LM2578A/LM3578A Switching Regulator: Features Description

LM2578A, LM3578A
www.ti.com SNVS767E – AUGUST 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
LM2578A/LM3578A Switching Regulator

Check for Samples: LM2578A, LM3578A
1FEATURES DESCRIPTION
•
2 Inverting and Non-Inverting Feedback Inputs The LM2578A is a switching regulator which can
easily be set up for such DC-to-DC voltage
• 1.0V Reference at Inputs conversion circuits as the buck, boost, and inverting
• Operates from Supply Voltages of 2V to 40V configurations. The LM2578A features a unique
• Output Current up to 750 mA, Saturation Less comparator input stage which not only has separate
than 0.9V pins for both the inverting and non-inverting inputs,
but also provides an internal 1.0V reference to each
• Current Limit and Thermal Shut Down input, thereby simplifying circuit design and p.c. board
• Duty Cycle up to 90% layout. The output can switch up to 750 mA and has
output pins for its collector and emitter to promote
APPLICATIONS design flexibility. An external current limit terminal
may be referenced to either the ground or the Vin
• Switching Regulators in Buck, Boost, terminal, depending upon the application. In addition,
Inverting, and Single-Ended Transformer the LM2578A has an on board oscillator, which sets
Configurations the switching frequency with a single external
• Motor Speed Control capacitor from <1 Hz to 100 kHz (typical).
• Lamp Flasher The LM2578A is an improved version of the LM2578,
offering higher maximum ratings for the total supply
voltage and output transistor emitter and collector
voltages.
Connection Diagram
Figure 1. PDIP/SOIC Package

See Package Number D0008A or P0008E
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
2 All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM2578A, LM3578A
SNVS767E – AUGUST 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013 www.ti.com
Functional Diagram
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
(1) (2)
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Total Supply Voltage 50V
Collector Output to Ground −0.3V to +50V
(3)
Emitter Output to Ground −1V to +50V
(4)
Power Dissipation Internally limited
Output Current 750 mA
Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10 seconds) 260°C
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C
(5)
ESD Tolerance 2 kV
(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not
apply when operating the device beyond its rated operating conditions.
(2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and
specifications.
(3) For TJ ≥ 100°C, the Emitter pin voltage should not be driven more than 0.6V below ground (see Application Information).
(4) At elevated temperatures, devices must be derated based on package thermal resistance. The device in the 8-pin DIP must be derated
at 95°C/W, junction to ambient. The device in the SOIC package must be derated at 150°C/W, junction-to-ambient.
(5) Human body model, 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
Operating Ratings
Ambient Temperature Range LM2578A −40°C ≤ TA ≤+85°C
LM3578A 0°C ≤ TA ≤+70°C
Junction Temperature Range LM2578A −40°C ≤ TJ ≤+125°C
LM3578A 0°C ≤ TJ ≤+125°C
2 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

LM2578A, LM3578A
Electrical Characteristics
These specifications apply for 2V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V (2.2V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V for TJ ≤ −25°C), timing capacitor CT = 3900 pF, and 25% ≤
duty cycle ≤ 75%, unless otherwise specified. Values in standard typeface are for TJ = 25°C; values in boldface type apply
for operation over the specified operating junction temperature range.
Typical (1) LM2578A/
Symbol Parameter Conditions LM3578A Units
Limit (2)
OSCILLATOR
fOSC Frequency 20 kHz
24 kHz (max)
16 kHz (min)
ΔfOSC/ΔT Frequency Drift with Temperature −0.13 %/°C
Amplitude 550 mVp-p
REFERENCE/COMPARATOR (3)
VR Input Reference I1 = I2 = 0 mA and 1.0 V
Voltage (4)
I1 = I2 = 1 mA ±1% 1.050/1.070 V (max)
0.950/0.930 V (min)
ΔVR/ΔVIN Input Reference Voltage Line I1 = I2 = 0 mA and 0.003 %/V
Regulation (4)
I1 = I2 = 1 mA ±1% 0.01/0.02 %/V (max)
IINV Inverting Input Current I1 = I2 = 0 mA, duty cycle = 25% 0.5 μA
Level Shift Accuracy Level Shift Current = 1 mA 1.0 %
10/13 % (max)
ΔVR/Δt Input Reference Voltage Long Term 100 ppm/1000h
Stability
OUTPUT
VC (sat) Collector Saturation Voltage IC = 750 mA pulsed, Emitter 0.7 V
grounded
0.90/1.2 V (max)
VE (sat) Emitter Saturation Voltage IO = 80 mA pulsed, 1.4 V
VIN = VC = 40V 1.7/2.0 V (max)
ICES Collector Leakage Current VIN = VCE = 40V, Emitter grounded, 0.1 μA
Output OFF
200/250 μA (max)
BVCEO(SUS) Collector-Emitter Sustaining Voltage ISUST = 0.2A (pulsed), VIN = 0 60 V
50 V (min)
CURRENT LIMIT
VCL Sense Voltage Shutdown Level Referred to VIN or Ground 110 mV
(5)
See 80 mV (min)
160 mV (max)
ΔVCL/ΔT Sense Voltage Temperature Drift 0.3 %/°C
ICL Sense Bias Current Referred to VIN 4.0 μA

Referred to ground 0.4 μA
(1) Typical values are for TJ = 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm.
(2) All limits specified at room temperature (standard type face) and at temperature extremes (bold type face). Room temperature limits are
100% production tested. Limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC)
methods. All limits are used to calculate AOQL.
(3) Input terminals are protected from accidental shorts to ground but if external voltages higher than the reference voltage are applied,
excessive current will flow and should be limited to less than 5 mA.
(4) I1 and I2 are the external sink currents at the inputs (refer to Test Circuit).
(5) Connection of a 10 kΩ resistor from pin 1 to pin 4 will drive the duty cycle to its maximum, typically 90%. Applying the minimum Current
Limit Sense Voltage to pin 7 will not reduce the duty cycle to less than 50%. Applying the maximum Current Limit Sense Voltage to pin 7
is certain to reduce the duty cycle below 50%. Increasing this voltage by 15 mV may be required to reduce the duty cycle to 0%, when
the Collector output swing is 40V or greater (see Ground-Referred Current Limit Sense Voltage typical curve).
Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 3

LM2578A, LM3578A
Electrical Characteristics (continued)

These specifications apply for 2V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V (2.2V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V for TJ ≤ −25°C), timing capacitor CT = 3900 pF, and 25% ≤
duty cycle ≤ 75%, unless otherwise specified. Values in standard typeface are for TJ = 25°C; values in boldface type apply
for operation over the specified operating junction temperature range.
Typical (1) LM2578A/
Symbol Parameter Conditions LM3578A Units
Limit (2)
DEVICE POWER CONSUMPTION
IS Supply Current Output OFF, VE = 0V 2.0 mA
3.5/4.0 mA (max)
Output ON, IC = 750 mA pulsed, 14 mA
VE = 0V

LM2578A, LM3578A
Typical Performance Characteristics

Oscillator Frequency Change
with Temperature Oscillator Voltage Swing
Figure 2. Figure 3.
Collector Saturation Voltage

Input Reference Voltage (Sinking Current,
Drift with Temperature Emitter Grounded)
Figure 4. Figure 5.
Emitter Saturation Voltage

(Sourcing Current, Ground Referred
Collector at Vin) Current Limit Sense Voltage
Figure 6. Figure 7.

LM2578A, LM3578A
Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)

Current Limit Sense Voltage Current Limit Response Time
Drift with Temperature for Various Over Drives
Figure 8. Figure 9.
Current Limit Sense Voltage

vs Supply Voltage Supply Current
Figure 10. Figure 11.
Collector Current with

Supply Current Emitter Output Below Ground
Figure 12. Figure 13.

LM2578A, LM3578A
TEST CIRCUIT*
Parameter tests can be made using the test circuit shown. Select the desired Vin, collector voltage and duty cycle
with adjustable power supplies. A digital volt meter with an input resistance greater than 100 MΩ should be used
to measure the following:
Input Reference Voltage to Ground; S1 in either position.
Level Shift Accuracy (%) = (TP3(V)/1V) × 100%; S1 at I1 = I2 = 1 mA
Input Current (mA) = (1V − Tp3 (V))/1 MΩ: S1 at I1 = I2 = 0 mA.
Oscillator parameters can be measured at Tp4 using a frequency counter or an oscilloscope.
The Current Limit Sense Voltage is measured by connecting an adjustable 0-to-1V floating power supply in
series with the current limit terminal and referring it to either the ground or the Vin terminal. Set the duty cycle to
90% and monitor test point TP5 while adjusting the floating power supply voltage until the LM2578A's duty cycle
just reaches 0%. This voltage is the Current Limit Sense Voltage.
The Supply Current should be measured with the duty cycle at 0% and S1 in the I1 = I2 = 0 mA position.
*LM2578A specifications are measured using automated test equipment. This circuit is provided for the
customer's convenience when checking parameters. Due to possible variations in testing conditions, the
measured values from these testing procedures may not match those of the factory.
Op amp supplies are ±15V

DVM input resistance >100 MΩ
*LM2578 max duty cycle is 90%
Definition of Terms
Input Reference Voltage: The voltage (referred to ground) that must be applied to either the inverting or non-
inverting input to cause the regulator switch to change state (ON or OFF).
Input Reference Current: The current that must be drawn from either the inverting or non-inverting input to
cause the regulator switch to change state (ON or OFF).

LM2578A, LM3578A
Input Level Shift Accuracy: This specification determines the output voltage tolerance of a regulator whose
output control depends on drawing equal currents from the inverting and non-inverting inputs (see the Inverting
Regulator of Figure 34, and the RS-232 Line Driver Power Supply of Figure 36).
Level Shift Accuracy is tested by using two equal-value resistors to draw current from the inverting and non-
inverting input terminals, then measuring the percentage difference in the voltages across the resistors that
produces a controlled duty cycle at the switch output.
Collector Saturation Voltage: With the inverting input terminal grounded thru a 10 kΩ resistor and the output
transistor's emitter connected to ground, the Collector SaturationVoltage is the collector-to-emitter voltage for a
given collector current.
Emitter Saturation Voltage: With the inverting input terminal grounded thru a 10 kΩ resistor and the output
transistor's collector connected to Vin, the Emitter Saturation Voltage is the collector-to-emitter voltage for a given
emitter current.
Collector Emitter Sustaining Voltage: The collector-emitter breakdown voltage of the output transistor,
measured at a specified current.
Current Limit Sense Voltage: The voltage at the Current Limit pin, referred to either the supply or the ground
terminal, which (via logic circuitry) will cause the output transistor to turn OFF and resets cycle-by-cycle at the
oscillator frequency.
Current Limit Sense Current: The bias current for the Current Limit terminal with the applied voltage equal to
the Current Limit Sense Voltage.
Supply Current: The IC power supply current, excluding the current drawn through the output transistor, with the
oscillator operating.
Functional Description
The LM2578A is a pulse-width modulator designed for use as a switching regulator controller. It may also be
used in other applications which require controlled pulse-width voltage drive.
A control signal, usually representing output voltage, fed into the LM2578A's comparator is compared with an
internally-generated reference. The resulting error signal and the oscillator's output are fed to a logic network
which determines when the output transistor will be turned ON or OFF. The following is a brief description of the
subsections of the LM2578A.
COMPARATOR INPUT STAGE

The LM2578A's comparator input stage is unique in that both the inverting and non-inverting inputs are available
to the user, and both contain a 1.0V reference. This is accomplished as follows: A 1.0V reference is fed into a
modified voltage follower circuit (see FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM). When both input pins are open, no current flows
through R1 and R2. Thus, both inputs to the comparator will have the potential of the 1.0V reference, VA. When
one input, for example the non-inverting input, is pulled ΔV away from VA, a current of ΔV/R1 will flow through
R1. This same current flows through R2, and the comparator sees a total voltage of 2ΔV between its inputs. The
high gain of the system, through feedback, will correct for this imbalance and return both inputs to the 1.0V level.
This unusual comparator input stage increases circuit flexibility, while minimizing the total number of external
components required for a voltage regulator system. The inverting switching regulator configuration, for example,
can be set up without having to use an external op amp for feedback polarity reversal (see TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS).
OSCILLATOR
The LM2578A provides an on-board oscillator which can be adjusted up to 100 kHz. Its frequency is set by a
single external capacitor, C1, as shown in Figure 14, and follows the equation
fOSC = 8×10−5/C1
The oscillator provides a blanking pulse to limit maximum duty cycle to 90%, and a reset pulse to the internal
circuitry.

LM2578A, LM3578A
Figure 14. Value of Timing Capacitor vs Oscillator Frequency
OUTPUT TRANSISTOR
The output transistor is capable of delivering up to 750 mA with a saturation voltage of less than 0.9V. (see
Collector Saturation Voltage and Emitter Saturation Voltage curves).
The emitter must not be pulled more than 1V below ground (this limit is 0.6V for TJ ≥ 100°C). Because of this
limit, an external transistor must be used to develop negative output voltages (see the Inverting Regulator Typical
Application). Other configurations may need protection against violation of this limit (see the Emitter Output
section of the Applications Information).
CURRENT LIMIT
The LM2578A's current limit may be referenced to either the ground or the Vin pins, and operates on a cycle-by-
cycle basis.
The current limit section consists of two comparators: one with its non-inverting input referenced to a voltage
110 mV below Vin, the other with its inverting input referenced 110 mV above ground (see FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM). The current limit is activated whenever the current limit terminal is pulled 110 mV away from either
Vin or ground.
Applications Information
CURRENT LIMIT
As mentioned in the functional description, the current limit terminal may be referenced to either the Vin or the
ground terminal. Resistor R3 converts the current to be sensed into a voltage for current limit detection.
Figure 15. Current Limit, Ground Referred

LM2578A, LM3578A
Figure 16. Current Limit, Vin Referred
CURRENT LIMIT TRANSIENT SUPPRESSION

When noise spikes and switching transients interfere with proper current limit operation, R1 and C1 act together
as a low pass filter to control the current limit circuitry's response time.
Because the sense current of the current limit terminal varies according to where it is referenced, R1 should be
less than 2 kΩ when referenced to ground, and less than 100Ω when referenced to Vin.
Figure 17. Current Limit Transient Suppressor, Ground Referred
Figure 18. Current Limit Transient Suppressor, Vin Referred
C.L. SENSE VOLTAGE MULTIPLICATION

When a larger sense resistor value is desired, the voltage divider network, consisting of R1 and R2, may be
used. This effectively multiplies the sense voltage by (1 + R1/R2). Also, R1 can be replaced by a diode to
increase current limit sense voltage to about 800 mV (diode Vf + 110 mV).

LM2578A, LM3578A
Figure 19. Current Limit Sense Voltage Multiplication, Ground Referred
Figure 20. Current Limit Sense Voltage Multiplication, Vin Referred
UNDER-VOLTAGE LOCKOUT
Under-voltage lockout is accomplished with few external components. When Vin becomes lower than the zener
breakdown voltage, the output transistor is turned off. This occurs because diode D1 will then become forward
biased, allowing resistor R3 to sink a greater current from the non-inverting input than is sunk by the parallel
combination of R1 and R2 at the inverting terminal. R3 should be one-fifth of the value of R1 and R2 in parallel.
Figure 21. Under-Voltage Lockout
MAXIMUM DUTY CYCLE LIMITING

The maximum duty cycle can be externally limited by adjusting the charge to discharge ratio of the oscillator
capacitor with a single external resistor. Typical values are 50 μA for the charge current, 450 μA for the
discharge current, and a voltage swing from 200 mV to 750 mV. Therefore, R1 is selected for the desired
charging and discharging slopes and C1 is readjusted to set the oscillator frequency.

LM2578A, LM3578A
Figure 22. Maximum Duty Cycle Limiting
DUTY CYCLE ADJUSTMENT

When manual or mechanical selection of the output transistor's duty cycle is needed, the cirucit shown below
may be used. The output will turn on with the beginning of each oscillator cycle and turn off when the current
sunk by R2 and R3 from the non-inverting terminal becomes greater than the current sunk from the inverting
terminal.
With the resistor values as shown, R3 can be used to adjust the duty cycle from 0% to 90%.
When the sum of R2 and R3 is twice the value of R1, the duty cycle will be about 50%. C1 may be a large
electrolytic capacitor to lower the oscillator frequency below 1 Hz.
Figure 23. Duty Cycle Adjustment
REMOTE SHUTDOWN
The LM2578A may be remotely shutdown by sinking a greater current from the non-inverting input than from the
inverting input. This may be accomplished by selecting resistor R3 to be approximately one-half the value of R1
and R2 in parallel.
Figure 24. Shutdown Occurs when VL is High

LM2578A, LM3578A
EMITTER OUTPUT
When the LM2578A output transistor is in the OFF state, if the Emitter output swings below the ground pin
voltage, the output transistor will turn ON because its base is clamped near ground. The Collector Current with
Emitter Output Below Ground curve shows the amount of Collector current drawn in this mode, vs temperature
and Emitter voltage. When the Collector-Emitter voltage is high, this current will cause high power dissipation in
the output transistor and should be avoided.
This situation can occur in the high-current high-voltage buck application if the Emitter output is used and the
catch diode's forward voltage drop is greater than 0.6V. A fast-recovery diode can be added in series with the
Emitter output to counter the forward voltage drop of the catch diode (see Figure 15). For better efficiency of a
high output current buck regulator, an external PNP transistor should be used as shown in Figure 29.
Figure 25. D1 Prevents Output Transistor from Improperly Turning ON due to D2's Forward Voltage
SYNCHRONIZING DEVICES
When several devices are to be operated at once, their oscillators may be synchronized by the application of an
external signal. This drive signal should be a pulse waveform with a minimum pulse width of 2 μs. and an
amplitude from 1.5V to 2.0V. The signal source must be capable of 1.) driving capacitive loads and 2.) delivering
up to 500 μA for each LM2578A.
Capacitors C1 thru CN are to be selected for a 20% slower frequency than the synchronization frequency.
Figure 26. Synchronizing Devices
Typical Applications
The LM2578A may be operated in either the continuous or the discontinuous conduction mode. The following
applications (except for the Buck-Boost Regulator) are designed for continuous conduction operation. That is, the
inductor current is not allowed to fall to zero. This mode of operation has higher efficiency and lower EMI
characteristics than the discontinuous mode.

LM2578A, LM3578A
BUCK REGULATOR
The buck configuration is used to step an input voltage down to a lower level. Transistor Q1 in Figure 27 chops
the input DC voltage into a squarewave. This squarewave is then converted back into a DC voltage of lower
magnitude by the low pass filter consisting of L1 and C1. The duty cycle, D, of the squarewave relates the output
voltage to the input voltage by the following equation:
Vout = D × Vin = Vin × (ton)/(ton + toff).
Figure 27. Basic Buck Regulator
Figure 28 is a 15V to 5V buck regulator with an output current, Io, of 350 mA. The circuit becomes discontinuous
at 20% of Io(max), has 10 mV of output voltage ripple, an efficiency of 75%, a load regulation of 30 mV (70 mA to
350 mA) and a line regulation of 10 mV (12 ≤ Vin ≤ 18V).
Component values are selected as follows:
R1 = (Vo − 1) × R2 where R2 = 10 kΩ
R3 = V/Isw(max)
R3 = 0.15Ω
where:
V is the current limit sense voltage, 0.11V
Isw(max) is the maximum allowable current thru the output transistor.
L1 is the inductor and may be found from the inductance calculation chart (Figure 29) as follows:
Given Vin = 15V
Vo = 5V
Io(max) = 350 mA
fOSC = 50 kHz
Discontinuous at 20% of Io(max).
Note that since the circuit will become discontinuous at 20% of Io(max), the load current must not be allowed to fall
below 70 mA.

LM2578A, LM3578A
Vin = 15V R3 = 0.15Ω

Vo = 5V C1 = 1820 pF
Vripple = 10 mV C2 = 220 μF
Io = 350 mA C3 = 20 pF
fosc = 50 kHz L1 = 470 μH
R1 = 40 kΩ D1 = 1N5818
R2 = 10 kΩ
Figure 28. Buck or Step-Down Regulator
Figure 29. DC/DC Inductance Calculator

LM2578A, LM3578A
Step 1: Calculate the maximum DC current through the inductor, IL(max). The necessary equations are indicated
at the top of the chart and show that IL(max) = Io(max) for the buck configuration. Thus, IL(max) = 350 mA.
Step 2: Calculate the inductor Volts-sec product, E-Top, according to the equations given from the chart. For the
Buck:
E-Top = (Vin − Vo) (Vo/Vin) (1000/fosc)
=(15 − 5) (5/15) (1000/50)
= 66V-μs.
with the oscillator frequency, fosc, expressed in kHz.
Step 3: Using the graph with axis labeled “Discontinuous At % IOUT” and “IL(max, DC)” find the point where the
desired maximum inductor current, IL(max, DC) intercepts the desired discontinuity percentage.
In this example, the point of interest is where the 0.35A line intersects with the 20% line. This is nearly the
midpoint of the horizontal axis.
Step 4: This last step is merely the translation of the point found in Step 3 to the graph directly below it. This is
accomplished by moving straight down the page to the point which intercepts the desired E-Top. For this
example, E-Top is 66V-μs and the desired inductor value is 470 μH. Since this example was for 20%
discontinuity, the bottom chart could have been used directly, as noted in step 3 of the chart instructions.
For a full line of standard inductor values, contact Pulse Engineering (San Diego, Calif.) regarding their PE526XX
series, or A. I. E. Magnetics (Nashville, Tenn.).
A more precise inductance value may be calculated for the Buck, Boost and Inverting Regulators as follows:
BUCK
L = Vo (Vin − Vo)/(ΔIL Vin fosc)
BOOST
L = Vin (Vo − Vin)/(ΔIL fosc Vo)
INVERT
L = Vin |Vo|/[ΔIL(Vin + |Vo|)fosc]
where ΔIL is the current ripple through the inductor. ΔIL is usually chosen based on the minimum load current
expected of the circuit. For the buck regulator, since the inductor current IL equals the load current IO,
ΔIL = 2 • IO(min)
ΔIL = 140 mA for this circuit. ΔIL can also be interpreted as
ΔIL = 2 • (Discontinuity Factor) • IL
where the Discontinuity Factor is the ratio of the minimum load current to the maximum load current. For this
example, the Discontinuity Factor is 0.2.
The remainder of the components of Figure 28 are chosen as follows:
C1 is the timing capacitor found in Figure 14.
C2 ≥ Vo (Vin − Vo)/(8fosc2VinVrippleL1)
where Vripple is the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple.
C3 is necessary for continuous operation and is generally in the 10 pF to 30 pF range.
D1 should be a Schottky type diode, such as the 1N5818 or 1N5819.
BUCK WITH BOOSTED OUTPUT CURRENT

For applications requiring a large output current, an external transistor may be used as shown in Figure 30. This
circuit steps a 15V supply down to 5V with 1.5A of output current. The output ripple is 50 mV, with an efficiency
of 80%, a load regulation of 40 mV (150 mA to 1.5A), and a line regulation of 20 mV (12V ≤ Vin ≤ 18V).

LM2578A, LM3578A
Component values are selected as outlined for the buck regulator with a discontinuity factor of 10%, with the
addition of R4 and R5:
R4 = 10VBE1Bf/Ip
R5 = (Vin − V − VBE1 − Vsat) Bf/(IL(max, DC) + IR4)
where:
VBE1 is the VBE of transistor Q1.
Vsat is the saturation voltage of the LM2578A output transistor.
V is the current limit sense voltage.
Bf is the forced current gain of transistor Q1 (Bf = 30 for Figure 30).
IR4 = VBE1/R4
Ip = IL(max, DC) + 0.5ΔIL
Vin = 15V R4 = 200Ω

Vo = 5V R5 = 330Ω
Vripple = 50 mV C1 = 1820 pF
Io = 1.5A C2 = 330 μF
fosc = 50 kHz C3 = 20 pF
R1 = 40 kΩ L1 = 220 μH
R2 = 10 kΩ D1 = 1N5819
R3 = 0.05Ω Q1 = D45
Figure 30. Buck Converter with Boosted Output Current
BOOST REGULATOR
The boost regulator converts a low input voltage into a higher output voltage. The basic configuration is shown in
Figure 31. Energy is stored in the inductor while the transistor is on and then transferred with the input voltage to
the output capacitor for filtering when the transistor is off. Thus,
Vo = Vin + Vin(ton/toff).
Figure 31. Basic Boost Regulator
The circuit of Figure 32 converts a 5V supply into a 15V supply with 150 mA of output current, a load regulation
of 14 mV (30 mA to 140 mA), and a line regulation of 35 mV (4.5V ≤ Vin ≤ 8.5V).
LM2578A, LM3578A
Vin = 5V R4 = 200 kΩ
Vo = 15V C1 = 1820 pF
Vripple = 10 mV C2 = 470 μF
Io = 140 mA C3 = 20 pF
fosc = 50 kHz C4 = 0.0022 μF
R1 = 140 kΩ L1 = 330 μH
R2 = 10 kΩ D1 = 1N5818
R3 = 0.15Ω
Figure 32. Boost or Step-Up Regulator
R1 = (Vo − 1) R2 where R2 = 10 kΩ.

R3 = V/(IL(max, DC) + 0.5 ΔIL)
where:
ΔIL = 2(ILOAD(min))(Vo/Vin)
ΔIL is 200 mA in this example.
R4, C3 and C4 are necessary for continuous operation and are typically 220 kΩ, 20 pF, and 0.0022 μF
respectively.
C1 is the timing capacitor found in Figure 14.
C2 ≥ Io (Vo − Vin)/(fosc Vo Vripple).
D1 is a Schottky type diode such as a 1N5818 or 1N5819.
L1 is found as described in the buck converter section, using the inductance chart for Figure 29 for the boost
configuration and 20% discontinuity.
INVERTING REGULATOR
Figure 33 shows the basic configuration for an inverting regulator. The input voltage is of a positive polarity, but
the output is negative. The output may be less than, equal to, or greater in magnitude than the input. The
relationship between the magnitude of the input voltage and the output voltage is Vo = Vin × (ton/toff).
Figure 33. Basic Inverting Regulator
Figure 34 shows an LM2578A configured as a 5V to −15V polarity inverter with an output current of 300 mA, a
load regulation of 44 mV (60 mA to 300 mA) and a line regulation of 50 mV (4.5V ≤ Vin ≤ 8.5V).

LM2578A, LM3578A
R1 = (|Vo| +1) R2 where R2 = 10 kΩ.

R3 = V/(IL(max, DC) + 0.5 ΔIL).
R4 = 10VBE1Bf/(IL (max, DC) + 0.5 ΔIL)
where:
V, VBE1, Vsat, and Bf are defined in the Buck Converter with Boosted Output Current section.
ΔIL = 2(ILOAD(min))(Vin +|Vo|)/VIN
R5 is defined in the Buck Converter with Boosted Output Current section.
R6 serves the same purpose as R4 in the Boost Regulator circuit and is typically 220 kΩ.
C1, C3 and C4 are defined in the Boost Regulator section.
C2 ≥ Io |Vo|/[fosc(|Vo| + Vin) Vripple]
L1 is found as outlined in the section on buck converters, using the inductance chart of Figure 29 for the invert
configuration and 20% discontinuity.
Vin = 5V R4 = 190Ω
Vo = −15V R5 = 82Ω
Vripple = 5 mV R6 = 220 kΩ
Io = 300 mA C1 = 1820 pF
Imin = 60 mA C2 = 1000 μF
fosc = 50 kHz C3 = 20 pF
R1 = 160 kΩ C4 = 0.0022 μF
R2 = 10 kΩ L1 = 150 μH
R3 = 0.01Ω D1 = 1N5818
Figure 34. Inverting Regulator
BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR
The Buck-Boost Regulator, shown in Figure 35, may step a voltage up or down, depending upon whether or not
the desired output voltage is greater or less than the input voltage. In this case, the output voltage is 12V with an
input voltage from 9V to 15V. The circuit exhibits an efficiency of 75%, with a load regulation of 60 mV (10 mA to
100 mA) and a line regulation of 52 mV.
R1 = (Vo − 1) R2 where R2 = 10 kΩ
R3 = V/0. 75A
R4, C1, C3 and C4 are defined in the Boost Regulator section.
D1 and D2 are Schottky type diodes such as the 1N5818 or 1N5819.

LM2578A, LM3578A
where:
Vd is the forward voltage drop of the diodes.
Vsat is the saturation voltage of the LM2578A output transistor.
Vsat1 is the saturation voltage of transistor Q1.
L1 ≥ (Vin − Vsat − Vsat1) (ton/Ip) (1)
where:
RS-232 LINE DRIVER POWER SUPPLY

The power supply, shown in Figure 36, operates from an input voltage as low as 4.2V (5V nominal), and delivers
an output of ±12V at ±40 mA with better than 70% efficiency. The circuit provides a load regulation of ±150 mV
(from 10% to 100% of full load) and a line regulation of ±10 mV. Other notable features include a cycle-by-cycle
current limit and an output voltage ripple of less than 40 mVp-p.
A unique feature of this circuit is its use of feedback from both outputs. This dual feedback configuration results
in a sharing of the output voltage regulation by each output so that neither side becomes unbalanced as in single
feedback systems. In addition, since both sides are regulated, it is not necessary to use a linear regulator for
output regulation.
The feedback resistors, R2 and R3, may be selected as follows by assuming a value of 10 kΩ for R1;
R2 = (Vo − 1V)/45.8 μA = 240 kΩ
R3 = (|Vo| +1V)/54.2 μA = 240 kΩ
Actually, the currents used to program the values for the feedback resistors may vary from 40 μA to 60 μA, as
long as their sum is equal to the 100 μA necessary to establish the 1V threshold across R1. Ideally, these
currents should be equal (50 μA each) for optimal control. However, as was done here, they may be mismatched
in order to use standard resistor values. This results in a slight mismatch of regulation between the two outputs.
The current limit resistor, R4, is selected by dividing the current limit threshold voltage by the maximum peak
current level in the output switch. For our purposes R4 = 110 mV/750 mA = 0.15Ω. A value of 0.1Ω was used.

LM2578A, LM3578A
9V ≤ Vin ≤ 15V R5 = 270

Vo = 12V C1 = 1820 pF
Io = 100 mA C2 = 220 μF
Vripple = 50 mV C3 = 20 pF
fosc = 50 kHz C4 = 0.0022 μF
R1 = 110k L1 = 220 μH
R2 = 10k D1, D2 = 1N5819
R3 = 0.15 Q1 = D44
R4 = 220k
Figure 35. Buck-Boost Regulator
Vin = 5V R4 = 0.15Ω
Vo ±12V C1 = 820 pF
Io = ±40 mA C2 = 10 pF
fosc = 80 kHz C3 = 220 μF
R1 = 10 kΩ D1, D2, D3 = 1N5819
R2 = 240 kΩ T1 = PE-64287
R3 = 240 kΩ
Figure 36. RS-232 Line Driver Power Supply
Capacitor C1 sets the oscillator frequency and is selected from Figure 14.
Capacitor C2 serves as a compensation capacitor for synchronous operation and a value of 10 to 50 pF should
be sufficient for most applications.

LM2578A, LM3578A
A minimum value for an ideal output capacitor C3, could be calculated as C = Io × t/ΔV where Io is the load
current, t is the transistor on time (typically 0.4/fosc), and ΔV is the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple. A larger
output capacitor than this theoretical value should be used since electrolytics have poor high frequency
performance. Experience has shown that a value from 5 to 10 times the calculated value should be used.
For good efficiency, the diodes must have a low forward voltage drop and be fast switching. 1N5819 Schottky
diodes work well.
Transformer selection should be picked for an output transistor “on” time of 0.4/fosc, and a primary inductance
high enough to prevent the output transistor switch from ramping higher than the transistor's rating of 750 mA.
Pulse Engineering (San Diego, Calif.) and Renco Electronics, Inc. (Deer Park, N.Y.) can provide further
assistance in selecting the proper transformer for a specific application need. The transformer used in Figure 36
was a Pulse Engineering PE-64287.

LM2578A, LM3578A
REVISION HISTORY
Changes from Revision D (April 2013) to Revision E Page
• Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format .......................................................................................................... 22

PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 6-Feb-2020
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Device Marking Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) (6) (3) (4/5)
LM2578AM NRND SOIC D 8 95 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 2578

AM
LM2578AM/NOPB ACTIVE SOIC D 8 95 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 2578
& no Sb/Br) AM
LM2578AMX/NOPB ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 2578
& no Sb/Br) AM
LM2578AN/NOPB ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2578AN
& no Sb/Br)
LM3578AM NRND SOIC D 8 95 TBD Call TI Call TI 0 to 125 3578
AM
LM3578AM/NOPB ACTIVE SOIC D 8 95 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 125 3578
& no Sb/Br) AM
LM3578AMX NRND SOIC D 8 2500 TBD Call TI Call TI 0 to 125 3578
AM
LM3578AMX/NOPB ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 125 3578
& no Sb/Br) AM
LM3578AN/NOPB ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM 0 to 125 LM3578AN
& no Sb/Br)
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of <=1000ppm threshold. Antimony trioxide based
flame retardants must also meet the <=1000ppm threshold requirement.
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 6-Feb-2020
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 29-Sep-2019
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package Package Pins SPQ Reel Reel A0 B0 K0 P1 W Pin1
Type Drawing Diameter Width (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Quadrant
(mm) W1 (mm)
LM2578AMX/NOPB SOIC D 8 2500 330.0 12.4 6.5 5.4 2.0 8.0 12.0 Q1
LM3578AMX SOIC D 8 2500 330.0 12.4 6.5 5.4 2.0 8.0 12.0 Q1
LM3578AMX/NOPB SOIC D 8 2500 330.0 12.4 6.5 5.4 2.0 8.0 12.0 Q1
Pack Materials-Page 1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 29-Sep-2019
*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
LM2578AMX/NOPB SOIC D 8 2500 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM3578AMX SOIC D 8 2500 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM3578AMX/NOPB SOIC D 8 2500 367.0 367.0 35.0
Pack Materials-Page 2
PACKAGE OUTLINE
D0008A SCALE 2.800
SOIC - 1.75 mm max height
SMALL OUTLINE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
SEATING PLANE
.228-.244 TYP
[5.80-6.19]
.004 [0.1] C
A PIN 1 ID AREA
6X .050
[1.27]
8
1
.189-.197 2X
[4.81-5.00] .150
NOTE 3 [3.81]
4X (0 -15 )
4
5
8X .012-.020
B .150-.157 [0.31-0.51]
.069 MAX
[3.81-3.98] .010 [0.25] C A B [1.75]
NOTE 4
.005-.010 TYP
[0.13-0.25]
4X (0 -15 )
SEE DETAIL A
.010
[0.25]
.004-.010
0 -8 [0.11-0.25]
.016-.050
[0.41-1.27] DETAIL A
(.041) TYPICAL
[1.04]
4214825/C 02/2019
NOTES:
1. Linear dimensions are in inches [millimeters]. Dimensions in parenthesis are for reference only. Controlling dimensions are in inches.
Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M.
2. This drawing is subject to change without notice.
3. This dimension does not include mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs shall not
exceed .006 [0.15] per side.
4. This dimension does not include interlead flash.
5. Reference JEDEC registration MS-012, variation AA.
www.ti.com
EXAMPLE BOARD LAYOUT
D0008A SOIC - 1.75 mm max height
8X (.061 )
[1.55]
SYMM SEE
DETAILS
1
8
8X (.024)
[0.6] SYMM
(R.002 ) TYP
[0.05]
5
4
6X (.050 )
[1.27]
(.213)
[5.4]
LAND PATTERN EXAMPLE

EXPOSED METAL SHOWN
SCALE:8X
SOLDER MASK SOLDER MASK

METAL METAL UNDER
OPENING OPENING SOLDER MASK
EXPOSED
METAL EXPOSED
METAL
.0028 MAX .0028 MIN
[0.07] [0.07]
ALL AROUND ALL AROUND
NON SOLDER MASK SOLDER MASK

DEFINED DEFINED
SOLDER MASK DETAILS
4214825/C 02/2019
NOTES: (continued)
6. Publication IPC-7351 may have alternate designs.

7. Solder mask tolerances between and around signal pads can vary based on board fabrication site.
www.ti.com
EXAMPLE STENCIL DESIGN
D0008A SOIC - 1.75 mm max height
8X (.061 )
[1.55] SYMM
1
8
8X (.024)
[0.6] SYMM
(R.002 ) TYP
5 [0.05]
4
6X (.050 )
[1.27]
(.213)
[5.4]
SOLDER PASTE EXAMPLE

BASED ON .005 INCH [0.125 MM] THICK STENCIL
SCALE:8X
4214825/C 02/2019
NOTES: (continued)
8. Laser cutting apertures with trapezoidal walls and rounded corners may offer better paste release. IPC-7525 may have alternate
design recommendations.
9. Board assembly site may have different recommendations for stencil design.
www.ti.com
IMPORTANT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
TI PROVIDES TECHNICAL AND RELIABILITY DATA (INCLUDING DATASHEETS), DESIGN RESOURCES (INCLUDING REFERENCE
DESIGNS), APPLICATION OR OTHER DESIGN ADVICE, WEB TOOLS, SAFETY INFORMATION, AND OTHER RESOURCES “AS IS”
AND WITH ALL FAULTS, AND DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS AND IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD
PARTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
These resources are intended for skilled developers designing with TI products. You are solely responsible for (1) selecting the appropriate
TI products for your application, (2) designing, validating and testing your application, and (3) ensuring your application meets applicable
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Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright © 2020, Texas Instruments Incorporated

LM2578A/LM3578A Switching Regulator: Features Description

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LM2578A, LM3578A

www.ti.com SNVS767E – AUGUST 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013

LM2578A/LM3578A Switching Regulator

Figure 1. PDIP/SOIC Package

2 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

ICL Sense Bias Current Referred to VIN 4.0 μA

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 3

Electrical Characteristics (continued)

4 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Typical Performance Characteristics

Collector Saturation Voltage

Emitter Saturation Voltage

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 5

Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)

Current Limit Sense Voltage

Figure 10. Figure 11.

Collector Current with

Figure 12. Figure 13.

6 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Op amp supplies are ±15V

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 7

COMPARATOR INPUT STAGE

8 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Figure 14. Value of Timing Capacitor vs Oscillator Frequency

Figure 15. Current Limit, Ground Referred

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 9

Figure 16. Current Limit, Vin Referred

CURRENT LIMIT TRANSIENT SUPPRESSION

Figure 17. Current Limit Transient Suppressor, Ground Referred

Figure 18. Current Limit Transient Suppressor, Vin Referred

C.L. SENSE VOLTAGE MULTIPLICATION

10 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Figure 19. Current Limit Sense Voltage Multiplication, Ground Referred

Figure 20. Current Limit Sense Voltage Multiplication, Vin Referred

Figure 21. Under-Voltage Lockout

MAXIMUM DUTY CYCLE LIMITING

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 11

Figure 22. Maximum Duty Cycle Limiting

DUTY CYCLE ADJUSTMENT

Figure 23. Duty Cycle Adjustment

Figure 24. Shutdown Occurs when VL is High

12 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Figure 26. Synchronizing Devices

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 13

Figure 27. Basic Buck Regulator

14 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM2578A LM3578A

Vin = 15V R3 = 0.15Ω

Figure 28. Buck or Step-Down Regulator

Figure 29. DC/DC Inductance Calculator

Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 15