SIGNAL PROCESSING I

Introduction
SEBASTIÁN ROLDÁN VASCO
[email protected]
 Introduction
The communication systems transfer
information through signals.

Channel: wired or
wireless
transmission
SOURCE: media
Human voice, Tx Rx RECEIVER
images, etc…
TRANSMITTER

Signal = f(t) that transmit information

 Background
• Signals processing:
• Signals representation
• Signals transformation
• Interpretation

• Systems:
• Modeling
• Analysis with Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)
• Forced response

• Signal:
• Time and frequency domain interpretation

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 Systems
• The systems process signals

• They interconnect devices to generate or modify

signals
• Attenuation
• Filtering
• Equalization

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 Signals
• Number sequence: variations of a quantity (time or
space)
• Electric communication systems: EM waves
• Propagation media: guided and unguided

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 Signals
1. Broad definition (mathematics): function.

2. Definition (physics): function that represents a physical

quantity (voltage, current, speed, etc.). Variation in time
or position.
3. Narrow definition (telecommunications): function of
time that carry information.

The signals in telecommunications are not predictable: these

have uncertainty.

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 Signals
• Predictable and unpredictable function:

f(t)
T Predictable
A

Unpredictable
t

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 Interpretation
• Extract information of a signal and/or system

• Methods for signals:

• Artificial intelligence (Artificial Neural Networks)
• Fourier transform
• Wavelet transform
• Feature extraction and pattern recognition

• Methods for systems:

• Laplace transform
• Frequency response and Bode diagrams
• Z transform
 Transformation
1. Amplification: change amplitude without
changing the features.

𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋, 𝐴 > 1
t
t

2. Attenuation:

𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋, 𝐴 < 1
t
t

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 Transformation
3. Shifting: advance or delay.

𝑌(𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
𝑡0 t
t

4. Inversion: In amplitude

t 10
𝑌 = −𝑋
𝑌(𝑡) = 𝑋(−𝑡)
t In time

t
 Transformation

5. Modulation:

𝑥 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡)
= 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
t
t

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

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 Transformation

6. Filtering: Attenuation of frequency components

7. Equalization: Unequal attenuation or amplification

of selected components. Based on filters.

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 Signals: Classification
1. Time:
1.1 Continuous-time signals:

X(t)
t
1.2 Discrete-time signals:

X[n]
X[t]
1 1.3 4 4.7 … t 1 2 3… n t
 Signals: Classification
2. Amplitude:

Discrete time
Analog
Quantized

Digital
 Signals: Classification
3. Deterministic and random signals
f(t)
T Deterministic:
A
- Predictable
t - e.g. 𝑓 𝑡 = sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)

f(t) P(t)
Random:
- Unpredictable
t - Statistic formula -
t
probability
 Signals: Classification

4. Periodic and aperiodic signals:

𝑥 𝑡 is periodic if satisfies
𝑥 𝑡 ± 𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑡 ∀ 𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ −∞, ∞

f(t)
T
A

t
 Signals: Classification

4. Periodic and aperiodic signals:

Sum of periodic signals:
Given the periodic signals 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇1 ) and 𝑦 𝑡 =
𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑇2 , the sum of the signal 𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑦(𝑡) is
periodic if:

𝑇1 𝑓2 𝑛1
= = ; 𝑛1 𝑛2 ∈ ℤ
𝑇2 𝑓1 𝑛2

• The period of the sum signal (𝑇3 ) is the G.C.D. of 𝑇1 and

𝑇2
 Signals: Classification

4. Periodic and aperiodic signals:

Sum of periodic signals:
• Given:
𝑥 𝑡 = 3 cos(𝜋ൗ8 𝑡)
𝑦 𝑡 = 5 cos(𝜋ൗ4 𝑡)
• Find the period 𝑇3 of 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑦(𝑡)
• Solution:
• 𝑇1 = 16
G.C.D.= 8 ∴ 𝑇3 = 8.
• 𝑇2 = 8
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.

The Mean Absolute Value of 𝑥 𝑡 :

𝑇
1 ൗ2
𝑥ҧ t = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −𝑇ൗ
2

The Energy of 𝑥 𝑡 in the range 𝑡1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡2 :

𝑡2 𝑇
න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 → 𝐸∞ = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑇→∞ −𝑇

The Power of 𝑥 𝑡 in the range 𝑡1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡2 :

𝑡2 𝑇
1 1
න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑃∞ = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.

Energy signal:
𝐸∞ < ∞ → 𝑃∞ = 0

Power signal:
𝑃∞ > 0 → 𝐸∞ → ∞
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.

Energy signals are easily recognizable:

• Finite duration and bounded amplitude
• Infinite duration but lim 𝑥(𝑡) = 0
𝑡→±∞

𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 t t
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.
Energy or power signals?

t t -1 1 t
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.
Energy or power signals?
f(t)
f(t)
T
A

t
t

t
t
 Signals: Classification
5. Energy and power signals.
Energy or power signals?

t t

t t
t
 Signals: Representation
1. Graphic

f(t)

2. Mathematic:
2.1 Table: the most useful

2.2 Exact equation

2.3 Statistic equation: probability function.

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 Signals: Representation
3. Spectral:
Every periodic signal can be decompose by a finite or
infinite sum 𝑛of sinusoidal components (harmonics).
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐴0 + ෍ 𝐴𝑖 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑖 )
𝑖=1
𝑓 𝑡
Phase
DC level Amplitude
Frequency 𝐴

t
𝜑

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 Signals: Representation
3. Spectral:
The plot of the harmonics in the frequency domain is
the spectral representation:
𝑛
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐴0 + ෍ 𝐴𝑖 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑖 )
𝑖=1
Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum

𝑓(𝜔) 𝑓 𝜔 = 𝜑
𝐴3
𝐴0 𝐴𝑛 𝜑3
𝐴2
𝐴1
𝜑1
……. 𝜑2 …….
𝜑0
𝜔0 𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔𝑛 𝜔 𝜔0 𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔𝑛 𝜔
𝜑𝑛 27
 Signals: Representation
3. Spectral:
Example: Sketch the amplitude and phase spectra of:
𝑥 𝑡 = 4 − 5 cos 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋ൗ8 + 8 sin(6𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋ൗ3)
Rewriting:
𝑥 𝑡 = 4 − 5 cos 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋ൗ8 + 8 cos(6𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋ൗ3 − 𝜋ൗ2)

Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum

𝑓(𝜔) 𝑓 𝜔 = 𝜑
8 𝜋ൗ
8
5
4

2𝜋 6𝜋 𝜔
2𝜋 6𝜋 𝜔 −5𝜋ൗ
6
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