CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

ORIGIN OF SOILS

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should not be distributed in print or through electronic media without the consent of the instructor. Students can make their own copies of the course materials for their use.”

Instructor: Bipin Gupta, Contact: Motwani Building – Room no: MB-608, email: [email protected], Phone no: 0512-259-2143 (O)
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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

INTRODUCTION
• Soil includes all material (inorganic and organic)
overlying a bed rock.
• Soil grains are derived from rocks. Surface layer
Top soil
• Properties of soil grains depend on their parent
Sub soil
rock.
Parent rock
ROCKS Bed rock

• Rocks  compact, semi-hard to hard material, and https://images.app.goo.gl/SQwJKL4VqZ9nYYEc7

composed of one or more minerals

• 3 types according to their mode of origin
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Primary rocks  cooling of molten
magma/recrystallization of older rocks under
heat and pressure.

• Two types
1. EXTRUSIVE  during volcanic eruption, the molten
material emitted into the atmosphere with
gaseous extrusion cooled quickly and fell on to the
earth’s surface as dust and volcanic ash. They have
a glass like structure.

2. INTRUSIVE  Cooling and solidifying of magma at

great, also contains entrapped gases. They are
wholly crystalline in texture.

https://images.app.goo.gl/ScignEJHCSfeYuE38

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IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES

Pumice Obsidian Scoria

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2. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES

Granite Basalt Diorite

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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Products of disintegration and decomposition of any rock type.
• Transported, redeposited, partly or fully consolidated or cemented into a new rock type.
• Formed in definitely arranged beds.

https://images.app.goo.gl/m2nEdKxwFRGLBLwv7 https://images.app.goo.gl/moQ4tzoUE9fSn6Uk9

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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Important rock types:
Limestone Sandstone Shales

https://images.app.goo.gl/w9WdeZgbTsySpSDr9 https://images.app.goo.gl/x8zPYw8X8S1wsaJT8 https://images.app.goo.gl/3pEkVfi9zmHgiShh6

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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Formed by complete and incomplete recrystallization of igneous or sedimentary rocks
by high temperatures, high pressures, and/or high shearing stresses.
• They may be foliated or nonfoliated.

https://images.app.goo.gl/SqyEydpWpFJQJJVPA

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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• Important types from engineering point

Gneiss Schist Slate Marble

https://images.app.goo.gl/cGz9r51PQyovo4pU6 https://images.app.goo.gl/cGz9r51PQyovo4pU6 https://images.app.goo.gl/sYHWPbVCwaX1Gv9E9

https://images.app.goo.gl/cGz9r51PQyovo4pU6

Foliated

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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

ROCK MINERALS Quartz Feldspar

• Rocks are natural aggregate of one or more
mineral grains held together by strong cohesive
forces.

• Minerals are inorganic solids have definite https://images.app.goo.gl/7CDEUY74GdjtvzxS9 https://images.app.goo.gl/RjnrRLSkHfNu7C2x7

structure and chemical composition.

1. SILICATES  Quartz, Feldspar, Mica Mica
2. CARBONATES  Calcite and Dolomite
3. OXIDES  Limonite and Hematite
4. OTHERS  Gypsum, Halite, Graphite
Mineral composition of Igneous rock Murthy (2007)
Mineral Percent https://images.app.goo.gl/beuytF2e8f17UHnD9

Quartz 12-20
Feldspar 50-60
Ca, Fe and Mg, silicates 14-17
Micas 4-8
Others 7-8

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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

SOIL FORMATION
• Soil is natural aggregate of mineral grains with or without organic constituents.

• Formed by
 MECHANICAL WEATHERING
 CHEMICAL WEATHERING

MECHANICAL WEATHERING
• Expansive forces of freezing water in fissures https://images.app.goo.gl/cF8eSafhnanMQouH7

• Changes of temperature
• Abrasion of rock by moving water or glaciers

https://images.app.goo.gl/CedjiHkFE1ybHmD2A https://images.app.goo.gl/xWWcMxWKShokigo97

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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Hydration  absorption of water in the mineral
structure, increased volume creates stresses
causing the rock to disintegrate.
• Carbonation  water containing carbonic acid https://images.app.goo.gl/atszB8hzEVyuTZEBA

combines with mineral present in the rock.

• Oxidation  mineral grains combines with
oxygen in the air changing the composition of
rock; disintegration takes place in the presence
https://images.app.goo.gl/bkEW7hqbCCzNtqY39
of water.
• Biological action  break down of rocks caused
by living organisms, plants, burrowing animals.

https://images.app.goo.gl/znSZx52fVqo5n79d6

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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

SOIL TYPES
• Based on the origin of constituents, soils can be primarily grouped into
 RESIDUAL SOILS
 TRANSPORTED SOILS
RESIDUAL SOILS
• Soils that remain at their place of origin because of weathering of parent rock

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CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

TRANSPORTED SOILS
• Found at locations removed from place of origin.
1. Alluvial soils  Transported by running water
2. Lacustrine soils  Deposited in quiet lakes Alluvial Soil
3. Marine soils  Deposited in sea water https://images.app.goo.gl/PRGKYvvVueVWqCg6A

4. Aeolin soils  Transported by wind

5. Colluvial soils  Deposited by gravitational forces
6. Glacial soils  Deposited by glaciers

https://images.app.goo.gl/tNMvG8geRfwZifPC7

Aeolin Soil
Marine Soil

Colluvial Soil

Glacial Soil
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ORIGIN OF SOILS
CE 631A: Advanced Geotechnical Engineering

SOIL PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE

• Soil constitutes
1. GRAVEL
2. SAND
3. SILT
4. CLAY
https://images.app.goo.gl/XBjEb9U42WJmAuC38

• Particle Sizes
1. GRAVEL  76.2 – 4.75 mm
2. SAND  4.75 – 0.075 mm
3. SILT  0.075 – 0.002 mm
4. CLAY   0.002 mm Silt & Clay
Gravel & Sand

• Particle Shape

https://images.app.goo.gl/zNTbcqLVPNn2gY587

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ORIGIN OF SOILS
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THANK YOU

Instructor: Bipin Gupta, Contact: Motwani Building – Room no: MB-608, email: [email protected], Phone no: 0512-259-2143 (O)
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