int i,j,k;
float nonzero;
for(i=0;i<forder;i++)
{
if(array[i][i]==0)
{
for(j=0;j<forder;j++)
{
if(array[i][j]!=0)
{
k=j;
break;
}
if(j==(forder)) /*forder-1*/
return(0);
}
for(j=0;j<forder;j++)
{
array[j][i]=array[j][i]-array[j][k];
}
}
}
return(1);
}

/*Program to find out if entered string contains a space character*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
space(char s);
93
C Programs By VINOD

void main()
{

char s;
clrscr();
printf("Enter string.");
printf("String will be terminated if you press Ctrl-Z.");
printf("STRING:- ");
space(s);
printf("HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

space(char s)
{
int i;
s=getchar();
for (i=0;(s=getchar())!=EOF;i++)
{
if (s==' ')
{
printf("String contains a space character.");
break;
}
}
if (s==EOF)
printf("String does not contain a space character.");
return(s);
}

/*Program to find out the rightmost occurence of an input character

in an input string*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int strindex(char s[],char t);
void main()
{

char s[80],t;
int a=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter main string(i.e. s):-");
gets(s);
printf("Enter the character to be searched(i.e. t):- ");
t=getchar();

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C Programs By VINOD

a=strindex(s,t);
if (a>=0)
printf("The required character is found at position %d.",a);
else
printf("The required character is not found in the string.");
getch();
}

int strindex(char s[],char t)

{
int i=0;
for (i=strlen(s);i>=0;i--)
{
if (s[i]==t)
return(i);
}
if (i<0)
return(-1);
}

/*Program to find the binary number has how many ones and zeros*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,x,a,b,s;
clrscr();
a=0;b=0;
printf("enter the binary no:");
scanf("%d",&n);
s=n;
while(n>0)
{
x=n%10;
n=n/10;
if(x==0)
a++;
else if(x==1)
b++;
}
printf("the number is:%d",s);
printf("the ones are:%d",b);
printf("the zeros are:%d",a);
getch();
}

/*Program to generate Fibonacci Series*/

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{

95
C Programs By VINOD

int OldNum, NewNum, FibNum, MaxNum;

clrscr();
printf("Generate Fibonacci Numbers till what number? ");
scanf("%d", &MaxNum);

OldNum=0;
NewNum=1;
FibNum = OldNum + NewNum;

printf("%d, %d, %d, ", OldNum, NewNum, FibNum);

for(;;)
{
OldNum = NewNum;
NewNum = FibNum;
FibNum = OldNum + NewNum;
if(FibNum > MaxNum)
{
printf("");
getch();
exit(0);
}
printf("%d, ", FibNum);
}
getch();
}

/*Program to multiply two 3x3 matrices*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

/*Program to multiply two 3*3 matrices*/

void main()
{
int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j,k;
clrscr();

printf("Enter elements of A:");

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("Enter elements of B:");

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

printf("A:");
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
printf(""); /*To change line.*/

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C Programs By VINOD

printf("B:");
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf("%d ",b[i][j]);
printf("");
}
k=0;
while(k<=2)
{
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
int sum=0;
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
sum=sum+a[i][j]*b[j][k];
c[i][k]=sum;
}
k++;
}
printf("Result: ");
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
printf("%d ",c[i][j]);
printf("");
}
getch();
}

/*Program to perform functions of a calculator*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,d,k,a,r,h;
char m='y';
long s,n1,n2;
clrscr();
printf("calculation ?");
scanf("%c",&m);
while(m=='Y'||m=='y')
{
clrscr();
printf("1.factorial\n2.addition\n3.subtraction\n4.multiplication\n5.division\n
6.squares\n7.exit\nenter

your choice .......");

scanf("%d",&d);
while(d>7||d<1)
scanf("%d",&d);
switch (d)
{

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C Programs By VINOD

case 1:
clrscr();
printf("enter any positive manageable number\n");
scanf("%d",&a);
while (a<0)
scanf("%d",&a);
k=1;
for(i=1;i<=a;i++)
k=k*i;
printf("factorial is %d",k);
getch();
break;
case 2:
clrscr();
printf("enter any two numbers");
scanf(" %ld %ld",&n1,&n2);
s=n1+n2;
printf("sum of the input numbers is %ld",s);
getch();
break;
case 3:
clrscr();
printf("enter any number");
scanf("%ld,%ld",&n1,&n2);
s=n1-n2;
printf("the difference between the two numbers is %ld",s);
getch();
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
printf("enter any numbers which are to be multilied");
scanf(" %ld,%ld",&n1,&n2);
s=n1*n2;
printf("the product is %ld",s);
getch();
break;
case 5:
clrscr();
printf("enter dividend");
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf("enter divisor ");
scanf("%d",&n2);
while (n2==0)
{
scanf("%d",&n1);
scanf("%d",&n2);
}
s=n1/n2;
printf("the quotient is %d",s);
getch();
break;
case 6:
clrscr();
printf("enter the number whose square is to be found out");
scanf(" %d",&n1);
s=n1*n1;

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C Programs By VINOD

printf("the square of the number is %d",s);

getch();
break;
case 7:
exit();
default: printf("Error");
}
printf("another calculation");
scanf(" %c",&m);
}
}

/*Program to pick & display the largest element of an input matrix*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define MAXROWS 30
#define MAXCOLS 30
void largest(int a[][MAXCOLS],int nrows,int ncols);
void readinput(int a[][MAXCOLS],int m,int n);

void main()
{
int nrows,ncols;
int a[MAXROWS][MAXCOLS];
clrscr();

printf("How many rows in the matrix? ");

scanf("%d",&nrows);
printf("How many columns in the matrix? ");
scanf("%d",&ncols);
printf("Table");
readinput(a,nrows,ncols);

largest(a,nrows,ncols);
getch();
}

void readinput(int a[][MAXCOLS],int m,int n)

{
int row,col;
for (row=0;row<m;++row)
{
printf("Enter data for row no. %2d",row+1);
for (col=0;col<n;++col)
scanf("%d",&a[row][col]);
}
printf(" TABLE 1");
for (row=0;row<m;++row)
{
printf("");
for (col=0;col<n;++col)

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C Programs By VINOD

printf("%d%c",a[row][col],' ');
}
return;
}

void largest(int a[][MAXCOLS],int m,int n)

{
int i,j,largest;
largest = a[0][0];
for (i=0;i<m;++i)
{
for (j=0;j<n;++j)
{
if (a[i][j]>largest)
largest=a[i][j];
}
}
printf("The largest element of the matrix is %d",largest);
return;
}

/*Program to print the ascii equivalent of all chararters in the entered

string*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int ascii_value(char c);
void main()
{

int i,a;
char c;
clrscr();
printf("Please enter a string.");
printf("String will be terminated if you press Ctrl-Z.");
printf("STRING:- ");
for (i=0;(c=getchar())!=EOF;i++)
{
a=ascii_value(c);
printf("%d%c",a,' ');
}
printf("are the ascii values of the characters of the entered string");
printf("respectively.");
printf("HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE.");
getch();
}

int ascii_value(char c)
{
int a;
a=(int)c;
return(a);
}

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C Programs By VINOD

/*Program. to find & replace any desired character from the input text.*/

#include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void find_rep(void);

char c1,c2,a[80];
void main()
{
clrscr();
find_rep();
getch();

}
/* Function to find & replace any text */
void find_rep(void)
{
char c1,c2;
char a[80];
int i,j,k;
printf("Enter a line of text below:-");
printf("Line will be terminated by pressing ENTER.");
printf("TEXT:- ");
gets(a);
printf("Enter the replaceable & replacing letter respectively:- ");
scanf("%c%c%c",&c1,' ',&c2);
for (j=0;j<80;j++)
{
if (a[j]==c1)
a[j]=c2;
}
puts(a);
printf("Here all %c are replaced by %c.",c1,c2);
return;
}

WORK OUT

/*Puzzle--finding the number*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>

int mx,my,ans=0,p=4;

screen();

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C Programs By VINOD

void button();

/* The main logic lies in displaying the numbers in the screen

The numbers are placed corresponding to their binary value
EX:In case of 14(binary equivalent is 01110).Therefore it will be
placed in 2,3 & 4 screen
*/

int s1[]={16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31};
int s2[]={8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31};
int s3[]={4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31};
int s4[]={2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,18,19,22,23,26,27,30,31};
int s5[]={1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31};
int a1,a2,a3,a4,a5;

void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\bgi");
mouseini();
showmp();
action();
getch();
}

action()
{
int ans=0;
char st[10];
initialscreen();
while(1)
{
/* The X & Y coordinate of each function is calculated
with respect to mx "maximum of x value" & my "maximum of y value" */
if(click((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+100,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+140,"Play..")==0)
{
a1=screen(s1,16);
a2=screen(s2,16);
a3=screen(s3,16);
a4=screen(s4,16);
a5=screen(s5,16);
ans=a1+a2+a3+a4+a5;
result(ans);
getch();
exit();
}
}
}
initialscreen()
{
mx=getmaxx(),my=getmaxy();
setmp();
setfillstyle(1,7);
bar(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(WHITE);

102
C Programs By VINOD

line(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,my/4);
line(mx/4,my/4,mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(BLACK);
line(mx/4,3*my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
line(3*mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(RED);
outtextxy((mx/4)+40,(my/4)+30,"THINK A NUMBER BETWEEN 1-31");
button((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+100,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+140,"Play..");
}
screen(int *scr,int num)
{ int a,i,x1,y1;
char st[10];
mx=getmaxx(),my=getmaxy();
setmp();
setfillstyle(1,7);
bar(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(WHITE);
line(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,my/4);
line(mx/4,my/4,mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(BLACK);
line(mx/4,3*my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
line(3*mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(RED);
outtextxy((mx/4)+9,(my/4)+5,"TELL ME WHETHER THE NUMBER IS PRESENT?");
button((3*mx/4)-40 ,(3*my/4)-20,(3*mx/4)-5 ,(3*my/4)-5,"yes");
button((3*mx/4)-80 ,(3*my/4)-20,(3*mx/4)-45 ,(3*my/4)-5,"no");
x1=(mx/4)+80;
y1=(my/4)+65;
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
a=scr[i];
/*To convert the integer into string and then displaying it on the
graphic mode*/
itoa(a,st,10);
outtextxy(x1 ,y1,&st);
x1+=50;
if((i==3)||(i==7)||(i==11))
{
y1=y1+30;
x1=(mx/4)+80;
}
}
/*We have already noted that the numbers are placed in screen
corresponding to their binary value
To find the number we can convert these binary numbers to integers*/
while(1)
{
if (click((3*mx/4)-40 ,(3*my/4)-20,(3*mx/4)-5 ,(3*my/4)-5,"yes")==0)
{
ans=pow(2,p);
p=p-1;
return ans;
}
if (click((3*mx/4)-80 ,(3*my/4)-20,(3*mx/4)-45 ,(3*my/4)-5,"no")==0)
{
p=p-1;

103
C Programs By VINOD

return 0;
}
}
}
result(int ans)
{ char st[10];
mx=getmaxx(),my=getmaxy();
setmp();
setfillstyle(1,7);
bar(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(WHITE);
line(mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,my/4);
line(mx/4,my/4,mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(BLACK);
line(mx/4,3*my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
line(3*mx/4,my/4,3*mx/4,3*my/4);
setcolor(RED);
if(ans==0)
{
outtextxy((mx/4)+110,(my/4)+45,"I DONT BELEIVE");
outtextxy((mx/4)+60,(my/4)+60,"YOU MIGHT BE WRONG SOMEWHERE");
}
else
{
outtextxy((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+30,"THE NUMBER IS ");
itoa(ans,st,10);
outtextxy((mx/4)+205,(my/4)+30,st);
}
button((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+100,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+140,"TRY AGAIN!");
button((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+150,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+190,"EXIT");
while(1)
{
if (click((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+150,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+190,"EXIT")==0)
{
closegraph();
restorecrtmode();
exit();
}
if (click((mx/4)+95,(my/4)+100,(mx/4)+235,(my/4)+140,"TRY AGAIN!")==0)
{
p=4;
action();
}
}
}
void button(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,char str[])
{
int xc,yc,i=0,l=0;
while(i<strlen(str))
{
l+=4;
i++;
}
xc=(x2-x1)/2+x1-l;
yc=(y2-y1)/2+y1;
unpress(x1,y1,x2,y2);

104
C Programs By VINOD

settextstyle(0,0,0);
setcolor(RED);
outtextxy(xc,yc,str);
}
unpress(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)
{
setlinestyle(0,1,1);
setfillstyle(1,7);
bar(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(WHITE);
line(x1,y1,x2,y1);
line(x1,y1,x1,y2);
setcolor(0);
line(x1,y2,x2,y2);
line(x2,y1,x2,y2);
return 0;
}
press(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)
{
setlinestyle(0,1,1);
setfillstyle(1,7);
bar(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(0);
line(x1,y1,x2,y1);
line(x1,y1,x1,y2);
setcolor(WHITE);
line(x1,y2,x2,y2);
line(x2,y1,x2,y2);
return 0;
}
mouseini()
{
union REGS i,o;
i.x.ax=0;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return(o.x.ax);
}
showmp()
{
union REGS i,o;
i.x.ax=1;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return 0;
}
hidemp()
{
union REGS i,o;
i.x.ax=2;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return 0;
}

getmp(int *button,int *x,int *y)

{
union REGS i,o;
i.x.ax=3;

105
C Programs By VINOD

int86(0x33,&i,&o);
*button=o.x.bx;
*x=o.x.cx;
*y=o.x.dx;
return 0;
}
setmp()
{
union REGS i,o;
i.x.ax=4;
i.x.cx=(3*mx/4)+20;
i.x.dx=(3*my/4)+20;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
}
click(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,char str[])
{
int button,x,y;
int xc,yc,i=0,l=0;
while(i<strlen(str))
{
l+=4;
i++;
}
xc=(x2-x1)/2+x1-l;
yc=(y2-y1)/2+y1;

getmp(&button,&x,&y);
if( (x>x1 && x<x2) && (y>y1 && y<y2) && button==1)
{
hidemp();
press(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(RED);
settextstyle(0,0,0);
outtextxy(xc,yc,str);
showmp();
while((button==1))
getmp(&button,&x,&y);
hidemp();
unpress(x1,y1,x2,y2);
showmp();
setcolor(RED);
settextstyle(0,0,0);
outtextxy(xc,yc,str);
for(i=50;i<500;i=i+50)
{
delay(10);
sound(i+200);
}
showmp();
nosound();
setcolor(RED);
settextstyle(0,0,0);
outtextxy(xc,yc,str);
return 0;
}
else return 1;

106
C Programs By VINOD

/*Pyramid of Numbers*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int pyramid( int length )

{
int line = 1;
int j = 1, i, k = length;

while( length-- ) {

if( j == 1 ) {
for( i = 1; i <= length + 5; i++ )
printf( " " );
printf( "%d", j++ );
k--;
line++;
}

else if( i % 2 ){
for( i = 1; i <= length + 5; i++ )
printf( " " );
for( i = 1; i <= line; i++ )
printf( "%d ", ( j++ % 10 ) );
printf( "" );
line++;
k--;
}

else {
for( i = 1; i <= length + 5 ; i++ )
printf( " " );
for( i = 1; i <= line; i++ )
printf( "%d ", ( j++ % 10 ) );
printf( "" );
line++;
k--;
}
}

return 0;
}

int main( )
{
int length;

printf( "Enter the list length" );

scanf( "%d", &length );

pyramid( length );
getch( );

107
C Programs By VINOD

return 0;
}

/*Square root of a number without using Built-In Function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
double n,g1,g2;
int flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no.: ");
scanf("%lf",&n);
if(n<0)
{
n=-n;
flag=1;
}
else if(n==0)
{
printf("The root of %6.4lf is",n);
textcolor(GREEN);
cprintf(" %6.4lf",g2);
getch();
exit(0);
}
g2=n/2;
do
{
g1=g2;
g2=(g1+n/g1)/2;
}
while((g1-g2)!=0);
if(flag==1)
{
printf("The root of %6.4lf is",-n);
textcolor(GREEN);
cprintf(" +/- %6.4lf i",g2);
}
else
{
printf("The root of %6.4lf is",n);
textcolor(GREEN);
cprintf(" +/- %6.4lf",g2);
}
getch();
}

WORK OUT

/*system Clock and date*/

108
C Programs By VINOD

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<process.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <dir.h>

union REGS i,o;

int button,p,q;

main()
{
int gd = DETECT,gm;
int maxx,maxy,x,y,button,i,j,x2,x1,y2,y1;
int cor[60][2],f=1,hour,min,sec,l,dat,mont,yea;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
struct time t;
struct date d;
char mm[80],mf[80],m[50],n[5];
char
mon[12]
[4]={"Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"};
initmouse();
showmouseptr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\turboc\bgi.arc");
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
/*textcolor(0);*/
setviewport(1,1,getmaxx()-2,getmaxy()-2,1);
showmouseptr();
restrictmouseptr(350,20,600,70);
circle(maxx/2,maxy/2,100);
putpixel(maxx/2,maxy/2,3);
setfillstyle(0,0);
j=90;
setcolor(0);
cleardevice();
setfillstyle(1,14);
bar(390,55,440,70);
setfillstyle(1,14);
bar(460,55,500,70);
setfillstyle(1,14);
bar(390,30,460,45);
setfillstyle(1,14);
bar(466,30,540,45);
j=30;
setfillstyle(1,12);
bar(180,100,465,387);
setfillstyle(1,0);
bar(185,104,460,383);
while(f<13)
{
if (i<=90) {i=90-j;} else { i=360-(j-90);}
setcolor(0);
arc(maxx/2,maxy/2,90,i,125);

109
C Programs By VINOD

getarccoords(&arcinfo);
setcolor(14);
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR,2);
if (f<=5) {sprintf(n,"%d",f);outtextxy(arcinfo.xend+2,arcinfo.yend,n);}
else if ((f>=7)&&(f<12))
{sprintf(n,"%d",f);outtextxy(arcinfo.xend-7,arcinfo.yend,n);}
else if
(f==12){sprintf(n,"%d",f);outtextxy(arcinfo.xstart-10,arcinfo.ystart,n);}
else if (f==6) {
sprintf(n,"%d",f);outtextxy(arcinfo.x-17,arcinfo.y+120,n);}
j+=30;
f++;
}
setcolor(13);
sprintf(mm,"Exit");
outtextxy(550,35,mm);
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT,0,1);
sprintf(mm,"Done by:");
outtextxy(400,435,mm);
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR,2);
sprintf(mm,"Ajith.V.V");
outtextxy(470,445,mm);

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR,0);
outtextxy(400,60,"Time Date");

sprintf(mm,"SET-TIME");
outtextxy(395,35,mm);
sprintf(mm,"SET-DATE");
outtextxy(470,35,mm);
f=0;
while(1)
{
getmousepos(&button,&p,&q);
getdate(&d);
gettime(&t);
/*outer*/
setfillstyle(1,15);
pieslice(maxx/2,maxy/2,0,360,5);
setfillstyle(1,12);
bar(180,100,184,387);
bar(461,100,465,387);
bar(180,100,465,105);
bar(180,385,465,387);
bar(200,390,445,400);
bar(180,400,465,405);
/*hour*/
if (t.ti_hour>13) {t.ti_hour = t.ti_hour - 12;}
if (t.ti_min==0) {i=(t.ti_hour*30);} else
{i=((t.ti_hour*30)+((t.ti_min/12)*6));}
if (i>=90) {j=360-(i-90);}
else {j=90-i;}
textcolor(0);
setcolor(0);
arc(maxx/2,maxy/2,j,90,50);
getarccoords(&arcinfo);

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C Programs By VINOD

if (((t.ti_hour==0)||(t.ti_hour==12))&&(t.ti_min<=11))
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x1,y1);
setcolor(3);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,maxx/2,maxy/2-50);
x1=0;y1=0;
x1=maxx/2;
y1=maxy/2-50;
}
else
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x1,y1);
setcolor(3);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,arcinfo.xstart,arcinfo.ystart);
x1=arcinfo.xstart;
y1=arcinfo.ystart;
}
/*hour*/
/*minutr*/
i=(t.ti_min*6);
if (i>=90) {j=360-(i-90);}
else {j=90-i;}
textcolor(0);
setcolor(0);
arc(maxx/2,maxy/2,j,90,90);
getarccoords(&arcinfo);
if (t.ti_min==0)
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x2,y2);
setcolor(2);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,maxx/2,maxy/2-80);
x2=0;y2=0;
x2=maxx/2;
y2=maxy/2-80;
}
else
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x2,y2);
setcolor(2);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,arcinfo.xstart,arcinfo.ystart);
x2=arcinfo.xstart;
y2=arcinfo.ystart;
}
/*minute*/
/*seconds*/
i=(t.ti_sec*6);
if (i>=90) {j=360-(i-90);}
else {j=90-i;}
textcolor(0);
setcolor(0);
arc(maxx/2,maxy/2,j,90,100);
getarccoords(&arcinfo);

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C Programs By VINOD

setcolor(5);
rectangle(185,104,460,383);
setcolor(15);
/*setcolor(4);*/
if (t.ti_sec==0)
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x,y);
setcolor(15);
/*setcolor(4);*/
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,maxx/2,maxy/2-100);
x=0;y=0;
x=maxx/2;
y=maxy/2-100;
}
else
{
setcolor(0);
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,x,y);
setcolor(15);
/*setcolor(4);*/
line(maxx/2,maxy/2,arcinfo.xstart,arcinfo.ystart);
x=arcinfo.xstart;
y=arcinfo.ystart;
}
press();
getmousepos(&button,&p,&q);
if ((p>=390)&&(p<=440)&&(q>=55)&&(q<=70)&&((button & 1)==1))
{
f=f^1;
if (f==1)
{
l=3;
}
else
{
l=0;
gotoxy(38,20);
printf(" ");
}
}

if (l==3)
{
gotoxy(38,20);
printf("%d:%d:%d",t.ti_hour,t.ti_min,t.ti_sec);
}

press();
getmousepos(&button,&p,&q);
if ((p>=460)&&(p<=500)&&(q>=55)&&(q<=70)&&((button & 1)==1))
{
f=f^1;
if (f==1)
{

112
C Programs By VINOD

l=5;
}
else
{
l=0;
gotoxy(36,12);
printf(" ");
}
}

if (l==5)
{
gotoxy(36,12);
printf("%d,%s %d ",d.da_day,mon[d.da_mon-1],d.da_year);
}

if (t.ti_min==0)
{
sound(2000);
}
if (t.ti_sec>=2)
{nosound();}
press();
getmousepos(&button,&p,&q);
if ((p>=550)&&(p<=650)&&(q>=33)&&(q<=50)&&((button & 1)==1)) {goto
end;}
/*set time*/
if ((p>=390)&&(p<=460)&&(q>=30)&&(q<=45)&&((button & 1)==1))
{
gotoxy(1,22);
printf("Enter :");
gotoxy(1,23);
printf("Hour[24]:");scanf("%d",&hour);
gotoxy(1,24);
printf("Minute :");scanf("%d",&min);
gotoxy(1,25);
printf("Second :");scanf("%d",&sec);
if (hour!=24)
{t.ti_hour = hour;} else {t.ti_hour = 0;}
t.ti_min = min;
t.ti_sec = sec;
settime(&t);
gotoxy(1,22);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,23);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,24);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,25);
printf(" ");
}
/*set date*/
if ((p>=350)&&(p<=510)&&(q>=35)&&(q<=45)&&((button & 1)==1))
{
gotoxy(1,22);

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C Programs By VINOD

printf("Enter :");
gotoxy(1,23);
printf("date :");scanf("%d",&dat);
gotoxy(1,24);
printf("Month :");scanf("%d",&mont);
gotoxy(1,25);
printf("Year :");scanf("%d",&yea);
d.da_day=dat;
d.da_mon=mont;
d.da_year=yea;
setdate(&d);
gotoxy(1,22);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,23);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,24);
printf(" ");
gotoxy(1,25);
printf(" ");
}
/*while end*/
}
end:
closegraph();
restorecrtmode();
/*program end*/
return 0;
}

initmouse()
{
i.x.ax = 0;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return (o.x.ax);
}

showmouseptr()
{
i.x.ax = 1;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return 0;
}
hidemouseptr()
{
i.x.ax = 2;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
return 0;
}

restrictmouseptr(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)

{
i.x.ax = 7;
i.x.cx = x1;
i.x.dx = x2;

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C Programs By VINOD

int86 (0x33,&i,&o);
i.x.ax = 8;
i.x.cx = y1;
i.x.dx = y2;
int86 (0x33,&i,&o);
return 0;
}

getmousepos(int *button,int *x,int *y)

{
i.x.ax = 3;
int86 (0x33,&i,&o);
*button = o.x.bx;
*x=o.x.cx;
*y=o.x.dx;
return 0;
}

press()
{
while ((button & 1)==1)
{
getmousepos(&button,&p,&q);}
return 0;
}

This program prints the Fibonacci series

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(void)
{
int i,j,k,n;
clrscr();
i=0;
j=1;
printf("%d %d ",i,j);
for(n=0;n<=5;n++)
{
k=i+j;
i=j;
j=k;
printf("%d ",k);
}
getch();
}

/*Understanding IVT table*/

/* understanding ivt table*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
main()
{
unsigned long far *address = (unsigned long far *)0x00000000;

115
C Programs By VINOD

unsigned long intadd[256];

unsigned int segment, offset;
int i;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("IVT.txt", "wb");
for(i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
intadd[i] = *(address++);
segment = FP_SEG(intadd[i]);
offset = FP_OFF(intadd[i]);
fprintf(fp, "interrupt %3X : vector %Fp(hex) : %lu(dec)",i, intadd[i],
(unsigned long)segment * 16 + offset);
}
fclose(fp);
getch();
}

/*Vertical Histogram*/

#include<stdio.h>
#define MAXWL 20 /* Maximum length of a word */
#define MAXNO 25 /* Maximum No of words in a sentence */

void main(void)
{
int word[MAXNO];
int i,c,j,nc,nw;

for(i=0;i<MAXNO;++i)
word[i]=0;

nc = nw = 0;

while( (c=getchar()) != EOF)

{
++nc;
if( c ==' ' || c ==' '|| c ==' ')
{
word[nw] = nc -1; /* -1 for excluding the space in the
word length */
++nw;
nc = 0; /* resetting the word-length for the next word
*/
}

for( i = MAXWL; i >= 1; --i)

{
for(j=0;j <= nw;++j)
{
if( i <= word[j])
putchar('*');
else
putchar(' ');

116
C Programs By VINOD

}
putchar(' ');
}

getch();
}

Write a program to find permutation

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int lev=-1,n,val[50],a[50];
void main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter howmany numbers
");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
val[i]=0;
j=i+1;
scanf("%d",&a[j]);
}
visit(0);
getch();
}
visit(int k)
{
int i;
val[k]=++lev;
if(lev==n)
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%2d",a[val[i]]);
printf(" ");
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(val[i]==0)
visit(i);
lev--;
val[k]=0;
}

WORK OUT
/*Simple Account software*/

#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<stdio.h>

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C Programs By VINOD

#include<string.h>

union REGS i,o;

char *menu[]={"1.Add Records","2.Show Records","3.Modify Records","4.Del
Records","5.Search

Record","6.Exit"};

main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,choice=1,width=0,i,count,sr=0;
char **buffer;
FILE *m,*t;
char sname[20];
long int size;
char mrec;
struct cust
{
char name[20];
int accno;
float balance;
};
struct cust s;

m=fopen("C:\record.txt","rb+");

if(m==NULL)
{
t=fopen("C:\record.txt","wb+");

if(t==NULL)
{ printf("Error in opening file ");
exit();
}
}
size=sizeof(s);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\turboc\Bgi.arc");

setbkcolor(1);
setcolor(11);
if(initmouse()==0)
{
printf("Mouse driver not loaded...");
exit();
}

count=sizeof(menu)/sizeof(char *);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,0,3);
displaymenu(menu,count,10,10);

for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
if(textwidth(menu[i])>width)
width=textwidth(menu[i]);
}

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C Programs By VINOD

/* movemouseptr(&x1,&y1);*/

buffer=malloc(sizeof(menu));
savemenu(menu,buffer,width,count,10,10);
showmouseptr();
while (1)
{ displaymenu(menu,count,10,10);
choice=getresponse(menu,buffer,width,count,10,10);
gotoxy(50,15);

hidemouseptr();
switch (choice)
{
case 1 : cleardevice();
fseek(m,0,SEEK_END);
mrec='y';
gotoxy(1,1);
while(mrec=='y')
{
printf("Enter the Name of the Custumer ");
scanf("%s",s.name);
printf("Enter the Acc.no of the Custumer ");
scanf("%d",&s.accno);
printf("Enter the Balance of the Custumer ");
scanf("%f",&s.balance);

fwrite(&s,size,1,m);
printf("Are there more Records (Y/N)");
fflush(stdin);
mrec=getche();
}
printf("Press any key to go back to menu");
cleardevice();
break;

case 2: cleardevice();
rewind(m);
gotoxy(1,1);
printf("Name Acc.No Ammount Due");
sr=0;
if(fread(&s,size,1,m)==1)
{ rewind(m);
while(fread(&s,size,1,m)==1)
{
printf("%30s%12d%23.2f",s.name,s.accno,s.balance);
sr++;
}
} else
printf(" There is no record to Display");
printf("There are %d Records",sr);
printf("Press any key to go back to menu");
getch();
cleardevice();
break;

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C Programs By VINOD

case 3: clearviewport();
mrec='y';
gotoxy(1,1);
while(mrec=='y')
{
printf("Enter the name of Customer whose rec. is to be modified");
scanf("%s",sname);
/* gets(sname);*/
rewind(m);
while (fread(&s,size,1,m)==1)
{ sr=0;
if( strcmp (s.name,sname)==0)
{ sr=1;
/* printf("Enter new name,Acc.no,Balance ");*/
/* scanf("%s%d%f",s.name,&s.rollno,&s.percent);*/
printf("Enter the new Name of the Custumer ");
scanf("%s",s.name);
/*gets(s.name);*/

printf("Enter the new Acc.no of the Custumer ");

scanf("%d",&s.accno);
printf("Enter the new Balance of the Custumer ");
scanf("%f",&s.balance);

fseek(m,-size,SEEK_CUR);
fwrite(&s,size,1,m);
break;
}
}
if(sr==0)
printf("Record %s is not found",sname);
printf("Modify more records (Y/N)");
fflush(stdin);
mrec=getche();

}
clearviewport();
break;
case 4: clearviewport();
mrec='y';
gotoxy(1,1);
while(mrec=='y')
{
printf("Enter the name of the Customer to delete the rec ");
scanf("%s",sname);
/* gets(sname);*/
t=fopen("C:\stemp.txt","wb");

rewind (m);
while(fread(&s,size,1,m)==1)
{
if(strcmp(s.name,sname)!=0)
fwrite(&s,size,1,t);

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C Programs By VINOD

}
fclose(m);
fclose(t);
remove("C:\record.txt");
rename("C:\stemp.txt","C:\record.txt");

m=fopen("C:\record.txt","rb+");

printf("Delete more records (Y/N)");

fflush(stdin);
mrec=getche();
} clearviewport();
/* displaymenu(menu,count,10,10);*/
/*getch();*/
/*choice=getresponse(menu,buffer,width,count,10,10);*/
break;
case 5: clearviewport();
mrec='y';
gotoxy(1,1);
while(mrec=='y')
{
printf("Enter the name of Customer whose rec. is to be Searched");
scanf("%s",sname);
/*gets(sname);*/
rewind(m);
while (fread(&s,size,1,m)==1)
{ sr=0;
if( strcmp (s.name,sname)==0)
{
/* printf("Enter new name,Acc.no,Balance");*/
/* scanf("%s%d%f",s.name,&s.rollno,&s.percent);*/
/* fseek(m,-size,SEEK_CUR);*/
/* fwrite(&s,size,1,m);*/
printf("Record found");
printf("Name Acc.No Ammount Due");
printf("%30s%12d%23.2f",s.name,s.accno,s.balance);
sr=1;
getch();
break;
}
}
if(sr==0)
printf("Record %s is not found",sname);
printf("Search more records (Y/N)");
fflush(stdin);
mrec=getche();

}
clearviewport();
break;

case 6:
fclose(m);
exit();

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C Programs By VINOD

showmouseptr();
}
getch();
}

displaymenu(char **menu,int count,int x1,int y1)

{
int i,h;

h=textheight(menu[0]);

for(i=0;i<count;i++)
outtextxy(x1,y1+i*(h+5),menu[i]);
}

savemenu (char **menu,char **buffer,int width,int count,int x1,int y1)

{
int i,x2,yy1,yy2,area,h;

h=textheight(menu[0]);

for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
x2=x1+width;
yy1=y1+i*(h+5);
yy2=y1+(i+1)*(h+5);

area=imagesize(x1,yy1,x2,yy2);
buffer[i]=malloc(area);
getimage(x1,yy1,x2,yy2,buffer[i]);

}
}

getresponse(char **menu,char **buffer,int width,int count,int x1,int

y1)
{
int choice=1,prevchoice=0,x,y,x2,y2,button;
int in,i,h;

h=textheight(menu[0]);
y2=y1+count*(h+5);
x2=x1+width;
rectangle(x1-5,y1-5,x2+5,y2+5);

while(1)
{
getmousepos(&button,&x,&y);

if (x>=x1&&x<=x2&&y>=y1&&y<=y2)
{ in=1;

for(i=1;i<=count;i++)
{
if(y<=y1+i*(h+5))
{ choice=i;

122
C Programs By VINOD

break;
}
}

if(prevchoice!=choice)
{
hidemouseptr();
highlight(buffer,choice,h,x1,y1);

if(prevchoice)
dehighlight(buffer,prevchoice,h,x1,y1);

prevchoice=choice;
showmouseptr();
}
if((button & 1)==1)
{
while ((button & 1)==1)
getmousepos(&button,&x,&y);

if(x>=x1&&x<=x2&&y>=y1&&y<=y2)
return(choice);
}
}
else
{
if( in ==1)
{
in=0;
prevchoice=0;
hidemouseptr();
dehighlight(buffer,choice,h,x1,y1);
showmouseptr();
}
}
}
}

highlight(char **buffer,int ch,int h,int x1,int y1)

{
putimage(x1,y1+(ch-1)*(h+5),buffer[ch-1],NOT_PUT);
}

dehighlight(char **buffer,int ch,int h,int x1,int y1)

{
putimage(x1,y1+(ch-1)*(h+5),buffer[ch-1],COPY_PUT);
}

/* initmouse */
initmouse()
{
i.x.ax=0;
int86 (0x33,&i,&o);
return(o.x.ax);

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C Programs By VINOD

/* displays mouse pointer */

showmouseptr()
{
i.x.ax=1;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
}

hidemouseptr()
{
i.x.ax=2;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
}

/*gets mouse coordinates and button status*/

getmousepos(int *button,int *x,int *y)

{
i.x.ax=3;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
*button=o.x.bx;
*x=o.x.cx;
*y=o.x.dx;
}

movemouseptr(int *x,int *y)

{
i.x.ax=4;
int86(0x33,&i,&o);
o.x.cx=*x;
o.x.dx=*y;
return 0;
}

Arrays and pointers in C

========================
(Thanks a lot to Steve Summit for the very illuminating comments,
thanks to Ilana Zommer for the excellent comments)

This is a short text on arrays and pointers in C with an emphasis

on using multi-dimensional arrays. The seemingly unrelated C rules
are explained as an attempt to unify arrays and pointers, replacing
arrays and the basic array equation by a new notation and special
rules (see below).

The purpose of the following text is threefold:

1) Help those who mix C modules in their programs to

understand the pointer notation of C and pass arrays
between FORTRAN and C.

2) Show possible workarounds for the lack of adjustable

arrays, one of C technical shortcomings.

124
C Programs By VINOD

3) Show an interesting method of array implementation.

The C language as a "portable assembler"

----------------------------------------
Older operating systems and other system software were written
in assembly language. CPUs were slow and memories very small,
and only assembly language could generate the tight code needed.

However, assembly is difficult to maintain and by definition not

portable, so the advantages of a High Level Language designed
for system programming were clear. Improvements in hardware and
compiler technology made C a success.

Pointers and pointer operators

------------------------------
FORTRAN imposes a major restriction on the programmer, you can
reference only named memory locations, i.e. Fortran variables.
Pointers make it possible, like in assembly, to reference in
a useful way any memory location.

A pointer is a variable suitable for keeping memory addresses

of other variables, the values you assign to a pointer are
memory addresses of other variables (or other pointers).

How useful are pointers for scientific programming? Probably

much less than C fans think, few algorithms used in scientific
require pointers. It is well-known that having unrestricted
pointers in a programming language makes it difficult for the
compiler to generate efficient code.

C pointers are characterized by their value and data-type.

The value is the address of the memory location the pointer
points to, the type determines how the pointer will be
incremented/decremented in pointer (or subscript) arithmetic
(see below).

Arrays in C and the array equation

----------------------------------
We will use 2D arrays in the following text instead of general
N-dimensional arrays, they can illustrate the subtle points
involved with using arrays and pointers in C, and the arithmetic
will be more manageable.

A 2D array in C is treated as a 1D array whose elements are 1D

arrays (the rows).

For example, a 4x3 array of T (where "T" is some data type) may
be declared by: "T mat[4][3]", and described by the following
scheme:

+-----+-----+-----+
mat == mat[0] ---> | a00 | a01 | a02 |
+-----+-----+-----+

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C Programs By VINOD

+-----+-----+-----+
mat[1] ---> | a10 | a11 | a12 |
+-----+-----+-----+
+-----+-----+-----+
mat[2] ---> | a20 | a21 | a22 |
+-----+-----+-----+
+-----+-----+-----+
mat[3] ---> | a30 | a31 | a32 |
+-----+-----+-----+

The array elements are stored in memory row after row, so the
array equation for element "mat[m][n]" of type T is:

address(mat[i][j]) = address(mat[0][0]) + (i * n + j) * size(T)

address(mat[i][j]) = address(mat[0][0]) +
i * n * size(T) +
j * size(T)

address(mat[i][j]) = address(mat[0][0]) +
i * size(row of T) +
j * size(T)

A few remarks:

1) The array equation is important, it is the connection between the

abstract data-type and its implementation. In Fortran (and other
languages) it is "hidden" from the programmer, the compiler
automatically "plants" the necessary code whenever an array
reference is made.

2) For higher-dimensional arrays the equation gets more and more

complicated. In some programming languages an arbitrary limit on
the dimension is imposed, e.g. Fortran arrays can be 7D at most.

3) Note that it's more efficient to compute the array equation

"iteratively" - not using the distributive law to eliminate the
parentheses (just count the arithmetical operations in the first
two versions of the array equation above). The K&R method
(see below) works iteratively.

It reminds one of Horner's Rule for computing a polynomial

iterativly, e.g.

a * x**2 + b * x + c = (a * x + b) * x + c

computing the powers of x is eliminated in this way.

4) The number of rows doesn't enter into the array equation, you don't
need it to compute the address of an element. That is the reason
you don't have to specify the first dimension in a routine that is
being passed a 2D array, just like in Fortran's assumed-size arrays.

The K&R method of reducing arrays to pointers

---------------------------------------------

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C Programs By VINOD

K&R tried to create a unified treatment of arrays and pointers, one that
would expose rather than hide the array equation in the compiler's code.
They found an elegant solution, albeit a bit complicated. The "ugly"
array equation is replaced in their formulation by four rules:

1) An array of dimension N is a 1D array with

elements that are arrays of dimension N-1.

2) Pointer addition is defined by:

ptr # n = ptr + n * size(type-pointed-into)

"#" denotes here pointer addition to avoid

confusion with ordinary addition.
The function "size()" returns object's sizes.

3) The famous "decay convention": an array is

treated as a pointer that points to the
first element of the array.

The decay convention shouldn't be applied

more than once to the same object.

4) Taking a subscript with value i is equivalent

to the operation: "pointer-add i and then
type-dereference the sum", i.e.

xxx[i] = *(xxx # i)

When rule #4 + rule #3 are applied recursively

(this is the case of a multi-dimensional array),
only the data type is dereferenced and not the
pointer's value, except on the last step.

K&R rules imply the array equation

----------------------------------
We will show now that the array equation is a consequence of the above
rules (applied recursively) in the case of a 2D array:

mat[i] = *(mat # i) (rule 4)

mat[i][j] = *(*(mat # i) # j) (rule 4)

"mat" is clearly a "2D array of T" and decays by rule #3 into a

"pointer to a row of T". So we get the first two terms of the array
equation.

mat[i][j] = *(*(mat + i * sizeof(row)) # j)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Pointer to row of T

Dereferencing the type of "(mat # i)" we get a "row of T".

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mat[i][j] = *((mat + i * sizeof(row)) # j)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Row of T

We have now one pointer addition left, using again the "decay convention",
the 1D array "row of T" becomes a pointer to its first element, i.e.
"pointer to T". We perform the pointer addition, and get the third term
of the array equation:

mat[i][j] = *(mat + i * sizeof(row) + j * sizeof(T))

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Pointer to T

address(mat[i][j]) = mat + i * sizeof(row) + j * sizeof(T)

Remember that "mat" actually points to the first element of the array,
so we can write:

address(mat[i][j]) = address(mat[0][0]) +
i * sizeof(row) +
j * sizeof(T)

This is exactly the array equation. QED

Why a double pointer can't be used as a 2D array?

-------------------------------------------------
This is a good example, although the compiler may not complain,
it is wrong to declare: "int **mat" and then use "mat" as a 2D array.
These are two very different data-types and using them you access
different locations in memory. On a good machine (e.g. VAX/VMS) this
mistake aborts the program with a "memory access violation" error.

This mistake is common because it is easy to forget that the decay

convention mustn't be applied recursively (more than once) to the
same array, so a 2D array is NOT equivalent to a double pointer.

A "pointer to pointer of T" can't serve as a "2D array of T".

The 2D array is "equivalent" to a "pointer to row of T", and this
is very different from "pointer to pointer of T".

When a double pointer that points to the first element of an array,

is used with subscript notation "ptr[0][0]", it is fully dereferenced
two times (see rule #5). After two full dereferencings the resulting
object will have an address equal to whatever value was found INSIDE
the first element of the array. Since the first element contains
our data, we would have wild memory accesses.

We could take care of the extra dereferencing by having an intermediary

"pointer to T":

type mat[m][n], *ptr1, **ptr2;

ptr2 = &ptr1;
ptr1 = (type *)mat;

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but that wouldn't work either, the information on the array "width" (n),
is lost, and we would get right only the first row, then we will have
again wild memory accesses.

A possible way to make a double pointer work with a 2D array notation

is having an auxiliary array of pointers, each of them points to a
row of the original matrix.

type mat[m][n], *aux[m], **ptr2;

ptr2 = (type **)aux;

for (i = 0 ; i < m ; i++)
aux[i] = (type *)mat + i * n;

Of course the auxiliary array could be dynamic.

An example program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
long mat[5][5], **ptr;

mat[0][0] = 3;
ptr = (long **)mat;

printf(" mat %p \n", mat);

printf(" ptr %p \n", ptr);
printf(" mat[0][0] %d \n", mat[0][0]);
printf(" &mat[0][0] %p \n", &mat[0][0]);
printf(" &ptr[0][0] %p \n", &ptr[0][0]);

return;
}

The output on VAX/VMS is:

mat 7FDF6310
ptr 7FDF6310
mat[0][0] 3
&mat[0][0] 7FDF6310
&ptr[0][0] 3

We can see that "mat[0][0]" and "ptr[0][0]" are different objects

(they have different addresses), although "mat" and "ptr" have
the same value.

What methods for passing a 2D array to a subroutine are allowed?

----------------------------------------------------------------
Following are 5 alternative ways to handle in C an array passed from

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a Fortran procedure or another c routine.

Various ways to declare and use such an array are presented by examples
with an array made of 3x3 shorts (INTEGER*2). All 5 methods work on
a VAX/VMS machine with DECC.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int func1();
int func2();
int func3();
int func4();
int func5();

main()
{
short mat[3][3],i,j;

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)

for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
mat[i][j] = i*10 + j;
}

printf(" Initialized data to: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", mat[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n");

func1(mat);
func2(mat);
func3(mat);
func4(mat);
func5(mat);
}

/*
Method #1 (No tricks, just an array with empty first dimension)
===============================================================
You don't have to specify the first dimension!
*/

int func1(short mat[][3])

{
register short i, j;

printf(" Declare as matrix, explicitly specify second dimension: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{

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printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", mat[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n");

return;
}

/*
Method #2 (pointer to array, second dimension is explicitly specified)
======================================================================
*/

int func2(short (*mat)[3])

{
register short i, j;

printf(" Declare as pointer to column, explicitly specify 2nd dim: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", mat[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n");

return;
}

/*
Method #3 (Using a single pointer, the array is "flattened")
============================================================
With this method you can create general-purpose routines.
The dimensions doesn't appear in any declaration, so you
can add them to the formal argument list.

The manual array indexing will probably slow down execution.

*/

int func3(short *mat)

{
register short i, j;

printf(" Declare as single-pointer, manual offset computation: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", *(mat + 3*i + j));
}

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}
printf("\n");

return;
}

/*
Method #4 (double pointer, using an auxiliary array of pointers)
================================================================
With this method you can create general-purpose routines,
if you allocate "index" at run-time.

Add the dimensions to the formal argument list.

*/

int func4(short **mat)

{
short i, j, *index[3];

for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)

index[i] = (short *)mat + 3*i;

printf(" Declare as double-pointer, use auxiliary pointer array: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", index[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n");

return;
}

/*
Method #5 (single pointer, using an auxiliary array of pointers)
================================================================
*/

int func5(short *mat[3])

{
short i, j, *index[3];
for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
index[i] = (short *)mat + 3*i;

printf(" Declare as single-pointer, use auxiliary pointer array: ");

for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{
printf("%5.2d", index[i][j]);
}
}

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printf("\n");
return;
}

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