Basic Electronics Report:

Submitted by Pink group

Group members 190770 ,190834 ,190832,
190572 ,191340
Submitted to Mam Rabia
Date of submission December 6, 2019
Grade/ Points
 Lab Schedule

WEEK LAB OBJECTIVE

1 1 Introduction to oscilloscope,multimetre,dc
supply,function generater , resistor coding,series
and parallel circuit
2 2 Study the characterstic curve of forward biasing
3 3 Study the characterstic curve of forward biasing
4 4 To study the operation of Half wave rectifier
5 5 To study the operation of full wave rectifier
6 6 To study capacitive filters to half and full wave
rectification circuit
7 7 To study the operation of clipper diode circuit
8 8 To study the operation of clamper diode circuit

Lab 1:
  Objective:
Introduction to oscilloscope,multimetre,dc supply,function generater , resistor
coding,series and parallel circuit
 Apprattus:
Oscilloscope,multimetre,dc power supply,function generater,resister,bread board
 Definition:
Series circuit:
A series circuit is one that has more than one resistor, but only one path
through which the electricity (electrons) flows.
Parallel circuit:
A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. Voltage
is the same across each component of the parallel circuit. 
Breadboard:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics
and test circuit designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits
can be interconnected by inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and
then making connections through wires where appropriate
Resistor:
a device having resistance to the passage of an electric current.
Oscilloscope:
a device for viewing oscillations by a display on the screen of a cathode ray
tube.
Function Generater:
A function generator is a signal source that has the capability of producing
different types of waveforms as its output signal. 
DC power supply:
A DC (direct current) power supply converts electrical energy in the form
delivered by the power company to a form required by some device.
 Procedure:
Series circuit:
1. To create a series circuit we have to follow point to point construction
on breadboard.
 2. create circuit as given below on bread board

Parallel circuit:
1. create circuit as given below on bread board

Resistor coding:
1. first color band represents first digit.
2. second color band represents second digit.
3. third color band represents number of zeros.
4. forth color band represents tolerance of resistor.
Oscilloscope:
1. first connect the probes on channel which you need .
2. It is having graphical interface which shows graph of electrical signal
as it varies over time.
3. We can adjust the position,amplitude of graph by moving knobs
4. we can find frequency,time period, voltage amplitude
5. vertical section controls voltage
6. horizontal section controls the time scale on the screen
7. seconds per division is used in horizontal scale while voltage per
division is used in vertical scale.
 Function Generater:
1. first connect the probes .
2. it is used to generate waveforms with common shapes
sine,square,pulse,triangular.
3. in this we can set frequency and amplitude .

DC power supply:
1. First coonect probes with channel you are going to use.
2. apply standard current.
3. now turn on output button and apply voltage according to your need.

Multimetre:
1. Connect the probes black to common point while red with point you want to
measure.
2. it is used to measure resistance,voltage,current in several ranges.
3. if you want to find the voltage turn the knob to voltage area and connect the
probs to object where you want to measure the voltage.
  Conclusion:
In this lab session we learn how to operate oscilloscope,multimetre,dc power
supply, function generator.
 Lab 2:
 Objective:
To study the characteristic curve of germanium diode in forward biased
condition.
 Apprattus:
Breadboard,Germanium diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),Dc power supply
 Definition:
diode will conduct current only if its anode is at a positive voltage compared
to its cathode; it is then said to be forward biased.
 Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as given below

2. First of all we applied positive supply across resistor and negative across
diode negative side.
3. Then we connected a voltmeter in parallel across diode.
4. We had applied different voltages and noted the corresponding current and
voltage across the diode.
5. We had taken at least 9 reading.
6. We had plot the V_I curve.

 Calculation:
  Conclusion:
By this experiment we found out how current flows in diode in forward
biased condition due to majority charge carriers.

Lab 3:
  Objective:
To study the characteristic curve of germanium diode in reverse biased
condition.
 Apprattus:
Breadboard,Germanium diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),Dc power supply
 Definition:
negligible current will flow through a diode when its cathode is made more
positive than its anode; the diode is then said to be reverse biased. 
 Procedure:
1. We had applied the positive supply to the negative terminal of diode and
negative supply across the resistor.

2. After that we had applied the same procedure as in forward bias.

3. We had connected a voltmeter in parallel across diode.
4. We had applied different voltages and noted the corresponding current
and voltage across the diode.

5.We had taken at least 9 reading.

6. We had plot the V_I curve
 Graph :
 Calculations:

 Conclusion:
By this experiment we found out how current flows in diode in reverse
biased condition due to minority charge carriers.
 Lab 4:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Half wave rectifier
 Apprattus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function
generater,multimetre
 Definition:
A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts the positive half
cycle of the input signal into pulsating DC(Direct Current) output signal.

 Procedure:
1. Test the diode using diode tester in multimeter.
2.Set the multimeter to diode test and put the multimeter probs on diode legs
such that the black probe is at cathode and red on anode.
3.If the multimeter shows a reading around 0.7 volts then your diode is ok.
4.Make the circuit on the bread board.

5.Test the continuity of all connections.

6.Using wire,supply the voltages coming from function generater at the
circuit input .
7.Observe the output using Oscilloscope & note down Vpeak-
peak,frequency,rms value & average value.
8.Now observe the output across resister using oscilloscope &note down
same values as mentioned in above steps.

3. Calculations:
Input voltage = 7.5 v
Frequency= 50 hz
Peak to peak voltage =
4 x 0.5 = 2.0 v
Output voltage :
Voltage resistor = 5.88 v
Ripples = 1.27

4. Screenshots:

5. Conclusion:
After performing this experiment we conclude that the output of this circuit
of Half wave rectification in oscilloscope is one full wave and one is at the
mean position,and same case in the negative half cycle.
 Lab 5:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Full wave rectifier, to know about bridge
rectifier
 Apprattus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function
generater,multimetre
 Definition:
A full wave rectifier is a circuit which converts the positive as well as
negative full wave rectifier into pulsating DC

 Procedure:
1.Generate a sinusoidal voltage from function generator. Measure its peak to
peak voltage and frequency using oscilloscope.Measure rms using
multimeter.
2.Make that circuit.

3.Measure the output voltage across resistor. Observe the output waveform
on oscilloscope.
4.Connect the oscilloscope 2 channels across indivisuals diode in parallel
and antiparallel arms to observe their conduction patterns.
5.Measure the output voltage and frequency.
6. Calculations:
Frequency = 100 Hz
 Voltage = 50 v

Screenshots:

7. Conclusion:
After this experiment we conclude that the output on oscilloscope is of
sinusoidal type and wave is generated continuously.
 Lab 6:
 Objective:
To study the operation of capacitive filter on half and full wave
rectification
 Apprattus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function
generater,multimetre,capacitors
 Definition:
A filter capacitor is a capacitor which filters out a certain frequency or range
of frequencies from a circuit.
 Procedure:
1. Test the diodes using multimeter.
2. Make circuit on Bread-Board

3. Apply the output of each rectifier circuit to the to the filter circuit and
observe the output waveform and parameters.
4. Observe the output using Oscilloscope and note down peak-peak,
Frequency, rms value and average value.
 Calculations:
For 4.7uF capacitor:
Half wave: Full wave:
Vp-p=_________ Vp-p=_________
Frequency=________
Frequency=________
Vrms=___________
Vrms=___________
Vavg=_________ Vavg=_________
For 47uF capacitor:
Half wave: Full wave:
Vp-p=_________ Vp-p=_________
Frequency=________
Frequency=________
Vrms=___________
Vrms=___________
Vavg=_________ Vavg=_________
For 470uF capacitor:
Half wave: Full wave:
Vp-p=_________ Vp-p=_________
Frequency=________
Frequency=________
Vrms=___________
Vrms=___________
Vavg=_________ Vavg=_________

 Screenshot:
 Conclusion:
From the above experiment we are clear that. Use of filter in a rectifier
decreases the loss of voltage and gives an efficient output DC voltage
to the given AC voltage.
 Lab 7:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Biased Diode Limiter.
 Apprattus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function
generater,multimetre,dc power supply
 Definition:
A diode clipper is a wave shaping circuit that takes input waveform and clips
or cut it off
These circuit are used to eliminate amplitude noise or voltage sparks
 Procedure:
1. Test the diodes using multimeter.
2. Make circuit on Bread-Board.
3. Set the function generater to 1 khz. 5 v peak to peak sine wave using
oscilloscope
4. Now apply the input to the circuits one by one and observe their output
using oscilloscope .
 Calculation:


 Screenshot:
 Conclusion:
From the above experiment it is seen that clippers eliminate amplitude
noise or voltage spikes
 Lab 8:
 Objective:
To study the operation of diode clampers.
 Apprattus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function
generater,multimetre,capacitor
 Definition:
A Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a
resistor and a capacitor that shifts the waveform to a desired DC level
without changing the actual appearance of the applied signal.
 Procedure:
1. Test the diodes using multimeter.
2. Make circuit on Bread-Board.

3. Set the function generater to 1 khz. 5 v peak to peak sine wave using
oscilloscope
4. Now apply the input to the circuits one by one and observe their output
using oscilloscope .
  Calculation:

 Screenshots:

 Conclusion:
From the above experiment it is seen that clampers shift the waveform to
a desired dc level is subtracted or added to the input signal.